Odor Management Research Articles

Olfactory-chemical establishment using odour wheels and fingerprints to manage odor pollution for the petrochemical industry

The odor nuisance may cause major environmental issues, so identifying the odor characteristics is important for odor management and traceability in the petrochemical industry. In this study, odour wheels and fingerprints were applied to manage odor pollution in the petrochemical industry. First, the odor profile method and portable electronic nose evaluation were applied to analyze the flavour sensory profiles of five upstream and downstream petrochemical plants, in order to grasp the odor natures of plants. Second, 375 organized and unorganized samples of 5 plants were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technology, and a total of 583 odorants were obtained, including sulfur compounds, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, acids, alkanes, alkenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, and other compounds. Third, the key odorants were identified by gas chromatography-olfactory (GC-O) and odor activity value (OAV) analysis. Fourth, the fingerprint spectras were developed by the identification of key odorants and process sources through principal component analysis. For plant A, 21 odorants were confirmed, including naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1-methylindene, and 2-methylindene. Methyl methacrylate, acetophenone, isobutene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, acrylonitrile, and styrene were key element for plant B. The fingerprint factor of plant C had 20 odorants, including methanol, butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, acetic acid, and ammonia. And there were 21 odorants for plant D and 14 odorants for plant E, respectively, with similar substance types, including 2-ethyl-2-hexenal, 3-methyl-4-heptanone, isobutyl butyrate, and 1,2,3,5-tetraethylbenzene. Finally, the odor wheels were established by the correlation analysis between odorants and malodor, and compounds in fingerprint spectra weaker related to malodor of plants were removed. Hence, the characteristic odorants of each plant were further clarified, and the odors were associated with compounds, achieving rapid diagnosis and traceability of odor pollution in the petrochemical park. This provided new ideas and technical methods for odor pollution monitoring and identification.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of 2-methylisoborneol produced by filamentous cyanobacteria and associated driving factors in Lake Taihu, China

The proliferation of filamentous cyanobacteria in lakes can result in the generation of odor-causing compounds, predominantly 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), which pose odor-related challenges. In an effort to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of 2-MIB and related influencing factors in East Lake Taihu, monthly investigations were undertaken from April 2022 to March 2023. In addition to the monthly survey, a whole-lake survey was conducted during the high-temperature period from July to September. The monthly survey revealed a distinct unimodal fluctuation in the concentration of 2-MIB in East Lake Taihu, with an average concentration at 297.0 ng/L during the high-temperature period. During the high-temperature period, the filamentous cyanobacterial communities detected in East Lake Taihu consisted primarily of species belonging to genera Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Planktothricoides, and Pseudanabaena. However, no significant correlations were found between their densities and 2-MIB concentration. In addition, the mic gene was predominantly detected in genera Pseudanabaena and Planktothricoides, with the latter being the primary contributor to 2-MIB production. Furthermore, a succession of cyanobacteria capable of producing 2-MIB was detected, with water temperature and radiation intensity being identified as the primary driving factors. The temporal variation of 2-MIB concentration within East Lake Taihu during the whole year was primarily modulated by factors such as water temperature, water transparency, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a. During the high-temperature period, the 2-MIB concentration in the alga-dominated zone of East Lake Taihu was approximately 1.7 times greater than that in the macrophyte-dominated zone, with nutrient and transparency being identified as the main influencing factors. Consequently, our findings are of great significance for monitoring the sources and variation of 2-MIB in shallow lakes, providing a scientific foundation and theoretical guidance for odor management.

A survey of UK nurses about their care of people with malignant fungating wounds

PurposeTo gain an understanding of the nursing professionals who treat people with malignant fungating wounds (MFW) in the UK and their current practices, including perceived barriers and facilitators to providing MFW care. MethodAn online anonymous questionnaire was created with questions about the role of nursing professionals who reported caring for patients with MFW, the number of people with MFW they regularly cared for, treatment aims, treatments used, and challenges faced. These questions were developed with professional input and piloted. Using a convenience sampling method, we collected responses from UK nurses by distributing the questionnaire via social media and through relevant professional organisations. The questionnaire was constructed in QualtricsXM software and analysed using SPSS. ResultWe received 154 questionnaire responses, with three-quarters from tissue viability nurses and the rest from community and other specialist nurses. The most important treatment aim reported was pain management, followed by odour management. Almost all respondents used antimicrobial and standard dressings for these patients, with a range of products reported. Poor access to MFW care training and lack of local and national guidelines were reported as barriers to providing care for people with MFW. Availability of dressings, access to training, and good communication processes were reported as facilitators. ConclusionThis is the first study to explore MFW wound care practices in the UK. A range of nurses are involved in care delivery with variations in the treatments used. Lack of access to MFW care training, resources, and standardised guidelines may impede care delivery.

The management of wound odour and exudate using a multi-purpose dressing – a case series

The management of wound odour and exudate using a multi-purpose dressing – a case series

Emission Characteristics of Odorous Compounds from a Swine Farm on Jeju Island, Korea

This study investigated 26 malodorous substances emitted from a swine farm on Jeju Island, South Korea, to discern their specific emission characteristics and potential implications for workers’ health and environmental management. A detailed analysis of emissions from livestock buildings, the compost facility, and the manure storage tank was conducted. Accurate quantification involved rigorous collection methods measuring concentrations of NH3, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), trimethylamine (TMA), aldehyde compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), p-cresol, indole, and skatole. High concentrations of NH3 and H2S, particularly in the manure storage tank, raised concerns about the health of workers. TMA levels were notably elevated in the livestock building, whereas aldehydes and VOCs remained within limits. VFAs were prevalent in the livestock building, with p-cresol, indole, and skatole in the manure storage tank. Distinct emission profiles across farm facilities highlight the need for tailored odor management strategies, ensuring worker well-being and effective environmental practices. These findings offer valuable insights for implementing targeted mitigation measures in similar agricultural settings.

Antibacterial and deodorizing effects of cold atmospheric plasma-applied electronic deodorant

Axillary odor is a malodor produced by bacterial metabolism near the apocrine glands, which often causes discomfort in an individual's daily life and social interactions. A deodorant is a personal care product designed to alleviate or mask body odor. Currently, most deodorants contain antimicrobial chemicals and fragrances for odor management; however, direct application to the underarm skin can result in irritation or sensitivity. Therefore, there is a growing interest in technologies that enable disinfection and odor control without the antiperspirants or perfumes. The cold atmospheric plasma temporally generates reactive radicals that can eliminate bacteria and surrounding odors. In this study, cultured Staphylococcus hominis and Corynebacterium xerosis, the causative bacteria of axillary bromhidrosis, were killed after 90% plasma exposure for 3 min. Moreover, the electronic nose system indicated a significant reduction of approximately 51% in 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and approximately 34% in 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, the primary components of axillary odor, following a 5-min plasma exposure. These results support the dual function of our deodorant in eliminating bacteria and axillary odors without the chemical agents. Therefore, cold atmospheric plasma-applied deodorant devices have great potential for the treatment and management of axillary odors as a non-contact approach without chemical use in daily life.

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (IV) : Livestock odor mitigation technologies and their application

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (IV) : Livestock odor mitigation technologies and their application

A case study on community mapping for odor management in citizen science

A case study on community mapping for odor management in citizen science

1 Creating Sensor Systems for Real Time Animal Management

Abstract Sustainable animal production needs to consider all aspects of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social. Important aspects include 1) waste and odor management, greenhouse gas emissions; 2) animal care and well-being, labor needs, worker safety, and satisfaction; 3) careful use of antibiotics, food safety, and foreign animal disease; and 4) all while the producer needs to make the business show a profit. New technological approaches for building management, animal monitoring, and care should be carefully considered to help satisfy these pressures and concerns. Increases in computing power, sensor systems, and modeling techniques lend themselves to technological advancements in animal agriculture. Research has shown promising results for implementing multiple sensor systems. Precision animal management systems use a variety of sensors to capture real-time data on individual animals and new modeling techniques to process the data into valuable information to aid management decisions. However, data streams from different sources can be problematic. This presentation aims to provide an understanding of current and future technologies and the advantages, difficulties, and pitfalls of processing and combining different types of real-time data. Current technologies used in precision animal management systems include sound, images, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Steps to a successful system include 1) evaluating the needs of the producers and the animals, 2) selecting appropriate sensors, and 3) understanding both the value and the limitation of the captured data and the data processing.

Odour management in drinking water systems fed by mixed water supplies

Algae-derived odour events in water supplies have been increasing with eutrophication and climate change. It is important to engage in proactive management of odourants to retain consumer confidence in the safety of their drinking water. In this study, historical monitoring data were analysed to provide a holistic understanding of source-to-tap odour risks at a large drinking water filtration plant, supplied via pipeline and open canal from reservoirs in protected catchments, as well as a supplementary reservoir located adjacent to the water filtration plant. The occurrence of odourant chemicals, odour descriptors and potential odour-producing algae were analysed during periods of variable supply from the supplementary reservoir. Fishy odour was more likely to occur in mixed raw water during periods of high supply from the supplementary reservoir. High cell densities of potential odour-producing algae, including the Cyclotella, Cryptomonas, Dinobryon and Synedra and Asterionella genera, were detected in the supplementary reservoir. Interestingly, more odour complaints were received from consumers when the supplementary reservoir was offline or in limited use, and they were primarily described as ‘earthy/musty’ and ‘chemical’ odours, or as a general ‘bad smell’. This research identified the need for improved monitoring of odourants in source and raw water as well as the development of publicly available resources for odour identification.

Phytoplankton Community Structure, Diversity, and Functional Groups in Urban River Under Different Black and Odorous Levels

Phytoplankton community characteristics, diversity, and functional group analysis can respond to the environmental quality status of water bodies. To investigate the influence of urban river black odors on the phytoplankton community, from November 2020 to March 2021, 16 urban rivers in the Sichuan Basin were surveyed for water quality with 38 sampling points, and the degree of urban river black odor was evaluated based on the improved fuzzy mathematical model method and the k-mean principal color extraction method. The rivers were classified into four types:non-black and non-odorous, black and non-odorous, black and odorous, and black and odorous. The results showed that, with black and odorous water, the phytoplankton abundance increased from 1.329×105 cells·L-1 to 6.627×105 cells·L-1, and the dominant phytoplankton phylum decreased from Cyanophyta-Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta to Cyanophyta. The phytoplankton biomass increased from 64.056 μg·L-1 to 120.465 μg·L-1, and the dominant phytoplankton phylum changed from Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta type, adapted to a nutrient environment, to Pyrrophyta-Bacillariophyta-Cryptophyta type, adapted to an organic matter environment. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index decreased from 2.45 to 1.98, and Simpson's index decreased from 0.84 to 0.73. Twenty nine functional groups of phytoplankton were observed in the study area, and the growth strategy was reduced from S, R, C, CR, and CS to R with black and odorous water. In summary, phytoplankton indicators can better reflect the state of river black odor, and phytoplankton monitoring is a promising tool for urban river black odor management.

A narrative review of management of wounds in palliative care setting.

A chronic wound is one that is physiologically compromised as a result of a disturbance of the wound-healing cycle brought on by, among other parameters, poor angiogenesis, innervation, or cellular migration. Given the high frequency and incidence rates of different wound categories in clinical practice in the setting of chronically ill patients, wound management is becoming an increasingly important component and pillar of the overall care of patients with terminal illnesses. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview and evaluation of the assessment methods and management of chronic wounds in the clinical practice of palliative care. Papers on the management of wounds in palliative care have been retrieved using PubMed to July 2023. The search terms used included "wounds", "ulcers", "palliative care", "palliative management", and "end of life". The review highlights the importance of early palliative care referral and total pain management in the management of wounds. Patients with wounds often report multiple symptoms, and pain is one of the most common and distressing among them. Despite the availability of multiple guidelines about treatment to relieve pain, almost half of all cancer patients still receive inappropriate care for pain. The review also discusses the etiology of pain and provides strategies for managing the painful wound once it has been identified. The greatest need today in the treatment of chronic wounds is consensus-based knowledge vetted by practical experience and backed up by scientific evidence, which is easily communicated and available to all wound care practitioners. High-quality research together with wound care practice that leads to the best outcomes might include pain reduction, exudate management, odor management, and/or other quality-of-life benefits to wound care. There is a need for specialized palliative care teams to manage expectations throughout the process while maintaining hope.

MIB-derived odor management based upon hydraulic regulation in small drinking water reservoirs: Principle and application

The musty odorant (2-methylisoborneol, MIB) is prevalent in source water reservoirs and has become one of the major challenges for drinking water quality. This study proposes an approach to control the growth of MIB-producing cyanobacteria in a small reservoir based on hydraulic regulation, according to the results of long-term field investigations, laboratory culture experiments, model construction, and field application. Field investigations found that longer hydraulic retention time (HRT) is a factor that triggers MIB episodes. The culture study revealed that the maximum cell density, growth rate of MIB-producing Planktothricoides raciborskii, and MIB concentration are determined by the HRT (R2= 0.94, p-value < 0.001) and can be minimized by decreasing the HRT to less than 10 d. On this basis, an HRT regulation model was constructed and validated by field investigation, and critical HRT values were evaluated for 14 cyanobacteria genera. By decreasing the HRT to 5.4 ± 0.8 d, which is lower than the critical value of 7.5 ∼ 15.0 d, an MIB episode was successfully terminated in ZXD Reservoir in 2021. The results suggest that the proposed principle can provide a scientific basis for HRT regulation, which has been proved to be effective and feasible. This approach avoids negative impacts on water quality, does not require extra investment in engineering infrastructure, and in some cases may be applied readily by changing existing operational procedures. Therefore, HRT-based regulation is a promising strategy targeting MIB control and possibly for other cyanobacterial-derived water quality problems in small reservoirs.

Comparative Analysis of Neural Network Models for Predicting Ammonia Concentrations in a Mechanically Ventilated Sow Gestation Facility in Korea

Conventional methods for monitoring ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock farms have several challenges, such as a poor environment for measurement, difficulty in accessing livestock, and problems with long-term measurement. To address these issues, we applied various neural network models for the long-term prediction of NH3 concentrations from sow farms in this study. Environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, ventilation rate, and past records of NH3 concentrations, were given as inputs to the models. These neural network models took the encoder or the feature extracting parts from the representative deep learning models, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Transformer, to encode temporal patterns of time series. However, all of these models adopted dense layers for the decoder to format the task of long-term prediction as a regression problem. Due to their regression nature, all models showed a robust performance in predicting long-term NH3 concentrations at a scale of weeks or even months despite there being a relatively short period of input signals (a few days to a week). Given one week of input, LSTM showed the minimum mean absolute errors (MAE) of 1.83, 1.78, and 1.87 ppm for the prediction of one, two, and three weeks, respectively, whereas Transformer performed best with a MAE of 1.73 ppm for a four-week prediction. In the long-term estimation of spanning months, LSTM showed the minimum MAEs of 1.95 and 1.90 ppm when trained on predicting two and three weeks of windows. At the same condition, Transformer gave the minimum MAEs of 1.87 and 1.83 when trained on predicting one and four weeks of windows. Overall, the neural network models can facilitate the prediction of national-level NH3 emissions, the development of mitigation strategies for NH3-derived air pollutants, odor management, and the monitoring of animal-rearing environments. Further, their integration of real-time measurement devices can significantly prolong device longevity and offer substantial cost savings.

Resigning oneself to a life of wound-related odour – A thematic analysis of patient experiences

AimsTo determine how patients with chronic wounds describe wound odour, identify what strategies they use to manage it and how effective these are. Materials and methodsUsing a qualitative descriptive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted between July and August 2021 with seven patients living with an odorous chronic wound at home. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework. ResultsThe results were organised into two main themes: 1) becoming resigned to living with wound-related odour 2) strategies used to manage wound-related odour. Participants were sad, embarrassed and felt isolated but became resigned to living with this odour and accepting of it as a consequence of having a wound. Frequent dressing changes, household cleaning along with the use of sprays were the most frequently used tactics to manage odour none of which were deemed to be very effective. ConclusionThis study highlights the problem of odour management in clinical practice and how individuals develop strategies to overcome odour. Sadly, patients were resigned to living with wound odour and were accepting of it as part of daily life. This highlights the importance for healthcare professionals to recognise, assess for and ensure a better understanding of how people experience wound odour, the impact it can have on them personally. Frequent dressing changes can help manage wound odour from the patient's perspective.

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (III) : Livestock odor control by dietary manipulation, in-housing management and manure management

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (III) : Livestock odor control by dietary manipulation, in-housing management and manure management

Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study

Air pollution in urban areas increases as a result of emitted air from different sources within the mixing layer of troposphere. Odor pollution is amongst the primary reasons behind environmental nuisance and occurrence of citizen complaints. Frequent exposure to odorous compounds and/or odor nuisance are increasingly associated with air pollution problems. Besides, there is no universally accepted environmental odor management method reported so far. Level of air pollutants emission, distance of emission sources to residential areas, to-pography, geographical and meteorological conditions have influence on imposed level of air pollution and odor pollution in cities.&#x0D; &#x0D; This study is built on the citizen odor complaint data (based on frequency, intensity, duration, odor tone and location (namely the FIDOL factors) collected in Çorlu/Tekirdağ through the GIS integrated public participated platform, namely the Çorlu KODER mobile application. The annual odor complaint data was briefly introduced and given an evaluation with the mo-bile app users demographic information. The obtained data between August 28-November 2 of 2021, was subjected to interpretative evaluation and statistical analysis with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylene benzene and xylen) concentrations, inorganic air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors. In light of the obtained results, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and toluene concentration were found to play a significant role on the number of citizen odor complaints. The EU reported limit value, lower rating threshold and upper rating threshold for BTEX pollutants have been exceeded several times.&#x0D; &#x0D; The average Toluene/benzene ratios obtained during the study show that; non-traffic sources contribute significantly to VOC emissions. Air pollutants transportation mechanism from neighbouring OIZ settlements become a prominent justification and support the hypothesis that residential areas of Corlu are under the effect of industrial air pollution and odor pollution con-stituents. There is low level of negative correlation between the benzene measured in Çorlu and WS (r=-0.63). Below 2.4 m/s, the average number of odor complaints (ANOC) tend to increase, while above this level odor complaints are diminished). The ANOC remained around 4 for[C] &lt; 4 ug/m3 and reached to 18 for [C]BTEXtotal &gt; 8 ug/m3. Above [C]Toluen=3 ug/m3 conditions, Daily ANOC increase from 7 to 19. Over [C]Toluen= 4 ug/m3 conditions, it reached up to 23. Increses in the number of daily ANOC by temperature is distinct over 21 C0 and reaches to 35. &#x0D; &#x0D; The GIS integrated citizen complaint collection platforms are critical for real-time data collection of environmental complaints with high spatiotemporal accuracy. Citizen odor complaint surveys are useful monitoring tools and obtained data sets can be used to identify sensitive areas where and when specific actions should be taken and air pollutants measuement studies be performed.

The Use of Field Olfactometry in the Odor Assessment of a Selected Mechanical–Biological Municipal Waste Treatment Plant within the Boundaries of the Selected Facility—A Case Study

Odor management plans indicate the need to identify odor sources in waste management facilities. Finding the right tool for this type of task is a key element. This article covers a new approach for odor quantification and source identification at a selected waste management facility by coupling field olfactometry and the spatial interpolation method, such as inverse weighted distance. As the results show, this approach works only partially. Field olfactometry seems to be a suitable tool for odor identification that could be an instrument incorporated into odor management plans as it allowed for recognition of most odor-generating places at the selected facility, i.e., waste stabilization area, green waste storage area, and bioreactors. However, spatial distributions obtained by the selected interpolation method are characterized by high errors during cross-validation, and they tend to overestimate odor concentrations. The substantial weakness of the selected interpolation method is that it cannot handle points where the odor concentration is below the detection threshold. Therefore, the usefulness of such a method is questionable when it comes to odor management plans. Since field olfactometry is a reliable tool for odor measurements, further research into computational methods is needed, including advanced interpolation methods or dispersion modeling based on field olfactometry data.

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (II) : Emission characteristics of livestock odor

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (II) : Emission characteristics of livestock odor

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (I) : Domestic livestock industry status, odor complaint, and management policy

A review on livestock odor characteristics and management (I) : Domestic livestock industry status, odor complaint, and management policy