Odds Of Myopia Research Articles

Myopia and Near Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Myopia is a global public health problem affecting quality of life and work productivity. Data is scarce regarding the effects of near work on myopia. Providing a larger meta-analysis with life-long perspective, including adults and occupational exposure seemed needed. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Science Direct for studies reporting myopia prevalence in near work. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent ≤ -0.50 diopter. We performed a meta-analysis using random-effects model on myopia prevalence, myopia progression per year, and odds ratio (OR) of myopia in near work, completed by subgroup analyses and meta-regressions on patients' characteristics, type of work in adults, geographic zones, time and characteristics of near work. We included 78 studies, representing a total of 254,037 participants, aged from 6 to 39 years. The global prevalence of myopia in near work was 35% (95% CI: 30 to 41%), with a prevalence of 31% (95% CI: 26 to 37%) in children and 46% (95% CI: 30 to 62%) in adults. Myopia progression was -0.39 diopters per year (-0.53 to -0.24 D/year), ranging from -0.44 (-0.57 to -0.31) in children to -0.25 D/year (-0.56 to 0.06) in adults. The odds of myopia in workers exposed vs. non-exposed to near work were increased by 26% (18 to 34%), by 31% (21 to 42%) in children and 21% (6 to 35%) in adults. Prevalence of myopia was higher in adults compared to children (Coefficient 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.27). Near work conditions, including occupational exposure in adults, could be associated with myopia. Targeted prevention should be implemented in the workplace.

Refractive Errors and Their Associated Factors in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Modeling

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in Shahroud schoolchildren and their risk factors Methods Optometric examinations including the measurement of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity as well as non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy were done for students. Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) was used to determine direct and indirect effects of independent variables on myopia and hyperopia. Results The data of 5581 students with a mean age of 9.24 ± 1.7 years were used in this study. The prevalence of myopia was 5.0% (95%CI: 4.3–5.7) and the prevalence of hyperopia was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.0 − 5.5) in all schoolchildren. According to the GSEM results, the odds of myopia in rural areas were 0.55 compared to urban areas. A one-unit increase in the ocular AL increased the odds of myopia by 4.91 times. The interaction of sex and age on myopia was significant such that in girls, the odds of myopia increased by 20% for every one-year increase in age while no significant change was seen in boys. A one-unit increase in the ocular AL decreased the odds of hyperopia by 0.49 times. Moreover, the interaction of outdoor activity hours and sex on the prevalence of hyperopia was significant such that increased outdoor activity reduced the odds of hyperopia in girls while no significant correlation was found in boys. Conclusion Myopia and hyperopia had moderate prevalence. Axial Length had the largest direct association on myopia and hyperopia. Age and outdoor activity had weak associations on refractive errors.

Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Is Not Associated With Refractive Error in Middle-Aged and Older Western Australian Adults.

PurposeTo investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration and refractive error in a community-based cohort of adults aged 46 to 69 years.MethodsResidents of the City of Busselton in Western Australia born between 1946 and 1964 were invited to participate. Participants underwent cycloplegic autorefraction and completed questionnaires on education, occupational sun exposure, and physical activity. Blood samples were collected and serum frozen at −80°C. Serum 25[OH]D concentration was measured by immunoassay. Data on 25[OH]D were deseasonalized and multivariate models built to analyze the association between 25[OH]D concentration and spherical equivalent and myopia, defined as spherical equivalent <−0.50 D.ResultsAfter exclusions, data were available for 4112 participants. Serum 25[OH]D concentration was not associated with spherical equivalent or myopia after adjustment for confounding factors (β = −0.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.03 to −0.008, P = 0.25, and odds ratio = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.05, P = 0.12, respectively). When participants were classified into 25[OH]D groups of lower (<50 nmol/L), medium (≥50 to <75 nmol/L), and upper (≥75 nmol/L), the upper group had slightly greater myopic refractive error than the medium group (P = 0.02) but not the lower group, after adjustment for confounders.ConclusionsThere was no substantial association between 25[OH]D levels and spherical equivalent or odds of myopia in this study. The association previously noted between low serum 25[OH]D level and myopia in younger Western Australians is not evident in later adulthood.Translational RelevanceThis study provides further evidence suggesting that vitamin D levels are unrelated to myopia risk in adults and thus not a suitable target for myopia intervention.

Is there a link between passive smoke exposure and early-onset myopia in preschool Asian children?

To investigate the association of passive tobacco smoke exposure with early-onset myopia among three-year-old children in Singapore. Pregnant mothers who attended their first trimester clinic at two major maternity units were recruited into the GUSTO birth cohort. The current analysis comprised 572 three-year-old children, who underwent cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) measurements. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) of ≤-0.50 dioptres (D). Either parent completed questionnaires describing their child's exposure to passive smoke at six months, one and two years of age. There were 197 children (36.2%) who were exposed to passive smoke from birth to before six months. Compared to non-exposed children, children exposed to any passive smoke from birth to before six months experienced greater myopia prevalence (adjusted OR = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.24-6.29; p = 0.01). The odds of myopia in a child was greater if a smoker smokes at home, in the family car, or in the presence of the child (adjusted OR = 3.95; 95% CI: 1.41-11.09; p < 0.01) compared to non-exposed child. In contrast to myopia, childhood exposure to passive smoke did not systematically shift mean values for SE or AL. In this prospective birth cohort study, we found that childhood exposure to passive smoke from birth to before six months slightly increased the risk of early-onset myopia. This may indicate a delayed response to passive smoke exposure before six months and the development of myopia at three years of age. Our study is limited by the small number of myopic children at this young age. Thus, larger prospective studies using more objective cotinine level measures are required to fully establish and understand the influence of tobacco smoke on refractive development in older children.

Risk Factors for Childhood Myopia: Findings From the NICER Study.

We explored risk factors for myopia in 12- to 13-year-old children in Northern Ireland (NI). Stratified random sampling was performed to obtain representation of schools and children. Cycloplegia was achieved using cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1%. Distance autorefraction was measured using the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 device. Height and weight were measured. Parents and children completed a questionnaire, including questions on parental history of myopia, sociodemographic factors, childhood levels of near vision, and physical activity to identify potential risk factors for myopia. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent ≤-0.50 diopters (D) in either eye. Data from 661 white children aged 12- to 13-years showed that regular physical activity was associated with a lower estimated prevalence of myopia compared to sedentary lifestyles (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46 adjusted for age, sex, deprivation score, family size, school type, urbanicity; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.90; P for trend = 0.027). The odds of myopia were more than 2.5 times higher among children attending academically-selective schools (adjusted OR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.48-4.78) compared to nonacademically-selective schools. There was no evidence of an effect of urban versus nonurban environment on the odds of myopia. Compared to children with no myopic parents, children with one or both parents being myopic were 2.91 times (95% CI, 1.54-5.52) and 7.79 times (95% CI, 2.93-20.67) more likely to have myopia, respectively. In NI children, parental history of myopia and type of schooling are important determinants of myopia. The association between myopia and an environmental factor, such as physical activity levels, may provide insight into preventive strategies.

The association between refractive errors and cataract: The Tehran eye study

Purpose:To determine the association between refractive errors and different types of cataract in Tehran, Iran.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional survey with a stratified cluster sampling approach, refractive errors were tested under cycloplegia. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent refractive error <-0.5 diopters (D) and more than +0.5 D, respectively. Cataract was graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III classification and the association between refractive errors and cataract was assessed. Of 1434 participants over the age of 40 years who participated in the study, data from 1313 right eyes were analyzed.Results:The mean age of the participants was 52.7 ± 10.0 years, and 58.3% (n = 767) were female. Overall, myopia was more prevalent among those with cataract (odds ratio [OR]: 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–2.89). Based on the type of cataract and refractive errors, the odds of myopia was significantly higher with nuclear cataracts (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.14–2.87). The odds of myopia was higher for cases of nuclear cataract with some degrees of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.42–7.80). Of nine participants with cortical cataract, seven participants had hyperopia (OR: 3.77, 95% CI: 0.78–18.31).Conclusion:Individuals with nuclear and PSC showed a significantly higher prevalence of myopia while the prevalence of hyperopia was lower in those with cataract. High myopia was seen in higher grades of nuclear cataract. The high percentage of hyperopia was also significant in patients with cortical cataract. More studies are necessary to clarify the correlation between cortical cataract and hyperopia.