Yellowtail Research Articles

Effects of Different Protein and Lipid Levels in Practical Diets for Yellowtail Snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1971)

Effects of Different Protein and Lipid Levels in Practical Diets for Yellowtail Snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1971)

The mitochondrial genome of the Yellowtail Snapper Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791) (Perciformes: Lutjanidae)

ABSTRACT The yellowtail snapper Ocyurus chrysurus Bloch, 1791 (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) is targeted by recreational or commercial fisheries across much of its range in the western Atlantic Ocean, from Massachusetts, USA, to São Paulo, Brazil. Genomic resources to support conservation of this species are needed. Here, we assembled, annotated and characterised in detail the mitochondrial genome of O. chrysurus. The mitochondrial genome of O. chrysurus is 16,502 bp in length and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA). The putative control region, 827 bp in length, is located between the tRNA P and tRNA F genes. Most genes are encoded on the positive strand, while a single PCG (nad6) and six tRNA genes (in order from 5′ to 3′: tRNA N, tRNA P, tRNA E, tRNA Q, tRNA C and tRNA Y) are encoded on the negative strand. All tRNA have a typical ‘cloverleaf’ secondary structure except tRNA S1 (Serine1) that lacks the D arm. Calculated Ka/Ks values of all PCGs were <1, suggesting that these genes are under purifying selection. A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis confirmed monophyly of the family Lutjanidae and indicated that the genus Lutjanus is paraphyletic given that O. chrysurus clustered together with Lutjanus peru and L. guttatus in a strongly supported clade. Data published herein will inform conservation and management strategies for this fished snapper.

The bisexual natural gynogenetic blunt snout bream lineage derived from the distant hybridization of female blunt snout bream and male Bleeker's yellow tail

Distant hybridization often results in the generation of naturally gynogenic offspring. However, there are currently few reports about fertile natural gynogenetic bream. In this study, we established a natural gynogenetic blunt snout bream (NGBSB-YT, F1) through distant hybridization from female blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, BSB) × male Bleeker's yellow tail (Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, YT), and further obtained NGBSB1-YT (F2) by self-cross. Except for the morphological characteristics, the DNA content, chromosome numbers, and 5 S rDNA sequences of NGBSB1-YT had no significant difference compared to those of BSB. The results of gonad sections showed that NGBSB1-YT was bisexual. The NGBSB2-YT (F3) obtained by self-cross further proved the fertility of NGBSB1-YT. Interestingly, the results of microsatellite (prime XD007) analysis and sox9 sequence analysis confirmed that paternal DNA fragments were inserted in NGBSB1-YT. This study has established a lineage of natural gynogenetic bream(F1-F3), that provides a reference for improvement of the theory of natural gynogenesis in fish. The NGBSB-YT lineage can be used as a new type of germplasm resource of bream.

Trophic position and prey preferences of snappers (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) in a connected bay-to-reef Caribbean system

The trophic position (TP) and proportional contribution of prey for six species of snappers were assessed at two interconnected coastal environments of the Mexican Caribbean: the mangroves of Río Huach Channel and Chetumal/Corozal Bay, and the seagrass beds of the adjacent Xcalak Reef Lagoon. This study provides a trophic scenario using stable isotopes, under the hypothesis that use of resources would vary by habitat. We evaluated the relative proportion of carbon and nitrogen of assimilated resources and TP. According to the stable isotope mixing models, snappers showed a higher consumption of secondary consumers at the expense of primary consumers. Snappers are piscivorous-invertivorous mesopredators and the most piscivorous species were Lutjanus griseus and L. jocu, which displayed a higher TP. Lutjanus griseus had a higher TP than the other snappers both in the bay and the reef lagoon, whereas Ocyurus chrysurus showed the lowest TP, with a major preference for crustaceans. Our findings revealed differences in resource use by snapper species rather than by habitat. Understanding TP and differential use of resources by snappers is key to understanding the dynamics and function of connected ecosystems to implement effective conservation and management strategies.

Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo digestibility of potential feed ingredients for juvenile Yellowtail Snapper

AbstractObjectiveThe carnivorous Yellowtail Snapper Ocyurus chrysurus has the potential for production in aquaculture. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the digestibility of ingredients needed to formulate balanced diets for this species.MethodsThe in vitro protein digestibility of fish meal (FM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), poultry meal (PM), protiblend, canola meal (CM), soybean meal, and wheat gluten was evaluated using the pH‐stat technique. The in vivo digestibility was determined by formulating test diets with a 70:30 ratio of the reference diet and the test ingredients.ResultIn terms of in vitro digestibility, FM, PBM, and PM exhibited the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH). Conversely, PBM displayed the lowest apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADCprotein) in the in vivo digestibility test. Meanwhile, FM, PM, and CM demonstrated higher values of protein digestibility. Beta regression between ADCprotein and the DH and ash content of the ingredients resulted in a high correlation (R2 = 0.94).ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that Yellowtail Snapper efficiently digested and absorbed FM, PM, and CM ingredients, which contain a lower content of ash.

Recruitment of Juvenile Snapper (Lutjanidae) in the Middle Florida Keys: Temporal Trends and Fine-Scale Habitat Associations

Juvenile recruitment is a major factor in the establishment and maintenance of local population structures of coral reef fishes. An understanding of the factors that affect juvenile recruitment and survival help explain spatial and temporal patterns in adult abundance, especially of commercially and recreationally fished species. Here, we examined the distribution and juvenile recruitment of 5 snapper species: Mutton Snapper (Lutjanus analis), Lane Snapper (L. synagris), Schoolmaster (L. apodus), Gray Snapper (L. griseus), and Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) collected in 1,314 seine samples conducted between 2007 and 2019 in the Middle Florida Keys. We use a generalized linear modeling routine to assess juvenile recruitment of each species as a function of temporal, environmental, and benthic habitat variables. Interannual variability in juvenile recruitment ranged between 2 and 15—fold differences in mean predicted abundance between the highest and lowest producing years by species. Predicted recruitment varied dramatically by species in 2010 following a historic cold spell in south Florida. Three of the 5 species (Lane Snapper, Yellowtail Snapper, and Schoolmaster) exhibited the lowest observed yearly recruitment in that year, while Gray Snapper recruitment peaked. For all species, recruitment indices exhibited strong seasonal trends with peak abundances observed in the fall. Aquatic vegetation type, aquatic vegetation cover, distance from shore, and water temperature were the most important predictors of abundance. Results of this study highlight species—specific preferences for settlement habitat, demonstrate the importance of local—scale recruitment processes, and provide updated, management—relevant juvenile abundance indices for shallow water snapper in the Middle Florida Keys.

Impact of invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea on life history characteristics of juvenile yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus)

Seagrass ecosystems provide essential nursery habitat to numerous coral reef fishes. Native Caribbean seagrasses Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum provide several juvenile fish species with foraging habitat and protection during this vulnerable stage of life. In 2002, an invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea was discovered off the coast of Grenada and has since rapidly spread throughout the Caribbean. Halophila stipulacea has been shown to displace native seagrass species and may pose additional threats to juvenile reef fish populations that depend on native seagrass habitats as nurseries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of H. stipulacea on the early life history of yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus). Settlement, mortality, and condition of juvenile yellowtail snapper were compared among native and invasive seagrass habitats around southern St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. From May 2020 to June 2021, monthly surveys within fixed plots during new moon periods provided information on settlement rates and survivorship among seagrass types. Length and weight of 260 juvenile yellowtail snapper were measured to derive condition factor among seagrass species. Significantly higher settlement and similar trends in mortality were seen in H. stipulacea when compared to native seagrasses. No significant difference was observed in condition factor of juvenile yellowtail snapper among seagrass species, although trends demonstrated a higher condition in individuals from native seagrass species. This study is the first of its kind to identify the direct effects of H. stipulacea during the early life history stages of a commercially important fish species in the Caribbean.

Physiological Function of Oligosaccharides in Teleost Blood

Oligosaccharides in human blood are involved in various blood group antigens. Sialo-oligosaccharide-rich glycoproteins (GPs) in red blood cell (RBC) membranes also carry M, N, Ss and other blood group antigens. However, teleost blood is not expressed as a blood group antigen. Our study showed that carp, yellow tail and red sea bream GPs exhibit broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. This bacteriostatic activity is caused by the sialo-oligosaccharides from GPs. Based on NMR and GC–MS results, the structure of the bacteriostatic sialo-oligosaccharide from carp GP was determined to be NeuGcα2→6(Fucα1→4) (Glcα1→3) Galβ1→4GalNAc-ol. Compared to carp pentose, the structure of human GP O-linked tetra- or tri-oligosaccharides is simpler. In addition, NeuAc is simpler in human GPs than in carp NeuGc. In contrast to human blood, teleost blood does not contain IgG, and other antibodies occur at low levels. Teleost GPs may act as substitutes for antibodies, such as IgG, in the immune system. In this review, the transformation of the physiological function of oligosaccharides with respect to their structure is described.

Consumer preference, quality, and financial analysis of tekwan made from snakehead, yellow tail, wolf herring, and spanish mackerels

Tekwan is a traditional processed fish product from South Sumatra, characterized by its flat shape and small size, resembling fish meatballs. Essentially, tekwan is made using Belida or Snakehead fish, where the fish stocks are running low. Raw materials represent one of the most critical components in a production process. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of utilizing various fish raw materials on consumer preference, quality, and financial analysis of tekwan. The experimental design employed was a randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of snakehead, yellowtail, wolf herring, and Spanish mackerels. The use of different kinds of fish in terms of chemical characteristics shows no apparent differences in fat, water, and ash levels, but significant differences (p<0.05) exist for protein levels. In the physical characteristics of the tekwan, a significant difference (p<0.05) is observed in the hardness value. In the consumer’s preference test, corks and machetes received similar ratings, while yellowtail and mackerel obtained higher preference rates. Based on the financial analysis, snakehead does not seem to be worth the effort, whereas yellowtail, mackerel, and dorab demonstrate business worthiness.

Sifat Organoleptik Nugget Ikan Ekor Kuning (Caesionidae) dengan Substitusi Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera)

Background: nuget was an example of a product made from ground beef and printed in the form of rectangular pieces. Then, these pieces were coated with seasoned flour. Tuna fish also contains minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium), vitamin a (retinol), and vitamin b. 17. 3 mg of vitamin c. Purposes : knowing the making of yellow tail fish nuggets with moringa leaf flour substitution on organoleptic properties (color, aroma, taste, and texture). Methods: this researched was a quasi-experimental researched with a one-shot case studied design, used 3 nugget formulas with each comparison formula f1 2 grams: 30 grams f2 4 grams: 30 grams f3 6 grams: 30 grams. Results: the results of the statistical test used the kruskal wallis test because the data obtained were not normally distributed and the results obtained were that the three treatment variations there were no differences in color, aroma, taste, and color texture (?&gt; 0. 05). Conclusion: the conclusion in this studied was that there was no difference in the leveled of preference (color, aroma, taste, texture) of the panelists on the organoleptic properties of color nuggets (?= 0. 068), aroma (?= 0. 071), taste (?= 0. 086), texture (?= 0. 053).

Diet variability of snappers (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) in a bay-to-reef ecosystem of the Mexican Caribbean

Fishes use environmental resources differently. Snapper ontogenic movements among coastal habitats lead to diverse diets. We investigated the diets of seven snapper species (Lutjanus apodus, L. analis, L. griseus, L. jocu, L. mahogoni, L. synagris, and Ocyurus chrysurus) in three interconnected coastal environments in the western Caribbean: Río Huach channel, Chetumal/Corozal bay, and the adjacent Xcalak reef lagoon. These three encompass all habitats used by the seven species in the study area. Snapper diets were mostly composed of fish and crustaceans, but dominance of either group varied among the studied habitats; for example, fish were the main prey for L. apodus from the reef lagoon zone, but second in the bay. Snappers are piscivorous-invertivorous mesopredators; the species that relied the most on fishes were L. griseus and L. jocu, whereas O. chrysurus preferred crustaceans. Stomach content results revealed a high degree of dietary overlap among species. Our findings suggested a tradeoff in relative weight between fish and crustaceans as the main food source of snappers at these connected areas, supporting the hypothesis of niche segregation. Our results can be used as a baseline to further our understanding of the ecology and differences in resource use by snapper species in an area undergoing important anthropogenic changes.

Rearing performance of juvenile yellowtail snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus, in a sea water recirculation system at two different stocking densities

AbstractEvaluation of viability of new marine species in aquaculture systems is important to reduce negative social and environmental externalities, offering sustainable options for supply to fish markets. The objective was to describe the performance indicators of late juvenile yellowtail snapper (243.2 ± 57.1 mean weight of total fish) in an experimental recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) system supplied by seawater to determine its pre‐feasibility. Two densities were stocked, D1: 10 fish/tank (2.6 kg/m3, mean weight 258.3 ± 57 g) and D2: 20 fish/tank (4.7 kg/m3, mean weight 235.6 ± 55.9 g). Fish were fed to satiety with an extruded diet containing 46% crude protein and 12% crude lipid. After 238 days, survival rate was 93% for both densities, and mean weight and biomass were 534.5 ± 19.4 g and 5.7 kg/m3 for D1, and 606.9 ± 34.5 g and 10 kg/m3 for D2. Final feed conversion rate (3.13 for D1 and 3.03 for D2) did not differ significantly between densities. The exponents (b) of the length–weight relationship calculated for D1 (3.15) versus D2 (3.10) and condition factor (2.12 ± 0.07 for D1, and 2.03 ± 0.04 for D2) demonstrated a higher condition factor than those of their wild counterparts. This study is one of the few reports on this species’ performance in late juvenile stage in RAS.

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) NMR Identifies Oxidative Stress and Impairment of Energy Metabolism by Zearalenone in Embryonic Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus).

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin, commonly found in agricultural products, linked to adverse health impacts in humans and livestock. However, less is known regarding effects on fish as both ecological receptors and economically relevant "receptors" through contamination of aquaculture feeds. In the present study, a metabolomics approach utilizing high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) was applied to intact embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio), and two marine fish species, olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), to investigate the biochemical pathways altered by ZEA exposure. Following the assessment of embryotoxicity, metabolic profiling of embryos exposed to sub-lethal concentrations showed significant overlap between the three species and, specifically, identified metabolites linked to hepatocytes, oxidative stress, membrane disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired energy metabolism. These findings were further supported by analyses of tissue-specific production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipidomics profiling and enabled an integrated model of ZEA toxicity in the early life stages of marine and freshwater fish species. The metabolic pathways and targets identified may, furthermore, serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring ZEA exposure and effects in fish in relation to ecotoxicology and aquaculture.

Cytogenetics Meets Genomics: Cytotaxonomy and Genomic Relationships among Color Variants of the Asian Arowana Scleropages formosus.

Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossiformes, Teleostei) represents one of the most valued ornamental fishes, yet it is critically endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. This species encompasses three major color groups that naturally occur in allopatric populations, but the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of S. formosus color varieties remain uncertain. Here, we utilized a range of molecular cytogenetic techniques to characterize the karyotypes of five S. formosus color phenotypes, which correspond to naturally occurring variants: the red ones (Super Red); the golden ones (Golden Crossback and Highback Golden); the green ones (Asian Green and Yellow Tail Silver). Additionally, we describe the satellitome of S. formosus (Highback Golden) by applying a high-throughput sequencing technology. All color phenotypes possessed the same karyotype structure 2n = 50 (8m/sm + 42st/a) and distribution of SatDNAs, but different chromosomal locations of rDNAs, which were involved in a chromosome size polymorphism. Our results show indications of population genetic structure and microstructure differences in karyotypes of the color phenotypes. However, the findings do not clearly back up the hypothesis that there are discrete lineages or evolutionary units among the color phenotypes of S. formosus, but another case of interspecific chromosome stasis cannot be excluded.

Microcotylidae (Monogena) parasites of snappers (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) collected from the northeast coast of Brazil.

Monogeneans are a diverse group of flatworms, being ectoparasites of marine and freshwater fish, with great morphological and ecological variety. Analyzes of monogenetics in fish with great habitat diversity such as snappers are scarce in the literature, which already emphasizes the need for an update in this regard. The presente study found, morphologically characterized and mapped the geographic distribution and in known hosts the species Microcotyloides incisa and Microcotyloides impudicus, describing the first occurrence of these monogeneans for South America and in new hosts. The survey of hosts in the literature shows that M. incisa seems to have a greater Affinity with congener species of Lutjanidae and fish from other families, which may indicate a preference or specificity for fish of this family because they are congeners of their host type. The introduction of these parasites into South American waters may have occurred due to the migratory behavior of snappers, which are well distributed along the Mexican coast, where the parasites are usually reported. Here, we also bring the first occurrence of M. incisa for Lutjanus analis and Lutjanus jocu and M. impudicus for Ocyurus chrysurus and Lutjanus synagris, helping in the mapping and distribution of these monogenetic species in the Americas.

The reef fish assemblage of a coral reef system in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico

Reef fish species richness of the Veracruz Reef System National Park (VRSNP) in the SW Gulf of Mexico is well known. However, the knowledge of the assemblage structure and its spatial variability in the reef ecosystem is quite limited. For that purpose, 5 field surveys (2012-2015) were performed, using the stationary visual census method, at 10 selected reefs. The most important findings were: 116 reef species were recorded. Average total reef fish density (2.31 Ind/m2) is similar to the records for the Caribbean reefs in the 20th century. The top 5 most abundant species were: Chromis multilineata, Ocyurus chrysurus, Abudefduf saxatilis, Stegastes leucostictus, and Elacatinus jarocho. We found evidence of a spatial distribution pattern with 3 well-defined groups of reefs: (1) those near the city of Veracruz, (2) those near the outlet of the Jamapa River, and (3) those farther from the city. Higher fish densities are associated to both high hermatypic coral and low crustose coralline algae bottom covers. The assemblage structure of reef fishes is different at distinct geomorphological reef zones. As expected, with some differences in the species abundance order, the assemblage structure of reef fishes is similar at all coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico.

Can amino acid racemization be utilized for fish age validation?

We investigated the relationship between aspartic acid d:l ratios and otolith-derived age estimates in Gulf of Mexico red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (ages 1–26 years; R2 = 0.89) and Caribbean yellowtail snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus (ages 2–17 years; R2 = 0.84). The estimated racemization rate was 0.61 × 10−3 year−1 for red snapper and 1.28 × 10−3 year−1 for yellowtail snapper, reflecting temperature differences between study regions. Mean jackknifed error in ages predicted from aspartic acid d:l was 1.70 ± 0.39 years for red snapper and 1.57 ± 0.41 years for yellowtail snapper. Results suggest amino acid racemization may be an effective tool for direct age estimation and potentially age validation in fishes.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BRAIN-TROPISM OF BETANODAVIRUSES IN YOUNG MARINE FISH: A WAY TO PERFORM HOST SPECIFICITY

Investigation on the brain-tropism was carried out through direct injection of the virus into the vitreous body of the eye using five marine fish species: kelp grouper, striped jack, Japanese flounder, threeline grunt and yellow tail. When the brains of intravitreously-injected fish (106 TCID50 Fish-1) were examined at 72 h post infection, striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV; the type species of the genus Betanodavirus) was frequently detected from striped jack and flounder while kelp grouper nervous necrosis virus (KGNNV) were detected from kelp grouper, striped jack, and flounder. No constant growth of the virus was noticed in the brains of threeline grunt and yellow tail. Considering that natural outbreaks of VNN (viral nervous necrosis) have been frequently reported in the former three species but not in the later two. The present result supports that the brain cell-tropism might be one of the tools to perform the host-specificity of betanodavirus.

Climate variability and small-scale fisheries of the Albuquerque Cays Island, insular Colombian Caribbean

The relationship between climate variability and the small-scale fishery (SSF) of the Albuquerque Cays was studied from 2004 to 2018. The environmental variables analyzed were: sea surface temperature (SST), wind magnitude, and chlorophyll (Chl-α). The fishery is multi-species; 410 individuals were identified, belonging to 4 orders, 15 families, and 62 species, of which 38.7% are reef, 35.5% demersal, and 25.8% pelagic. The most dominant species were Caranx latus, Elagatis bipinnulata, Coryphaena hippurus, Lutjanus vivanus, Ocyurus chrysurus, Thunnus atlanticus, Sphyraena barracuda, Canthidermis sufflamen, Etelis oculatus, Acanthocybium solandri, Lutjanus jocu, Balistes vetula, Lutjanus buccanella, followed by Rhomboplites aurorubens and Mycteroperca bonaci. The pelagic species that contribute the most in biomass and commercial importance are S. barracuda, A. solandri, T. atlanticus, and E. bipinnulata, the most important due to their high market value. A significant correlation was found among SST, Chl-α, wind magnitude, and catch per unit effort (CPUE) anomalies. The highest CPUE values occurred in January, March, June and September were associated with the passage of cold fronts and hurricanes, giving way to new fishing opportunities and conservation of some resources.

A Novel Allotriploid Hybrid Derived From Female Goldfish × Male Bleeker’s Yellow Tail

Hybridization is a traditional and effective strategy to alter the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring, and distant hybridization is a useful strategy to generate polyploids in fish. In this study, goldfish (Carassius auratus, GF, 2n = 100) and Bleeker’s yellow tail (Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, YT, 2n = 48), which belong to different subfamilies, were crossed with each other. The cross of female GF × male YT successfully obtained hybrid offspring (GFYT hybrids), while the cross of female YT × male GF was lethal, and all the fertilized eggs stopped developing before the neurula stage of embryogenesis. All GFYT hybrids possessed 124 chromosomes (3n = 124) with two sets from GF and one set from YT. The measurable and countable traits of GFYT hybrids were identified, and the genetic characteristics of 5S rDNA between GFYT hybrids and their parents were also revealed. There were, respectively, four and three different 5S rDNA types in GF (assigned as GF-Ⅰ∼Ⅳ) and YT (assigned as YT-Ⅰ∼Ⅲ), and GFYT hybrids specifically inherited YT-Ⅰ and YT-Ⅱ 5S rDNA types from YT and GF-Ⅲ and GF-Ⅳ from GF. In addition, there were only testis-like and fat-like gonads been found in GFYT hybrids. Interestingly, there were pyknotic and heteromorphous chromatin and invaginated cell membrane observed in the spermatids of testis-like gonads, but no mature sperm were found. Furthermore, TUNEL assays indicated that, compared with control, apparent apoptotic signals, which were mainly distributed around spermatid regions, were detected in the testis-like gonads, and the expression of apoptosis pathway-related genes including p53, bcl-2, bax, and caspase9 was significantly upregulated. Moreover, the expression of meiosis-related genes including spo11, dmc1, and rad51 showed an abnormally high expression, but mns1 and meig1, two key genes involved in the maturation of spermatid, were extremely downregulated. In brief, this is the first report of allotriploid via distant hybridization between GF and YT that possessing different chromosome numbers in vertebrates. The obtainment of GFYT hybrids not only harbors potential benefits and application in aquaculture but also further extends the understanding of the influence of hybridization and polyploidization on the genomic constitution of the hybrid offspring. Furthermore, they can be used as a model to test the origin and consequences of polyploidization and served as a proper resource to study the underlying mechanisms of spermatogenesis dysfunctions.