Hypertension Odds Ratio Research Articles

Normal Weight Central Obesity among Filipinos and Its Association with Cardiovascular Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION The study aims to measure the prevalence of normal-weight central obesity, to measure its association with cardiovascular risks and diseases and to compare it across the different subtypes of obesity among Filipinos. METHODS The participants were Filipinos age 20 years old above who had participated and completed the desired data in the National Nutrition Survey II. The participants were categorized into the following groups: normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and no central obesity; normal weight with central obesity (WC ≥ 80cm or WHR ≥ 0.85 for females, WC ≥ 90cm or WHR ≥ 0.90 for males); overweight (BMI ≥25-29.9kg/m2); overweight with central obesity; obese (BMI ≥30kg/m2) and obese with central obesity (OBCO). A Binary logistic regression was utilized to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. RESULTS A total of 5,920 participants (2,883 men and 3,037 women) were analyzed. The prevalence of normal weight central obesity was 39.3%. In comparison to normal weight, the ORs for hypertension (OR=1.84, p=0.001), diabetes (OR=2.1, p=.001), dyslipidemia (OR=1.3, p=.002), in Obese with central obesity for hypertension (OR=2.2, p=.001), diabetes (OR=2.7, p=.001), dyslipidemia (OR=1.29, p=.10) and in Overweight with central obesity hypertension (OR=1.65, p=.001), diabetes (OR=1.58, p=.001), dyslipidemia (OR 1.28, p=.004) were significantly higher in Normal weight central obesity. CONCLUSION Normal weight central obesity is a common finding among Filipinos and is associated with greater cardiovascular risks of hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia in comparison with obese and overweight. KEYWORDS normal weight central obesity, Filipinos, obesity paradox

Association between EAT-Lancet Diet Index and Hypertension Prevalence: The Filipino Women’s Diet and Health Study (FiL-WHEL)

ObjectivesWe examined the association between adherence to EAT-Lancet diet, a diet with human health and environmental sustainability, and the prevalence of hypertension among Filipino immigrant women in Korea.MethodsWe included a total of 484 Filipino women aged 34–57 in the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL). Participants' dietary intakes were assessed using the 24-hour recalls in 2014–2016. The EAT-Lancet diet index scores were calculated using the methods used in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford study (EAT-Lancet EPIC) and Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort Study (EAT-Lancet Malmö). Blood pressures were measured twice by a sphygmomanometer, and two readings were averaged. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg or by taking antihypertensive medication. We calculated odds ratio (OR)s and 95% confidence interval (CI)s using the multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 86 hypertensive women were identified. For the EAT-Lancet EPIC index, compared with the 1st tertile, ORs (95% CIs) for hypertension were 1.03(0.52–2.06) for the 2nd tertile and 0.61 (0.30–1.22) for the 3rd tertile (p-trend = 0.17). For the EAT-Lancet Malmö index, compared with the 1st tertile, ORs (95% CIs) for hypertension were 0.44 (0.21–0.89) for the 2nd tertile and 0.77(0.37–1.60) for the 3rd tertile (p for trend = 0.55).ConclusionsAdherence to the EAT-Lancet diet may be associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension among immigrant Filipino women in Korea. Further prospective and intervention studies are warranted to determine the role of a sustainable EAT-Lancet diet in hypertension prevention.Funding SourcesThis study was made possible with the support of our funding agencies: Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chong Kun Dang Pharm., Handok Inc., and Yuhan Corporation, Seoul, Korea.

Association between perceived stress and hypertension in Chinese adults: a population-based survey.

It still remains unclear whether perceived stress is associated with hypertension. We aimed to investigate the association between perceived stress with hypertension in Chinese adults. Data on 10,823 participants aged 18 years or older were obtained from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, self-reported physician diagnosis of hypertension, and/or use of antihypertensive medications. Perceived stress was assessed by the 14-item perceived stress scale, with the scale data then divided into quartiles. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline regression were performed to evaluate the association between perceived stress and hypertension. After adjustment for age, gender, marital status, education level, per capita household income, employment status, residential areas, current smoking and alcohol consumption, the odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for every standard deviation (SD) increment in perceived stress was 0.94 (0.90-0.98); compared to the lowest quartile of perceived stress (Q1), the ORs (95% CIs) for hypertension were 0.88 (0.78-1.01) for Q2, 0.91 (0.81-1.03) for Q3, and 0.82 (0.72-0.92) for Q4 (P for trend < 0.001). The inverse association between perceived stress and hypertension was persistent in the subgroup analyses stratified by age, gender, employment status, residential areas, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. In addition, the restricted cubic spline curve revealed a linear and negative association between perceived stress and hypertension (P for nonlinearity = 0.872). Because this study was a cross-sectional design, future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Metabolic Syndrome Components in a Nondiabetic Afro-Caribbean Population: Influence of Gender and Age.

Background: Our aim was to describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among Afro-Caribbean adults without diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Methods: Participants were recruited from a Health Center in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. MetS was defined according to the NCEP ATP III. Prevalence of MetS and MetS components were compared across age groups and sex. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using logistic regression. Results: There were 1011 participants (68.8% women, mean age 47.8 ± 11.8 years). Prevalence of MetS was 17.9% (21.1% women, 10.8% men) and increased by age in women. High blood pressure had the highest prevalence among men and among women ≥60 years. Prevalence of abdominal obesity (AbO) was higher in women than in men. High triglyceride levels were uncommon at all ages and, men and women <40 years, compared with the other groups had higher prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. With multiple logistic regression, compared with adults <40 years, those ≥60 years had the highest OR for prevalent hypertension 7.8 (4.8-12.8); P < 0.001, AbO 2.1 (1.3-3.3); P = 0.002 and high fasting blood glucose levels 5.5 (3.1-9.8); P < 0.001. They also had lower odds for having low HDL-C than the younger ones (G1: age <40 years). Among persons ≥60 years, OR for MetS was 1.9 (1.1-3.6); P = 0.013 compared with the referent group. Compared with men, women had higher odds of MetS 2.2 (1.5-3.3); P < 0.001. Conclusion: Women were more likely to have MetS than men and persons ≥60 years were significantly more likely to have MetS than persons <40 years. Preventive measures are required to reduce the prevalence of MetS.

The association of hypertension and prehypertension with greenness and PM2.5 in urban environment

BackgroundThe interplay of air pollution and urban greenness on hypertension (HTN) is not fully understood. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the role of greenness and PM2.5 on HTN for 40,375 adult residents in the New Taipei City, Taiwan. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) defined greenness and land use regression derived exposures of PM2.5 were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) of HTN in logistic regression models and common OR of normal to stage 3 HTN in ordinal logistic regression models. Linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between NDVI and blood pressures, including systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) pressures. The mediation and moderation analysis were used to assess the mediation and moderation effect of PM2.5 on the association between greenness and SBP. ResultsWe found 37.3%, 21.4%, 8.2% and 2.7% of prehypertension and stage 1–3 hypertensions, respectively, for our study participants with annual PM2.5 exposures of 10.96–43.59 μg/m3 living in an urban environment with NDVI within 500 m buffer ranging from −0.22 to 0.26. The ORs of HTN were 0.744 (95% CI: 0.698–0.793) for NDVI (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1) and 1.048 (1.012–1.085) for each IQR (8.69 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5, respectively. The common OR of the higher level of 5 categories of BP was 1.1310 (1.241–1.383). With each IQR increase of NDVI (0.03), we found SBP, DBP and MBP were decreased by 0.78 mm Hg (−0.93–0.64), 0.52 mm Hg (−0.62–0.43) and 0.61 mm Hg (−0.71–0.51), respectively, in linear regression models. Stratified analysis found greenness effect was more prominent for people who are younger, female, never smoking, and without chronic diseases. PM2.5 is moderated rather than mediated the association between greenness and SBP. ConclusionsGreenness was associated with lower prevalence of prehypertension and all stages of HTN and this relationship was moderated by PM2.5.

Leg and arm adiposity is inversely associated with diastolic hypertension in young and middle-aged United States adults

BackgroundWe sought to determine the association between appendicular adiposity and hypertension, with the purpose of better understanding the role of body fat distribution on blood pressure (BP).MethodsWe included 7411 adults aged 20 to 59 who were not taking antihypertensives and without cardiovascular disease from the 2011 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Leg & arm adiposity, determined via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, was defined as percent of total body fat present in legs/arms (leg/total%, arm/total%). Measures were categorized into sex-specific tertiles. We estimated change in BP and odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension (BP ≥ 130/80) and hypertension subtypes using multivariable, survey design-adjusted linear & logistic regression, respectively.ResultsOf the participants, 49% were female, the average (standard deviation) age was 37.4 (0.3) years, and 24% had hypertension. Those in the highest tertile (T3) of leg/total% had 30% decreased adjusted ORs (aOR) of hypertension compared to the lowest tertile (T1; aOR, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.55–0.89). This association was not significant for arm/total% (0.89, 0.68–1.17). T3 of leg/total% was associated with 49% lower, 41% lower, and unchanged relative odds of isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH), and isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) compared to T1 (IDH: 0.51, 0.37–0.70; SDH: 0.59, 0.43–0.80; ISH: 1.06, 0.70–1.59). For every 10% increase in leg/total%, diastolic BP decreased by an adjusted mean 3.5 mmHg (95% CI, − 4.8 to − 2.2) in males and 1.8 mmHg (95% CI, − 2.8 to − 0.8) in females (P < 0.001 for both).ConclusionsA greater proportional distribution of fat around the legs is inversely, independently associated with hypertension, and more specifically, diastolic hypertension (IDH and SDH).

Association of blood cobalt concentrations with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes in a US population: A cross-sectional study.

Various heavy metal elements in the human body have been reported to be associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. The role of cobalt in these conditions is unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the association of blood cobalt concentrations with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes.Using the data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018), we performed logistic regression to explore the association of blood cobalt concentrations with total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, hypertension, and diabetes.A total of 6866 adults were included in this study. Participants with higher blood cobalt levels appeared to be older and have a lower body mass index and, were more likely to be female (P for trend < .05). After fully adjusting for demographic characteristics (Model 2), compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of blood cobalt concentrations had lower odds ratios (ORs) for elevated TC [OR: 0.62, 95% confidential interval (CI): 0.53 to 0.72, P < .001], elevated LDL-C (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53-0.80, P < .001) and low HDL-C (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69-0.96, P = .013). The adjusted ORs for elevated TC, elevated LDL-C and low HDL-C were negatively correlated with increased blood cobalt concentrations (P for trend < .05). The adjusted ORs for hypertension and diabetes were not associated with blood cobalt concentrations (P > .05 and P for trend > .05).In conclusion, higher blood cobalt concentrations were associated with a lower risk of dyslipidemia. However, blood cobalt concentrations were not associated with the risk of hypertension or diabetes.

Restless legs syndrome and hypertension in men and women: a propensity score-matched analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and hypertension in men and women based on a community-based cohort of middle-aged and elderly participants. MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study enrolled 4080 participants from the Sleep Heart Health study (SHHS). RLS was defined by positive responses on a self-administered questionnaire assessing the four diagnostic criteria, with symptoms occurring at least five times per month and associated with at least moderate distress. Hypertension was defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, or current use of antihypertensive medication. Propensity score-matched (PSM) inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between RLS and hypertension. ResultsRLS was present in 6.8% of women (n = 152) and 3.2% of men (n = 59). In the primary cohort analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 1.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–2.16, p < 0.001] for participants with RLS compared to those without RLS. In the PSM analyses, the OR for hypertension was 1.66 (95% CI 1.09–2.54, p = 0.019) for participants with RLS compared to those without RLS. In sex subgroup analyses, the association between RLS and hypertension persisted in women. In the PSM cohort, the ORs for hypertension were 1.67 (95% CI 1.01–2.81, p = 0.048) and 1.85 (95% CI 0.75–4.75, p = 0.191) in women and men, respectively. Similar results were found in IPTW cohort. ConclusionsThis study revealed a positive association between RLS and hypertension in a community-based population; in sex subgroup analyses, the association persisted in women.

The Association between Plasma Concentration of Phytoestrogens and Hypertension within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort.

In order to examine the association between plasma phytoestrogen concentration (genistein, daidzein, equol and enterolactone) and hypertension, we conducted a nested case–control study for 229 hypertension cases including 112 prehypertension and 159 healthy controls derived from the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). The concentration of plasma phytoestrogens was measured using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. We assessed the association between plasma phytoestrogens and hypertension using logistic regression models using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The highest tertile of plasma equol and enterolactone concentration exhibited a significantly decreased risk of hypertension (equol, OR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.20–0.57; enterolactone, OR = 0.32, 95%CI 0.18–0.57), compared with the lowest tertile. Equol and enterolactone showed reduced ORs for prehypertension (the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile, OR = 0.50, 95%CI 0.26–0.96; OR = 0.38, 95%CI 0.19–0.75, respectively) and hypertension (OR = 0.42, 95%CI 0.22–0.81; OR = 0.28, 95%CI 0.14–0.54, respectively). There was a stronger association in hypertension (the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile in obesity vs. non-obesity; equol, OR = 0.06 vs. 0.63; enterolactone, OR = 0.07 vs. 0.46; both p-heterogeneity < 0.01). This study suggests that equol and enterolactone may contribute to prevent primarily prehypertension and hypertension, and control cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on the continuum of hypertension and CVD. Further study to assess hypertension risk based on useful biomarkers, including phytoestrogens, may contribute to primary prevention of hypertension.

The negative health effects of having a combination of snoring and insomnia.

Insomnia and snoring are common sleep disorders. The aim was to investigate the association of having a combination of insomnia symptoms and snoring with comorbidity and daytime sleepiness. The study population comprised 25,901 participants (16-75 years, 54.4% women) from 4 Swedish cities, who answered a postal questionnaire that contained questions on snoring, insomnia symptoms (difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep and/or early morning awakening), smoking, educational level, and respiratory and nonrespiratory disorders. Snoring was reported by 4,221 (16.2%), while 9,872 (38.1%) reported ≥ 1 insomnia symptom. A total of 2,150 (8.3%) participants reported both insomnia symptoms and snoring. The association with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.6), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4), asthma (adjusted OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.3), daytime sleepiness (adjusted OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 7.1-8.8), and the use of hypnotics (adjusted OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 6.1-9.1) was highest for the group with both insomnia symptoms and snoring. Participants with both snoring and insomnia run an increased risk of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, daytime sleepiness, and use of hypnotics. It is important to consider snoring in patients seeking medical assistance for insomnia and, vice versa, in patients with snoring inquiring about insomnia. Hägg SA, Ilieva E, Ljunggren M, etal. The negative health effects of having a combination of snoring and insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(4):973-981.

Hypertension and diabetes synergistically strengthen the association with cataracts among Chinese

AIM: To examine the relationship between age-related cataracts (ARC) and comorbid hypertension and diabetes. METHODS: We analyzed the administrative records of 6,467 patients aged 50 years and older admitted to the ophthalmological department of a tertiary hospital from January 1st, 2011 to May 20th, 2017. With either eye considered, an ARC (n=3,343) was defined as the presence of lens opacity or previous cataract surgery without evidence of trauma, congenital anomalies or using certain medications. Patients admitted to the same department during the same period due to ocular traumas without clinical evidence of cataracts (n=379) were recruited as the cataract-free controls. Unconditional logistic regressions were obtained the odds ratio (OR) of hypertension and diabetes among ARC patients adjusted for age, sex and health care accessibility. RESULTS: Hypertension was diagnosed in 29.54% of men with any type of cataracts, in 30.12% of men with an ARC, and 10.82% of men of cataract-free controls. Diabetes was diagnosed in 16.64% of men with any type of cataracts, in 16.48% of men with ARC and 4.22% of men of cataract-free controls. Similar patterns were observed among women. After adjusting for age, sex, and health care accessibility, hypertension was weakly [OR=1.83 (95%CI: 1.23, 2.74)] and diabetes was strongly [3.38 (1.86, 6.15)] associated with ARCs. The adjusted OR of comorbid hypertension and diabetes among adults with ARC was 18.20 (4.38, 75.59). CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes were independently associated with ARC. Hypertension and diabetes, if co-existing, multiplicatively strengthened the association with ARC.

Effects of heavy metals on hypertension during menopause: a Korean community-based cross-sectional study.

To examine the associations between serum cadmium, lead, and mercury and hypertension in pre- and postmenopausal women. Serum heavy metal (cadmium, lead, and mercury) levels were analyzed in 7,226 randomly selected women who participated in Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2009 to 2017. Odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension were calculated for log2-transformed serum heavy metal levels, median tertile levels of serum cadmium, mercury, and lead, and for interactions between heavy metal levels and tertiles, after covariate adjustment. A doubling of serum cadmium was associated with hypertension in premenopausal (OR 2.47; 95% CI, 1.01-6.10, P = 0.049) and postmenopausal women (OR 1.70; 95% CI, 1.02-2.84, P = 0.043), and significant trends were observed for cadmium tertiles (P < 0.01). In premenopausal women, a two-fold increase in serum mercury increased the OR of hypertension by 3.08 (95% CI, 1.12-8.43, P = 0.029), and significant trends were also observed for serum mercury tertiles (P < 0.01). Interactions between serum cadmium, lead, and mercury levels in pre- and postmenopausal women were found to impact the prevalence of hypertension. Given increasing exposure to heavy metals in Korea, further prospective study is needed to identify associations between heavy metal exposures, both separately and in combination, with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in well-characterized cohorts of different populations and to determine means of preventing heavy metal exposure.

High Level of Uromodulin Increases the Risk of Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Background: The association of uromodulin and hypertension has been observed in clinical studies, but not proven by a causal relationship. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between uromodulin and blood pressure.Methods: We selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to urinary uromodulin (uUMOD) and serum uromodulin (sUMOD) from a large Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) meta-analysis study and research in PubMed. Six datasets based on the UK Biobank and the International Consortium for Blood Pressure (ICBP) served as outcomes with a large sample of hypertension (n = 46,188), systolic blood pressure (SBP, n = 1,194,020), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, n = 1,194,020). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was performed in uUMOD MR analysis, while methods of IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted median, and Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) were utilized on sUMOD MR analysis.Results: MR analysis of IVM showed the odds ratio (OR) of the uUMOD to hypertension (“ukb-b-14057” and “ukb-b-14177”) is 1.04 (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.03-1.04, P < 0.001); the effect sizes of the uUMOD to SBP are 1.10 (Standard error (SE) = 0.25, P = 8.92E-06) and 0.03 (SE = 0.01, P = 2.70E-04) in “ieu-b-38” and “ukb-b-20175”, respectively. The β coefficient of the uUMOD to DBP is 0.88 (SE = 0.19, P = 4.38E-06) in “ieu-b-39” and 0.05 (SE = 0.01, P = 2.13E-10) in “ukb-b-7992”. As for the sUMOD, the OR of hypertension (“ukb-b-14057” and “ukb-b-14177”) is 1.01 (95% CI 1.01–1.02, all P < 0.001). The β coefficient of the SBP is 0.37 (SE = 0.07, P = 1.26E-07) in “ieu-b-38” and 0.01 (SE = 0.003, P = 1.04E-04) in “ukb-b-20175”. The sUMOD is causally associated with elevated DBP (“ieu-b-39”: β = 0.313, SE = 0.050, P = 3.43E-10; “ukb-b-7992”: β = 0.018, SE = 0.003, P = 8.41E-09).Conclusion: Our results indicated that high urinary and serum uromodulin levels are potentially detrimental in elevating blood pressure, and serve as a causal risk factor for hypertension.

Predictive value of women\u2019s weight trajectories in determining familial cardiovascular disorders: a family-based longitudinal study

Considering the dynamic nature of body mass index (BMI) and its importance in determining cardiovascular risks, this study aimed to investigate the life-course trajectory pattern of women’s BMI and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 1356 couples with 2976 children were recruited and followed up for an average period of 20 years. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to determine women's BMI trajectories; logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between trajectory patterns and cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity. Women were classified into three trajectories, including normal, stage 1 obesity, and stage 2 obesity. Compared to women’s in the normal trajectory group, those in obesity trajectories had higher odds ratios for HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia. Men with obese spouses showed a higher rate of HTN 1.54 (95% CI 1.05–2.25) and DM 1.55; (95% CI 1.00–2.44). The odds of men’s obesity were higher in obese spouses (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.10–2.62). Offspring of stage 2 obese (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.67–3.44) and stage 1 obese (OR 4.81; 95% CI 3.16–7.34) mothers were more likely to be obese. Our findings emphasized paying more attention to women with excessive weight to promote familial cardiovascular health in the communities.

RISK FACTORS OF DEATH DUE TO CORONA VIRUS DISEASE 19 IN KENDARI CITY

Background : Corona virus Disease 2019 or Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). Data from the Kendari City Health Office from January to December 2020, the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19 was 3,874 cases with 56 deaths spread throughout Kendari City. The high death rate from corona virus disease19 is caused by several factors. The research objective was to determine the risk factors for death due to corona virus disease 19 (covid-19) in Kendari City. Methods: This type of research is a case control study conducted from March to April 2021, the number of sample are 49 cases taken by random sampling and 49 controls. Results: Based on the Odds Ratio (OR) value of pneumonia disease is 8,624&gt; 1, OR of Diabetes Mellitus is 7,994&gt; 1, and the respondent's OR of hypertension is 8,653&gt; 1. Conclusion: Pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are the risk factors of death from Covid-19 in Kendari City in 2020. A person suffering from hypertension has the greatest risk of death. Furthermore, the second greatest risk for death is in someone who has pneumonia.

Different Indicators of Adiposity and Fat Distribution and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adiposity and fat distribution on the odds of elevated cardiovascular risk factors among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present cross-sectional study included 2,427 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Body fat was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate effects of adiposity parameters on elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c , ≥7.0%), hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg), and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (≥2.6 mmol/L). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for elevated HbA1c was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.70-0.96) for each SD increase in leg fat mass. The multivariable-adjusted OR for hypertension was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.00-1.32) for each SD increase in android fat mass. Multivariable-adjusted ORs for elevated LDL cholesterol ranged from 1.16 (95% CI: 1.00-1.35) to 1.27 (95% CI: 1.06-1.51) for each SD increase in arm and android fat mass and percentage of total, truncal, arm, and android fat. Each SD increase in BMI, truncal-to-leg fat ratio, and android-to-gynoid fat ratio was significantly associated with increased risks of elevated HbA1c , hypertension, and elevated LDL cholesterol. Subcutaneous fat in the lower body was associated with a more favorable glycemic profile, but not blood pressure or lipid profile, whereas central adiposity was associated with poor control of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia among Adults in Northwest China.

Objective To understand the prevalence and its risk factors of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia among adults aged over 18 years in Northwest China and provide data for the prevention and control of chronic diseases in Northwest China. Methods Three waves of survey on chronic diseases and nutrition monitoring with multistage stratified cluster random sampling were conducted in 10 counties of Northwest China in 2013, 2015, and 2018, respectively. Personal information, socioeconomic status (SES), and behavioral risk factors (cigarettes smoking, alcohol consumption, diets, and physical activity) were collected by face-to-face interview. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured, and blood glucose and serum lipid were tested. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia of the three waves was estimated, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze their risk factors. Results The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 41.59%, 11.16%, and 32.48%, respectively. Their standardized prevalence was 29.31%, 7.94%, and 31.54%. Univariate analysis showed that the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was significantly different among educational levels, marital status, occupation, smoking, drinking, central obesity, and BMI classification (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors like male gender, central obesity, overweight, and obesity were associated with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (P < 0.05). High BMI index is one of the risk factors of the three diseases. The odds ratio (OR) of general overweight associated with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 1.663, 1.206, and 1.579 compared to normal body weight, respectively. And that was 3.094, 1.565, and 2.285 for obesity. Age was one of the risk factors for hypertension and diabetes (P < 0.05). Age groups of 45–59 years and 60 years and above were more associated with hypertension than of 18–44 age group (OR45-59 group = 2.777, OR60 years and above = 6.948), similar to their association with diabetes (OR45-59 group = 2.357, OR60 years and above = 3.521). Daily smoking is associated with diabetes and dyslipidemia (OR for diabetes = 1.217, OR for dyslipidemia = 1.287) and alcohol drinking associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia (OR for hypertension = 1.014, OR fordyslipidemia = 1.034). Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were also associated with each other (P < 0.05). The number of participants with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia accounted for 2.33% of all the participants, 15.60% for participants with hypertension and dyslipidemia, 4.58% for hypertension and diabetes, and 3.57% for diabetes and dyslipidemia, respectively. Conclusion Factors like male, smoking, drinking, central obesity, overweight, and obesity were associated with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in northwest China. Interventions on these risk factors and coexistence of the three diseases may help improve public health in this area.

Overweight in childhood and early adulthood is associated with parental Body Mass Index and perinatal risk factors

Background: To investigate the associations of pregnancy and pre-pregnancy parental characteristics on child’s weight and progression at the early adulthood. Material and Methods: Α random sample of 5,125 dyads children and their mothers was assessed. Mothers were asked to provide information contained in their medical booklets and pregnancy ultrasound records. With the use of a standardized questionnaire, telephone interviews were carried out for the collection of parental factors and offspring’s BMI. Results: Mother’s overweight (including obesity) before pregnancy was found to significantly increase the likelihoods of offspring’s overweight (including obesity) at the age of 8-9 years and 15-25 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.97; 95% confidence interval %CI: 1.65, 2.30 and OR 2.0; 95%CI: 1.67, 2.36, respectively). Paternal BMI (OR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.20–1.62), maternal smoking at pregnancy (OR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.14–1.30), gestational weight gain (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.24–1.66), and gestational hypertension OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.14–1.49) were also found to significantly increase the odds of children’s obesity. Conclusion: Among prenatal factors considered, mother’s pre-pregnancy and father’s BMI, GWG, not breastfeeding, smoking in pregnancy and gestational hypertension increased the odds of offspring’s overweight/obesity in childhood and early adulthood, even after adjustment for several covariates.

Baseline and change in serum uric acid predict the progression from prehypertension to hypertension: a prospective cohort study.

Evidence is lacking about the role of serum uric acid (SUA) in the progression from prehypertension to hypertension. Herein, we aimed to investigate the association of both baseline and dynamic change in SUA with the risk of hypertension developing from prehypertension. The study enrolled 11,488 participants with prehypertension during 2006-2010 from the Kailuan study. Change in SUA was assessed as % change of SUA from 2006 (baseline) to 2010. Participants were categorized into four groups by quartiles of baseline and change in SUA, separately. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to calculation the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). During a median follow-up of 7.06 years, 2716 (23.64%) participants developed hypertension from prehypertension. In the multivariable-adjusted model, the OR for hypertension comparing participants in the highest versus the lowest quartile of baseline SUA were 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02-1.36). Increased SUA over time was also associated with elevated risk of hypertension (OR in the highest quartile was 1.41 [95% CI, 1.23-1.62] versus the lowest quartile), especially in those with baseline SUA ≥ median (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.21-1.81). Moreover, the addition of SUA to a conventional risk model had an incremental effect on the predictive value for hypertension (integrated discrimination improvement 0.30%, P < 0.0001; category-free net reclassification improvement 12.36%, P < 0.0001). Both high initial SUA and increased SUA over time can independently predict the progression from prehypertension to hypertension. Strategies aiming at controlling SUA level in prehypertensive subjects may impede the onset of hypertension.

The association between serum alanine aminotransferase and hypertension: A national based cross-sectional analysis among over 21 million Chinese adults

BackgroundInconsistent results were found in the association between serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hypertension among population-based studies. This study evaluated the association between ALT and hypertension among Chinese reproductive-age population by utilizing registration data from National Free Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project in 2016–2017.MethodsThe 21,103,790 registered participants were eligible for analysis, including women who were 20–49 years old and men who were 20–59 years old with available data for ALT and blood pressure (BP). Logistic regression was conducted to estimate odds ratio (OR) for the association between ALT and hypertension as a binary outcome. Linear regression was used to examine the association between ALT and BP as a continuous outcome.ResultsIn total, 4.21% of the participants were hypertensive, and 11.67% had elevated ALT (> 40 U/L). Hypertension prevalence was 3.63% and 8.56% among participants with normal and elevated ALT levels. A strong linear relationship was found between serum ALT levels and the odds of hypertension after adjustment for potential confounders. The multivariable-adjusted ORs for hypertension were 1, 1.22 (1.21, 1.22), 1.67 (1.65 1.68), 1.78 (1.76, 1.80), and 1.92 (1.90, 1.94) in participants with ALT levels of ≤ 20, 20.01–40, 40.01–60, 60.01–80, and > 80 U/L, respectively. Systolic and diastolic BPs rose by 1.83 and 1.20 mmHg on average, for each 20 U/L increase in ALT (P for trend < 0.001). The association was consistent among subgroups and tended to be stronger among populations who are overweight (body mass index ≥ 24 kg/m2) (χ2 = 52,228, P < 0.001), alcohol drinking (χ2 = 100,730, P < 0.001) and cigarette smoking (χ2 = 105,347, P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur cross-sectional analysis suggested a linear association between serum ALT and hypertension or BP, which indicated that abnormal liver metabolism marked by elevated serum ALT could play a role in hypertension or elevated BP condition.