Signs Of Estrus Research Articles

Successful management of mid cycle estrus in Murrah buffaloes- A prelimnary case study

Two pleuriparous Murrah buffaloes were presented with the history of artificial insemination 9 days back and since early morning animal exhibiting signs of estrus. Per rectal and ultrasonographical examination revealed presence of dominant follicle and CL on different or same ovary at the same time, uterus was toned and oedematous with scanty thick cervico vaginal discharge on back retching. To study the hormonal milieu serum progesterone estimation was done in both mid cycle estrus buffaloes and in other two animals with normal estrous cycle in same stage (Day 9 from the last date of A.I.). The diameter of CL was larger in buffaloes exhibiting midcycle estrus than that of true estrus. In this case study, during mid-cycle estrus secretion of estrogen was higher from dominant follicle of first follicular wave and due lower progesterone concentration from insufficient CL animal exhibit signs of estrum in mid lutel phase.

Intracervical Artificial Insemination using Frozen Semen of Boer buck on Pote Does at Different Times of Estrus

Pote goats are kept by the rural community in Bangkalan Regency, Madura Island, Indonesia. Estrus symptoms in goats are usually unclear, causing low fertility. This study aimed to determine the intracervical artificial insemination at early and mid-estrus on the Pote does. The 24 the does were randomly divided into two groups and estrous synchronization with PGF2α of 200 µg intramuscularly, twice injections with 11 days intervals. The T1 groups of estrus the Pote does were inseminated at early estrus (0-12 hours). Meanwhile, T2 groups of estrus the Pote does were inseminated at mid-estrus (12-24 hours after signs of estrus appeared. The insemination conducted artificially using post-thawed Boer semen. The observed variables were non-return rate at day 21 post-insemination (NRR21), and pregnancy rate (PR) based on abdominal palpation diagnosis. The result showed that post-thawed Boer buck was qualified (sperm motility more than 40%) for artificial insemination. All of the Pote does were estrus after twice PGF2α intramuscular injection with 11 days intervals. The onset of estrus was 48-72 hours after the second injection PGF2α. The NRR21 and PR ranged from 66.66-100% and 37.50-66.66%, respectively. The NRR21 and PR of the T2 group were higher than those of the T1 group. It could be concluded that intracervical artificial insemination on Pote the does at mid-estrus were more effective, resulting in higher NRR21 and PR than those at early estrus.

Intracervical Artificial Insemination using Frozen Semen of Boer buck on Pote Does at Different Times of Estrus

Pote goats are kept by the rural community in Bangkalan Regency, Madura Island, Indonesia. Estrus symptoms in goats are usually unclear, causing low fertility. This study aimed to determine the intracervical artificial insemination at early and mid-estrus on the Pote does. The 24 the does were randomly divided into two groups and estrous synchronization with PGF2α of 200 µg intramuscularly, twice injections with 11 days intervals. The T1 groups of estrus the Pote does were inseminated at early estrus (0-12 hours). Meanwhile, T2 groups of estrus the Pote does were inseminated at mid-estrus (12-24 hours after signs of estrus appeared. The insemination conducted artificially using post-thawed Boer semen. The observed variables were non-return rate at day 21 post-insemination (NRR21), and pregnancy rate (PR) based on abdominal palpation diagnosis. The result showed that post-thawed Boer buck was qualified (sperm motility more than 40%) for artificial insemination. All of the Pote does were estrus after twice PGF2α intramuscular injection with 11 days intervals. The onset of estrus was 48-72 hours after the second injection PGF2α. The NRR21 and PR ranged from 66.66-100% and 37.50-66.66%, respectively. The NRR21 and PR of the T2 group were higher than those of the T1 group. It could be concluded that intracervical artificial insemination on Pote the does at mid-estrus were more effective, resulting in higher NRR21 and PR than those at early estrus.

The Temporal Associations of B-Mode and Power-Doppler Ultrasonography, and Ovarian Steroid Changes of the Periovulatory Follicle and Corpus Luteum During Luteogenesis and Luteolysis in Jennies.

This study aimed to determine the associations between B-mode and Power-doppler ultrasonography and ovarian steroids of the periovulatory follicle and respective corpus luteum (CL) during luteogenesis and luteolysis in jennies. Twenty-four periovulatory follicles/estrus of correspondent one inter-ovulatory interval (n=12 jennies) were assessed in the study. B-mode ultrasonography and teasing were carried out once day until the detection of a periovulatory follicle (≥28 mm, uterine edema, and signs of estrus). Thereafter, jennies were monitored at 4-hour-intervals by B-mode and Power-doppler ultrasonography. Closer to ovulation, jennies were hourly checked. Each CL was checked daily from luteogenesis to luteolysis. Plasma concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were assessed daily with chemiluminescence immunoassay. Granulosa echogenicity and thickness increased from -36 hour to -1 hour before ovulation in 70% of follicles (P < .05) and were strongly associated with impending ovulation (r=0.80 and r=0.70, respectively). The follicular-wall blood flow increased from -72 to -24 hour pre-ovulation, while the estradiol concentration declined from 42 pg/mL by -72 hour to 31.6 pg/mL by 24 hour before ovulation (P < .05). The vascularization of the periovulatory follicle decreased from 62% (-36 hour) to 37% (-1 hour) before ovulation (P < .05). The CL vascularization and progesterone concentration gradually increased, reaching the peak at 11- and 10-day after the ovulation, respectively (P < .05). The CL vascularization started to decline 3 day before luteolysis, while progesterone concentrations started to drop 4 day before luteolysis (P < .05). In conclusion, the structural changes of the periovulatory follicle detected on B-mode and Power-doppler can be used to detect impending ovulation in donkeys; however, Power-doppler, but not B-mode ultrasonography, can be used to assess CL function in jennies.

Efficacy of Second Prostaglandin F2 Alpha Treatment during Ovsynch Protocol on Pregnancy Rate Inseminated with Sex-sorted Semen in Buffaloes

Background: Ovsynch is one of the most adopted estrus synchronization protocols used for synchronization of ovulation and fixed-time artificial insemination however, new corpus luteum (CL) induced by the first GnRH treatment in Ovsynch is inappropriately regressed with a single treatment with prostaglandin F2α. Inadequate CL regression reduces fertility. Considering this rationale, present research was implemented with the effect of second prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment during Ovsynch protocol on pregnancy rate inseminated with sex-sorted semen in buffaloes. Methods: Post-partum true anestrus multiparous buffaloes (n=24) were categorized as a group I (Ovsynch; n=12) and group II (Double PG Ovsynch; n=12). Buffaloes from group I were treated with standard Ovsynch protocol (D=7; G-P-G), while additional second prostaglandin F2 alpha injection was administered on day eighth (D=7; G-P-P-G) in group II (Double PG Ovsynch). All the buffaloes were inseminated 16-20 hrs after the last GnRH injection with sex-sorted semen. Result: The estrus signs exhibited were numerically higher in group II than in group I. The first service pregnancy rate in double PG Ovsynch was higher than the Ovsynch group. The addition of a second prostaglandin F2 alpha injection in the Ovsynch protocol improves the estrus quality and increases pregnancy rate.

CHANGES IN THE VAGINAL CYTOLOGY AND PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN SERUM CONCENTRATIONS AFTER TREATMENT OF ANESTRTUM BITCHES WITH A COMBINATION OF FSH AND LH

The current study was designed to evaluate the changes in vaginal cytology and serum progesterone and estrogen concentration in anestrum bitches treated with a combination of FSH and LH. Seven healthy Mongrel anestrum bitches were treated with daily administration of 75 I.U. FSH plus 75 I.U LH for consecutive nine days and another three bitches were kept as a control without any treatment. Treated and control bitches were examined for the percentages of different vaginal-cytology cells, serum concentration of estrogen and progesterone, and signs of proestrus and estrus in a scheduled timeline. Five of the seven treated bitches (71.4%) showed a gradual decrease in the percentage of parabasal cells, a gradual increase in the percentage of cornified and RBCs, a rapid decrease in the estrogen concentration, and an increase in the progesterone concentration. These five bitches showed signs of proestrus and four of them showed male acceptance and were conceived. These five bitches had high estrogen concentrations before initiation of the treatment. The other two bitches had a low estrogen concentration before the initiation of the treatment and after treatment, they showed a gradual increase in the estrogen concentration, but they did not show characteristic changes in vaginal cytology or progesterone concentration. Control bitches had high estrogen concentrations before treatment, but they did not show characteristic changes in vaginal cytology, estrogen and progesterone concentrations, or signs of proestrus up to one month after the end of the treatment. In conclusion, treating anestrum bitches with a mixture of FSH and LH induced characteristic changes in vaginal cytology and serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations in the majority of bitches. These changes were associated with the induction of fertile estrus in more than half of the treated bitches, and this percentage increased to about 80% in bitches having initial high estrogen concentration. Key words: bitch; estrus-induction; FSH-LH, vaginal cytology, progesterone; estrogen

Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels and Estrous Monitoring of GnRH Agonist Deslorelin-Induced Estrus in Bitches: A Pilot Study.

This study was performed to monitor estrous patterns and, more importantly, changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations during the peri-ovulatory period in deslorelin-induced estrous bitches. Healthy anestrous bitches (n = 4) were used. Estrus and ovulation were monitored after deslorelin implantation. Blood samples were collected for analysis of progesterone, estradiol-17ß and AMH concentrations before implantation (day 0) and on days 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 after implantation. Six days following treatment, all bitches showed estrus signs. Ovulation took place between days 12 and 15. Circulating AMH concentrations varied among bitches from 0.12 to 3.08 ng/mL. However, no significant differences in AMH levels (mean ± SD) were observed between day 0 and days following post-implantation (p &gt; 0.05). There were no significant correlations between AMH and estradiol or AMH and progesterone (p &gt; 0.05). Ultrasonographically, the number of clearly identifiable ovarian follicles was higher before ovulation and the area of ovaries increased after ovulation (p &lt; 0.05). Except for AMH, changes in vaginal cytology, estradiol-17ß and progesterone levels observed in our study were similar to naturally occurring estrus. Large intra- and inter-individual variation in AMH were observed suggesting that AMH is currently not suitable as a canine fertility marker to monitor ovarian response to deslorelin treatment for estrus induction.

Estrus Behaviour and Estrus Intensity Score in Relation to Hormonal Profile in Kankrej Cows at an Organized Farm

The present investigation was undertaken to study the estrus behaviour in Kankrej cattle at an organized farm during 3 different seasons. In each of three seasons, seven (07) Kankrej heifers and seven (07) Kankrej cows showing estrus were considered. In Kankrej cattle, majority of the animals showed acceptance of teaser bull (100%), estrual mucus discharge (88.10%), homosexuality (78.57%), excitement, and edema erythema and wetness of vulva (76.19% each), frequent micturition (59.52%) and bellowing (16.67%). None of the Kankrej cattle went partial or complete off-feed during estrus phase. Overall it was revealed that the estrus signs were manifested more during summer season than monsoon and winter, which shows the heat tolerance capability of the Kankrej cows in the area. Nearly three forth (73.81%) of the total Kankrej cows exhibited normal and above normal estrus intensity score, whereas one forth (26.19%) animals showed weak estrus intensity score. The difference between Kankrej cows and heifers for overall intensity score was found non-significant (p&gt;0.05). The serum estradiol concentrations in Kankrej heifers and cows were significantly higher on the day of estrus than the corresponding levels on 11th day of estrus with inverse trend of serum progesterone in all three seasons. On the day of estrus the mean estradiol level in Kankrej heifers and progesterone levels in cows were higher in summer than winter and monsoon.

Basic reproductive parameters of Kathiawari horses reared under arid zone region

The current study was undertaken with an aim to record and analyse the data related to basic reproductive parameters such as length of estrus cycle, estrus duration, pre-ovulatory follicle size at ovulation, day of ovulation, length of gestation and days of occurrence of foal heat in respect of Kathiawari mares for a period of thirteen consecutive breeding seasons (2010-2023). The mares were monitored closely for their estrus signs, examined with transrectal ultrasonography for the size of the follicle variation and to determine the size of the follicle at ovulation. The mares were inseminated with the frozen thawed semen collected from Kathiawari stallions at appropriate time. This is the first time ever report that live foals have been obtained using frozen semen via artificial insemination in kathiawari horses. The data on reproductive indices of the mares of Kathiawari breed in India are scanty and there are no available reports on reproductive characteristics of Kathiawari breed until today in the literature. The results of the present findings are of much useful and may serve as a ready reckoner for the reproductive traits of Kathiawari breed reared under arid region. The differences in the reproductive parameters observed in relation to other breeds of Indian horses may be attributed to breed differences and other environmental factors.

Successful artificial insemination of sexed semen using albumin sedimentation on Friesian Holstein cows

This study aimed to determine the success of artificial insemination (AI) using unsexed and sexed frozen semen with albumin sedimentation. This research was conducted from August to December 2022 at a farmer community in Pandesari Village, Pujon District, Malang Regency. The material used in this study was 78 heads of Friesian Holstein cattle, with the criteria of having a minimum body condition score of 2.5 (scale of 1–5), having normal reproductive organs, and showing signs of estrus. 38 cows were used as acceptors in artificial insemination (AI) with unsexed frozen semen, and 38 cows in AI with albumin sedimentation frozen semen. The variables used are non-return rate 1, non-return rate 2, and conception rate. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the percentage values of NRR1, NRR2, and CR in AI using frozen semen unsexed were 76.3%, 63.1%, and 47.3%, respectively, while the percentage values of NRR1, NRR2, and CR in AI using frozen semen sexed were 94.7%, 86.15%, and 63.15%. Based on the study's results, insemination success using albumin sedimentation frozen semen sexed showed better results than AI using unsexed semen.

Determination of artificial insemination timing in Banteng based on follicle size and uterine enlargement

The Banteng (Bos Javanicus d'Alton 1823) is an endemic species in Indonesia that is threatened with extinction and whose population continues to decline in the wild. The aim of this study is to determine the timing of artificial insemination (AI) in the Banteng based on follicle size and uterine enlargement. For this study, two female Banteng were used in Taman Safari Indonesia, Cisarua, Bogor. Habituation was performed to facilitate data collection. Optimal timing for AI is determined by examining the reproductive organs using Ultrasonography (USG) to detect changes in the uterus and ovaries and monitor clinical signs of estrus. Follicle size and uterine examination was performed on days -1, 0, and +1 for 3 estrus cycles. Insemination was performed 2-3 times during estrus until ovulation occurred. The results showed that the average follicle size of both Banteng was 1.09 ± 0.02 cm on day -1, 1.31 ± 0.02 cm on day 0, and 1.33 ± 0.03 cm on day +1. Artificial insemination was performed with a double dose of frozen semen when the Banteng were still rideable, and the follicle size ranged from 1.23-1.38 cm. Pregnancy was examined by ultrasound on day 21 after mating; both Banteng females were pregnant after AI. It can be concluded that AI technique can be used in captive Banteng breeding program by studying the development of follicles and uterine enlargement.

5d CIDR-Heatsynch improves the circulatory estradiol levels, estrus expression and conception rate in anestrus buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study aimed to investigate whether increasing estradiol (E2) during preovulatory period would increase estrous expression, luteal profiles and conception rate in 5d CIDR based timed AI protocol. A total 156 anestrus buffalo allocated (78 per group) to either 5d CIDR-Cosynch (d-5: CIDR + GnRH; d0: PGF2α+CIDR removal; 72 h post-CIDR removal: GnRH) or 5d CIDR-Heatsynch (d-5: CIDR + GnRH; d0: PGF2α+CIDR removal; 24 h post-CIDR removal: estradiol benzoate) group. All the buffaloes inseminated at 72 and 84 h post-CIDR removal. A subset of buffalo (n = 58) were subjected to examination of the follicle diameter and luteal profile during protocol, post-AI on days 5 and 12. The buffalo in 5d CIDR-Heatsynch had greater (p < .05) E2 concentrations, estrus induction and increasing trend (p < .08) for conception rate (57.7% vs. 43.6%) than 5d CIDR-Cosynch. The percentage of pregnant buffalo that exhibited estrus signs was greater (p < .01) in 5d CIDR-Heatsynch than 5d CIDR-Cosynch. Positive correlation (p < .01) was observed between POF and E2 concentrations; POF and CL diameter, CL diameter and P4 concentrations. Estrus response and P4 concentrations were indicators of probability of pregnancy. In conclusion, 5d CIDR-Heatsynch tended to improve conception rate. The estrus expression and P4 concentrations (d5 and 12 post-first-AI) is the indicator of probability of pregnancy in buffalo.

Revisiting the Timing of Insemination at Spontaneous Estrus in Dairy Cattle.

Cows show spontaneous estrus over 8-20 h but become refractory to the bull about 10-12 h before ovulation. This indicates that ovulation occurs 10-12 h after the end of estrus behavior, yet spermatozoa from the bull ejaculate need to undergo maturation and capacitation for 6 to 8 h in the female reproductive tract before they are capable of fertilization. Traditionally, the onset of estrus has been considered the best timing for artificial insemination (AI) in cattle, that is, 6 to 24 h from the first signs of estrus. However, recent findings suggest this interval should be reduced to 16 to 6 h before ovulation, bringing it closer to the end of estrus. In this review, the end of estrus rather than its onset is proposed as the best guide for AI timing in dairy cattle, and physiological indicators of late estrus are discussed such as relaxation of the intravaginal part of the uterus, a lower cervical mucus viscosity and a softer pre-ovulatory follicular consistency as simple cues indicating a cow is ready for service.

Evaluation of walking activity data during pregnancy as an indicator of pregnancy loss in dairy cattle

A pregnancy loss or abortion can be assumed when a dairy cow that has been previously diagnosed pregnant shows signs of estrus. In herds using leg-based pedometers as a tool to detect cows in estrus, a sudden increase in walking activity (hereafter, activity peaks) relative to a certain threshold activity triggers an estrous alert that can be confused with a pregnancy loss. The objective of this study was to determine whether pregnant cows can show activity peaks as measured by pedometers. We used data from a dairy herd of 250 milking cows using pedometers as a means of measuring walking activity to detect cows in estrus. Two databases were used in this study, which included the walking activity of the entire herd recorded by the pedometers from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021 (database 1), and the calving dates, the insemination dates, the dates when a pregnancy diagnosis was declared pregnant, the dates when a pregnancy diagnosis was declared not pregnant or open, and the abortion dates (database 2). Activity peaks were identified within an experimental unit, which was defined as pregnant cows showing an insemination event followed by a confirmed pregnancy and subsequent calving. The activity peaks were identified using the peak searching algorithm that compares the step count on a given day with the step counts of its adjacent days. The candidate peaks were characterized for their magnitudes by the prominence metric. A chi-squared test was performed to test the specificity of the system. From the 4-yr database, 537 pregnancies or experimental units were identified, and 77 pregnancies showed 1 or more peaks, which means that 14.4% of the pregnancies showed activity peaks. Within the pregnancies showing peaks (n = 77), the median equaled 1 peak/pregnancy, the average equaled 1.53 peaks/pregnancy, and the maximum equaled 13 peaks/pregnancy. In conclusion, activity peaks can be observed for pregnant cows using pedometers. These peaks could generate false estrous alerts during the pregnancy period when using pedometers, and these false alerts should not be interpreted as pregnancy losses.

Determination of estrus in Aceh cows based on the van Eerdenburg method

Accurate determination of estrus status in an animal based on an appropriate estrus detection method can guarantee the cows' pregnancy after mating. This study aims to determine the estrus status of Aceh cows using the van Eerdenburg estrus behavior scoring method. This study was conducted from 22 January to 12 February 2021, at the Technical Implementation Unit for Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The sample used was eleven Aceh cows aged 4-6 years old. Parameters observed were the number of cows exhibiting signs of estrus using the estrus behavior scoring method. The accuracy of estrus detection was confirmed by palpation per rectum to detect the presence of uterine tone. By observing signs of estrus using the method studied, 90.9% (10/11) of the cows were determined to be in estrus. Confirmation by the presence of uterine tone showed a 100% accuracy rate. The most effective sign of estrus was the passivity of the cow when being ridden by another cow or bull. This study concluded that estrus status in local cows could be determined using the estrus behavior scoring of the van Eerdenburg method.

On Farm Trial of Prostaglandin Based Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Selected Milk-shed Areas of Amhara Region, Ethiopia

The present study was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in the Debre Birhan area of the Amhara region, Ethiopia, aiming to evaluate the effect of single-dose prostaglandin hormone in dairy cows and heifers at the smallholder farmer level. A total of 458 dairy cows and heifers were treated with 2ml of Synchromate® hormone, and after 77.82±2.74 hours, 286 of which (62.4%) were reported to have manifested estrus signs. Insemination was performed to 215 animals, 71 animals were not inseminated (the time for AI was passed when checked by rectal palpation) because of later reports by farmers after the cessation of estrus periods. Of the 215 animals that were inseminated, 82 (38.1%) conceived, and from the 82 animals that conceived, 79 (96.3%) gave birth. Estrus response and conception rate have not shown a significant difference between parity and body condition scores. However, treatment to estrus interval has been found to be significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced by parity, cows had shorter intervals than the heifers. This study indicated that there were problems in the detection and reporting of estrus response by the smallholder farmers, hence, requiring continuous training on dairy cow management.

Induction of ovulation using repeated doses of sulpiride, adopamine antagonist, in ewe lambs.

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sulpiride can increase the concentration of circulating gonadotropin that can promote puberty in pre-pubertal ewe lambs. Here, 12 1-3-year-old Merino rams and 60 7-9-month-old Merino sheep were included in the study. The sheep were randomly divided into sulpiride (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The sulpiride group was subcutaneously injected with 0.6mg/kg sulpiride twice daily (morning and evening) for 9 days. During these 9 days, blood samples were taken from the sheep before drug administration and at 4 h after every drug administration. The number of ovulating animals in the sulpiride group was significantly higher than that in the control group (90% vs. 32%). No oestrous signs were observed in either group during ram release. Further, there were no differences in the levels of mean follicle-stimulating hormone in the two groups based on treatment (p=.2), time (p=.3) or treatment-by-time interaction (p=.3). After sulpiride administration, the luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of the sulpiride group rapidly increased and remained stable for a long time, whereas physiological LH fluctuations in the control group remained unchanged. Within-group changes in terms of LH concentrations were significant for both groups (p < .001), whereas LH pulse frequency was significantly different between the sulpiride group (p=.03). Therefore, it is concluded that sulpiride can be used as a non-steroidal alternative to stimulate pre-pubertal ewe lambs and sheep during anoestrus.

Ovarian Response and Fertility after Short-Term Progestagen/eCG Treatments Are Compromised in Nulliparous Sheep during Non-Breeding Season.

The objective of this investigation was to determine the ovarian response, fertility, and prolificacy of nulliparous sheep when compared to multiparous sheep after a short-term (7 days) CIDR/eCG treatment which was administered during the non-breeding season. All the multiparous sheep, whereas only 54% of the nulliparous ewes, showed signs of estrus. However, 81.8% of the multiparous sheep and 100% of the nulliparous ewes ovulated. Fertility was also low after short-term progesterone treatments during the anestrous season in maiden sheep (30.8 vs. 72.7% in multiparous ewes). Such results indicate significant differences in the response to CIDR/eCG protocols for induction and synchronization of estrus and ovulation between nulliparous and multiparous sheep during the non-breeding season.

Comparison of Estradiol Cypionate, Estradiol Benzoate and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination in Multiparous Murrah Buffaloes

The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of estradiol cypionate, estradiol benzoate and gonadotropin-releasing hormone during fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols in multiparous Murrah buffaloes. A total of 35 buffaloes were used between September and November 2021 and subjected to a synchronization protocol. On day 0, insertion of an intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR, 1.38 g) was made with intramuscular (i/m) injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 2 mg); On day 9: CIDR removed with i/m injections of Dinoprost (12.5 mg) and eCG (400 IU), and then buffaloes were randomized into three treatment group: 1) EB 1 mg on day 10 (n=13). 2) estradiol cypionate (EC) 1 mg on day 9 (n=12), and 3) Buserelin acetate (GnRH) 0.0105 mg on day 10 (n=10). The estrus signs observed during the FTAI (56 h after CIDR withdrawal) and conception rate at 90 days after FTAI were recorded. The conception rates were 61.5, 58.3 and 60.0% for EB, EC and GnRH treatment groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for conception rate and signs of estrus. Therefore, it was concluded that all three treatments can be efficiently used during estrus synchronization protocol with FTAI in multiparous Murrah buffaloes.

A review of adverse events in animals and children after secondary exposure to transdermal hormone-containing medicinal products.

Hormonal replacement therapy is widely used to treat conditions in humans, the most well-known indication being the relief of menopausal symptoms in women. Many of the hormone-containing products (HCP) are applied to the skin. This transdermal delivery poses a risk to animals and humans through secondary exposure, especially when product information is not strictly followed. The aim of this article is to raise awareness among veterinarians and human healthcare providers of this risk; based on evidence from spontaneous reporting of suspected adverse events (AEs) in animals and humans. Interventions are also explored to mitigate the risk of secondary exposure to transdermal HCP (THCP). The Swedish Medical Products Agency has received several, mainly serious, AE reports in animals and children following secondary exposure to THCPs. The AE reports were reviewed together with worldwide data from the EudraVigilance Veterinary database and human EudraVigilance Data Analysis System. The clinical signs reported in animals included persistent signs of oestrus, poor growth rate and birth defects. In humans, reported clinical signs included precocious puberty, unresolved virilisation, accelerated growth rate and female infertility. It is important that THCP are used according to manufacturer's instructions and users are made aware of risks and mitigating measures. This review of AEs in animals and children provides evidence to show that the use of THCP poses a risk for secondary exposure. Efficient communication strategies that stretch across veterinary and human medicinal disciplines are required to raise mutual awareness and minimise the risk of AEs in animals and humans.