Odd Components Research Articles

Dynamics of Interaction between the Road Surface and Vehicle's Wheel in Fibre-optic System for Automatic Weighing in Motion of Transport

Vehicle's weight-in-motion (WIM) is one of important research areas of transport telematics. It is necessary for development of intelligent systems as well as for control of the legal use of road, and road pavement protection against overloading and distortion. The fibre-optic sensors (FOS) obtain the popularity nowadays for WIM applications. Experimental WIM system consists of six fibre-optic pressure sensors, temperature sensor, and induction loop, it produces the data for weight estimation in comparison with the results of measurement of reference vehicle by certified static WIM station.Presented research responds the attempts to suppose of odd component of FOS signal in the form of non-linear combination of the derivatives of even component that allows formulating the mathematical model of the dynamics of “wheel-road” system. The interpretation and estimation of coefficients of supposed model allows compensating for longitudinal and transverse oscillations of vehicle that leads to a reduction of axle's weight measurements errors in motion.

Classification of T-odd asymmetries for prescission and evaporated light particles in ternary and quaternary nuclear fission induced by cold polarized neutrons

A unified mechanism of the emergence of T-odd ROT- and TRI-asymmetries is proposed for describing experimental T-odd asymmetry coefficients D(θ) in the angular distributions of prescission alphaparticles that are emitted in true ternary and quaternary nuclear fission reactions induced by cold polarized neutrons. The mechanism is related to the different ways in which the Coriolis interaction of the total spin of a polarized compound fissile nucleus with the orbital moment of alpha-particles affects even (for ROT-asymmetries) and odd (for TRI-asymmetries) components of the amplitude of an undisturbed angular distribution of emitted alpha-particles. Coefficients D ROT(θ) and D TRI(θ) derived with this mechanism for T-odd ROT- and TRI-asymmetries successfully describe the dependences of corresponding experimental coefficients for 235U and 239Pu nuclei over the range of angles θ, and for the 233U nucleus in the angular range of 60° < θ < 110°. It is explained why only ROT-type T-odd asymmetries emerge for evaporated neutrons and γ-quanta emitted by fission fragments in similar reactions if we allows for the Coriolis interaction of the total spin of the compound fissile nucleus with the orbital moments of the fission fragments and the wriggling vibrations of the above nucleus near its scission point.

Odd components of co-trees and graph embeddings

In this paper we investigate the relation between odd components of co-trees and graph embeddings. We show that any graph G must share one of the following two conditions: (a) for each integer h such that G may be embedded on Sh, the sphere with h handles, there is a spanning tree T in G such that h=12(β(G)−ω(T)), where β(G) and ω(T) are, respectively, the Betti number of G and the number of components of G−E(T) having odd number of edges; (b) for every spanning tree T of G, there is an orientable embedding of G with exact ω(T)+1 faces. This extends Xuong and Liu’s theorem [9,13] to some other (possible) genera. Infinitely many examples show that there are graphs which satisfy (a) but (b). Those make a correction of a result of Archdeacon [2, Theorem 1].

Signature of gate-tunable magnetism in graphene grafted with Pt-porphyrins

Inducing magnetism in graphene holds great promises, such as controlling the exchange interaction with a gate electrode and generating exotic magnetic phases. Coating graphene with magnetic molecules or atoms has so far mostly lead to decreased graphene mobility. In the present work, we show that Pt-porphyrins adsorbed on graphene lead to an enhanced mobility and to gate-dependent magnetism. We report that porphyrins can be donor or acceptor, depending on graphene s initial doping. The porphyrins transfer charge and ionize around the charged impurities on graphene, decreasing the graphene doping and increasing its mobility. In addition, ionized porphyrins carry a magnetic moment. Using the sensitivity of mesoscopic transport to magnetism, in particular the superconducting proximity effect and conductance fluctuations, we explore the magnetic order induced in graphene by the interacting magnetic moments of the ionized porphyrins. Among the signatures of magnetism, we find two-terminal-magnetoresistance fluctuations with an odd component, a tell-tale sign of time reversal symmetry breaking at zero field, that does not exist in uncoated graphene sample. When graphene is connected to superconducting electrodes, the induced magnetism leads to a gate-voltage-dependent suppression of the supercurrent, modified magnetic interference patterns, and gate-voltage-dependent magnetic hysteresis. The magnetic signatures are greatest for long superconductor graphene superconductor junctions and for samples with the highest initial doping, compatible with a greater number of ionized and thus magnetic porphyrins. Our findings suggest that long-range magnetism is induced through graphene by the ionized porphyrins magnetic moment. This magnetic interaction is controlled by the density of carriers in graphene, a tunability that could be exploited in spintronic applications.

Signal‐to‐noise ratio estimation for DVB‐S2 based on eigenvalue decomposition

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation is required in many receivers and systems of communications. In this study, the authors propose a novel SNR estimation method for DVB-S2 over additive white Gaussian noise channel. This is a non-data-aided, eigenvalue decomposition-based method. First, they use the even and odd component vectors of received signal to construct a novel 2 × 2 matrix, and propose an estimation variable using the standard condition number of this matrix. And then, they derive the relationship between this variable and SNR, and give the detailed expressions for SNR estimation on different modulations used in DVB-S2, including quadrature phase shift keying, 8PSK, 16 amplitude PSK (APSK) and 32APSK. Monte Carlo simulation results show the good estimation performance for different modulations. The proposed method is asymptotic unbiased and can be used for both constant and non-constant modulus constellations such as M-ary PSK, MAPSK and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation.

On multicorns and unicorns II: bifurcations in spaces of antiholomorphic polynomials

Themulticornsare the connectedness loci of unicritical antiholomorphic polynomials$\bar{z}^{d}+c$. We investigate the structure of boundaries of hyperbolic components: we prove that the structure of bifurcations from hyperbolic components of even period is as one would expect for maps that depend holomorphically on a complex parameter (for instance, as for the Mandelbrot set; in this setting, this is a non-obvious fact), while the bifurcation structure at hyperbolic components of odd period is very different. In particular, the boundaries of odd period hyperbolic components consist only of parabolic parameters, and there are bifurcations between hyperbolic components along entire arcs, but only of bifurcation ratio 2. We also count the number of hyperbolic components of any period of the multicorns. Since antiholomorphic polynomials depend only real-analytically on the parameters, most of the techniques used in this paper are quite different from the ones used to prove the corresponding results in a holomorphic setting.

A new algorithm for a high-modulation frequency and high-speed digital lock-in amplifier

To increase the maximum modulation frequency of the digital lock-in amplifier in an online system, we propose a new algorithm using a square wave reference whose frequency is an odd sub-multiple of the modulation frequency, which is based on odd harmonic components in the square wave reference. The sampling frequency is four times the modulation frequency to insure the orthogonality of reference sequences. Only additions and subtractions are used to implement phase-sensitive detection, which speeds up the computation in lock-in. Furthermore, the maximum modulation frequency of a lock-in is enhanced considerably. The feasibility of this new algorithm is tested by simulation and experiments.

Single to Two Cluster State Transition of Primary Motor Cortex 4-posterior (MI-4p) Activities in Humans

The human primary motor cortex has dual representation of the digits, namely, area 4 anterior (MI-4a) and area 4 posterior (MI-4p). We have previously demonstrated that activation of these two functional subunits can be identified independently by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using independent component-cross correlation-sequential epoch (ICS) analysis. Subsequent studies in patients with hemiparesis due to subcortical lesions and monoparesis due to peripheral nerve injury demonstrated that MI-4p represents the initiation area of activation, whereas MI-4a is the secondarily activated motor cortex requiring a “long-loop” feedback input from secondary motor systems, likely the cerebellum. A dynamic model of hand motion based on the limit cycle oscillator predicts that the specific pattern of entrainment of neural firing may occur by applying appropriate periodic stimuli. Under normal conditions, such entrainment introduces a single phase-cluster. Under pathological conditions where entrainment stimuli have insufficient strength, the phase cluster splits into two clusters. Observable physiological phenomena of this shift from single cluster to two clusters are: doubling of firing rate of output neurons; or decay in group firing density of the system due to dampening of odd harmonics components. While the former is not testable in humans, the latter can be tested by appropriately designed fMRI experiments, the quantitative index of which is believed to reflect group behavior of neurons functionally localized, e.g., firing density in the dynamic theory. Accordingly, we performed dynamic analysis of MI-4p activation in normal volunteers and paretic patients. The results clearly indicated that MI-4p exhibits a transition from a single to a two phase-cluster state which coincided with loss of MI-4a activation. The study demonstrated that motor dysfunction (hemiparesis) in patients with a subcortical infarct is not simply due to afferent fiber disruption. Maintaining proper afferent signals from MI-4p requires proper functionality of MI-4a and, hence, appropriate feedback signals from the secondary motor system.

Detection of the fine structure of the pulsar J0953+0755 radio emission in the decametre wave range

In this paper the anomalous intense pulse of the PSR J0953+0755 was studied in decametre wavelength range. For this pulse two scales of fine structure were discovered. The long-scale structure consists of four components, where the visible dispersion measures of even and odd components are different. The obtained time-scale of the short fine structure is 1 ms. The difference in visible dispersion measure can be caused by propagation of two normal modes of the pulsar radiation and irregularities of electron concentration in the space near the neutron star like upper layers of magnetosphere and pulsar wind.

Numerical investigation of isolated filament motion in a realistic tokamak geometry

This paper presents a numerical investigation of isolated filament dynamics in a simulation geometry representative of the scrape-off layer (SOL) of the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) previously studied in Walkden et al 2013 (Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55 105005). This paper focuses on the evolution of filament cross-sections at the outboard midplane and investigates the scaling of the centre of mass velocity of the filament cross-section with filament width and electron temperature.By decoupling the vorticity equation into even and odd parity components about the centre of the filament in the bi-normal direction parallel density gradients are shown to drive large velocities in the bi-normal (approximately poloidal) direction which scale linearly with electron temperature. In this respect increasing the electron temperature causes a departure of the filament dynamics from two-dimensional (2D) behaviours.Despite the strong impact of three-dimensional effects the radial motion of the filament is shown to be relatively well predicted by 2D scalings. The radial velocity is found to scale positively with both electron temperature and cross-sectional width, suggesting an inertially limited nature. Comparison with the two-region model (Myra et al 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 112502) achieves reasonable agreement when using a corrected parallel connection length due to the neglect of diamagnetic currents driven in the divertor region of the filament.Analysis of the transport of particles due to the motion of the filament shows that the background temperature has a weak overall effect on the radial particle flux whilst the filament width has a strong effect.

Role of dynamical effects in the formation of T-Odd asymmetries for products of polarized-neutron-induced ternary fission of nuclei

Basic dynamical effects that accompany the cold-polarized-neutron-induced binary and ternary fission of actinide nuclei and which determine the properties of T -odd asymmetries in angular distributions of various prescission and evaporated light third particles emitted in true and delayed ternary fission are analyzed on the basis of quantum-mechanical fission theory. It is emphasized that effects associated with the conservation of axial symmetry of the fissioning system under study at all stages of its evolution from the formation of neutron resonance states of the fissile compound nucleus to the separation of its fission fragments, including the appearance of zero wriggling vibrations of the cold compound nucleus in the vicinity of its scission point, are of particular importance, the influence of quantum collective rotation of the polarized fissile system on the asymmetry of the angular distribution of both fission fragments and third particles being taken into account. It is shown that the difference in the behavior of the coefficients characterizing the T -odd asymmetries under analysis for the target nuclei being studied can be explained, upon taking into account the interference between the fission amplitudes for the neutron resonance states of fissile compound nuclei, by the difference in the contributions of even and odd components of the amplitudes of angular distributions of third particles to the coefficients in question.

Complementarity of LHC and EDMs for exploring Higgs CP violation

We analyze the constraints on a CP-violating, flavor conserving, two Higgs doublet model from the measurements of Higgs properties and from the search for heavy Higgs bosons at LHC, and show that the stronger limits typically come from the heavy Higgs search channels. The limits on CP violation arising from the Higgs sector measurements are complementary to those from EDM measurements. Combining all current constraints from low energy to colliders, we set generic upper bounds on the CP violating angle which parametrizes the CP odd component in the 126 GeV Higgs boson.

Angular correlations in 24Mg(p, pγ)24Mg inelastic scattering at E p = 7.4 MeV

Double differential cross sections of the reaction 24Mg(p, pγ1.369)24Mg at Ep = 7.4 MeV are measured for proton emission angles of 30°–160° (lab.). All odd components of the density matrix spin-tensors of the 24Mg nucleus in the 2+ (1.369 MeV) state are restored and all its orientation characteristics are determined. The experimental results are compared to calculation results using the coupled channel method and assuming of the formation of resonance in the 25Al compound nucleus.

$$(1,f)$$ ( 1 , f ) -Factors of Graphs with Odd Property

Let $$G$$G be a graph and $$f:V(G)\rightarrow \{1,2,3,4,\ldots \}$$f:V(G)?{1,2,3,4,?} be a function. We denote by $$odd(G)$$odd(G) the number of odd components of $$G$$G. We prove that if $$odd(G-X)\le \sum _{x\in X}f(x)$$odd(G-X)≤?x?Xf(x) for all $$ X\subset V(G)$$X?V(G), then $$G$$G has a $$(1,f)$$(1,f)-factor $$F$$F such that, for every vertex $$v$$v of $$G$$G, if $$f(v)$$f(v) is even, then $$\deg _F(v)\in \{1,3,\ldots ,f(v)-1,f(v)\}$$degF(v)?{1,3,?,f(v)-1,f(v)}, and otherwise $$\deg _F(v)\in \{1,3, \ldots , f(v)\}$$degF(v)?{1,3,?,f(v)}. This theorem is a generalization of both the $$(1,f)$$(1,f)-odd factor theorem and a recent result on $$\{1,3, \ldots , 2n-1,2n\}$${1,3,?,2n-1,2n}-factors by Lu and Wang. We actually prove a result stronger than the above theorem.

An Extension of Cui-Kano's Characterization on Graph Factors

Let G be a graph with vertex set VG and let H:VGi¾?2N be a set function associated with G. An H-factor of graph G is a spanning subgraphsi¾?F such thatdFv∈Hvforeveryv∈VG.Let f:VGi¾?N be an even integer-valued function such that fi¾?4 and let Hfv={1,3,...,fv-1,fv} for v∈VG. In this article, we investigate Hf-factors of graphs by using Lovasz's structural descriptions. Let oG denote the number of odd components of G. We show that if one of the following conditions holds, then G contains an Hf-factor.i|VG| is even and oG-Si¾?fS for all Si¾?VG;ii|VG| is odd, dGvi¾?fv-1 for all v∈VG and oG-Si¾?fS for all i¾?i¾?Si¾?VG.As a corollary, we show that if a graph G of odd order with minimum degree at least 2n-1 satisfiesoG-Si¾?2n|S|foralli¾?i¾?Si¾?VG,then G contains an Hn-factor, where Hn={1,3,...,2n-1,2n}. In particular, we make progress on the characterization problem for a special family of graphs proposed by Akiyama and Kano.

Analysis and Estimation of Harmonics using Wavelet Technique

The paper develops an approach based on wavelet technique for the evaluation and estimation of harmonic contents of power system waveform. The proposed algorithm decomposes the signal waveforms into the uniform frequency sub-bands corresponding to the odd harmonic components of the signal. The proposed implementation of algorithm determines the frequency bands of harmonics which retain both the time and frequency relationship of the original waveforms and uses a method to suppress those harmonics. The wavelet algorithm is selected to obtain compatible output bands with the harmonic groups defined in the standards for power-supply systems. A comparative analysis will be done with the input and the results obtained from the wavelet transform (WT) for different measuring conditions and Simulation results are given. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v13i2.6983

Linearization Technologies for Broadband Radio-Over-Fiber Transmission Systems

Linearization technologies that can be used for linearizing RoF transmission are reviewed. Three main linearization methods, i.e. electrical analog linearization, optical linearization, and electrical digital linearization are presented and compared. Analog linearization can be achieved using analog predistortion circuits, and can be used for suppression of odd order nonlinear distortion components, such as third and fifth order. Optical linearization includes mixed-polarization, dual-wavelength, optical channelization and the others, implemented in optical domain, to suppress both even and odd order nonlinear distortion components, such as second and third order. Digital predistortion has been a widely used linearization method for RF power amplifiers. However, digital linearization that requires analog to digital converter is severely limited to hundreds of MHz bandwidth. Instead, analog and optical linearization provide broadband linearization with up to tens of GHz. Therefore, for broadband radio over fiber transmission that can be used for future broadband cloud radio access networks, analog and optical linearization are more appropriate than digital linearization. Generally speaking, both analog and optical linearization are able to improve spur-free dynamic range greater than 10 dB over tens of GHz. In order for current digital linearization to be used for broadband radio over fiber transmission, the reduced linearization complexity and increased linearization bandwidth are required. Moreover, some digital linearization methods in which the complexity can be reduced, such as Hammerstein type, may be more promising and require further investigation.

Dynamic characteristics analysis of a rotor–stator system under different rubbing forms

Dynamic characteristics of a rotor rubbing with circular stator and four pin shape stators are studied based on contact dynamics theory. Based on finite element (FE) method, the rotor system attached with two disks and pin shape stators are simulated by Timoshenko beam. The circular stator is simulated by a lumped mass model, and the rotor and stator are connected by one or more point–point contact elements to establish the dynamic model of the rotor–stator coupling system. Assuming that the rubbing is caused by the sudden impact excitation and sudden unbalance excitation under two loading conditions (condition 1: in-phase unbalances of two disks at the first critical speed, condition 2: out-of-phase unbalances of two disks at the second critical speed), the system dynamic characteristics are analyzed by the time-domain waveform, rotor orbit, normal contact/rubbing force and stator acceleration. The results show that the rubbing caused by the sudden impact under the loading condition 2 will always exist and the rubbing will excite quasi-periodic motion of the rotor system; combination frequency components about the rotating frequency (1×) and the first lateral natural frequency of the rotor–stator coupling system (fn1) can be viewed as the most distinguishable characteristic. Full annular rubbing may appear due to the sudden unbalance excitation under the loading condition 1, the four-point rubbing can restrain the subsynchronous vibration and mainly excites odd multiple frequency components, such as 3× and 5×.

Spin-orbit torques in Co/Pt(111) and Mn/W(001) magnetic bilayers from first principles

An applied electric current through a space-inversion asymmetric magnet induces spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on the magnetic moments, which holds much promise for future memory devices. We discuss general Green's function expressions suitable to compute the linear-response SOT in disordered ferromagnets. The SOT can be decomposed into an even and an odd component with respect to magnetization reversal, where in the limit of vanishing disorder the even SOT is given by the constant Berry curvature of the occupied states, while the odd part exhibits a divergence with respect to disorder strength. Within this formalism, we perform first-principles density-functional theory calculations of the SOT in Co/Pt(111) and Mn/W(001) magnetic bilayers. We find the even and odd torque components to be of comparable magnitude. Moreover, the odd torque depends strongly on an additional capping layer, while the even torque is less sensitive. We show that the even torque is nearly entirely mediated by spin currents in contrast to the odd torque, which can contain an important contribution not due to spin transfer. Our results are in agreement with experiments, showing that our linear-response theory is well-suited for the description of SOTs in complex ferromagnets.

The geometry of the moduli space of odd spin curves

The spin moduli spaceSg is the parameter space of theta characteristics (spin structures) on stable curves of genus g. It has two connected components, S g andS + g , depending on the parity of the spin structure. We establish a complete birational classication by Kodaira dimension of the odd componentS g of the spin moduli space. We show thatS g is uniruled for g < 12 and even unirational for g 8. In this range, introducing the concept of cluster for the Mukai variety whose one-dimensional linear sections are general canonical curves of genus g, we construct new birational models ofS g . These we then use to explicitly describe the birational structure of S g . For instance, S 8 is birational to a locally trivial P 7 -bundle over the moduli space of elliptic curves with seven pairs of marked points. For g 12, we prove thatS g is a variety of general type. In genus 12, this requires the construction of a counterexample to the Slope Conjecture on eective divisors on the moduli space of stable curves of genus 12.