Oculomotor Training Research Articles

The efficacy of self-exercise in a patient with cervicogenic dizziness: A randomized controlled trial.

Cervicogenic dizziness is a clinical syndrome characterized by neck pain and dizziness. Recent evidence suggested that self-exercise could improve a patient's symptoms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of self-exercise as an add-on therapy in patients with non-traumatic cervicogenic dizziness. Patients with non-traumatic cervicogenic dizziness were randomly assigned to the self-exercise and control groups. The self-exercise group was instructed to perform muscle, mobilization, and oculomotor training at home while there was no specific training given to the control group. The neck pain, dizziness symptoms, and their impact on daily life were evaluated by the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) scale, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) scale, and the visual analog scale (VAS). The objective outcomes included the range of motion test of the neck and the posturography test. All outcomes were evaluated at 2 weeks after the initial treatment. A total of 32 patients participated in this study. The average age of the participants was 48 years. The DHI score of the self-exercise group after the treatment was significantly lower when compared to the control group [mean difference (MD) 25.92 points, 95% CI 4.21-47.63, p = 0.021]. The NDI score after treatment was also significantly lower in the self-exercise group (MD 6.16 points, 95% CI 0.42-11.88, p = 0.036). However, there was no statistical difference in the VAS score, the range of motion test, and the posturography test between the two groups (p > 0.05). No significant side effects were noted in either of the groups. Self-exercise is effective in reducing dizziness symptoms and its impact on daily life in patients with non-traumatic cervicogenic dizziness.

Effect of Conventional Nursing Combined with Bedtime Oculomotor Training on Sleep Quality and Body Immunity of Advanced Lung Cancer Patients

Objective The aim of this study is to explore the effect of conventional nursing combined with bedtime oculomotor training on sleep quality and body immune of advanced lung cancer patients. Methods By means of a retrospective study, 120 advanced lung cancer patients admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected as the research subject and divided into the intervention group (PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) score≥10 points, n = 60) and the control group (PSQI score<10 points, n = 60). Conventional nursing was performed to the control group, and an eye movement exercise before sleep was added additionally in the intervention group, 30 min each time, once a day, and 5 times a week for 3 months, so as to compare their sleep quality, body immunity indexes, negative emotion scores, adverse reaction rate (ARR), quality of life, and satisfaction with nursing. Results After nursing, the intervention group obtained a significantly lower PSQI score (5.54 ± 1.23 VS 7.98 ± 1.65, P < 0.05), better body immunity indexes (P < 0.001), lower negative emotion scores (P < 0.05), lower ARR (P < 0.05), better quality of life (P < 0.001), and higher satisfaction with nursing (P < 0.05) than the control group. Conclusion Combining conventional nursing with the eye movement exercise before sleep can alleviate negative emotions, improve the sleep quality, promote body immunity, and reduce the ARR, which is more satisfying to patients and should be applied and promoted in practice.

Implementing New Technologies to Improve Visual-Spatial Functions in Patients with Impaired Consciousness.

The quality of life of patients with severe brain damage is compromised by, e.g., impaired cognitive functions and ocular dysfunction. The paper contains research findings regarding participants of an oculomotor training course aimed at the therapy of visual–spatial functions. Five male patients with brain damage who did not communicate, verbally or motorically, participated in the study. Over a six-week period, the subjects solved tasks associated with recognising objects, size perception, colour perception, perception of object structures (letters), perception of object structures (objects), detecting differences between images and assembling image components into the complete image with the use of an eye tracker. The findings present evidence of oculomotor training effectiveness based on a longer duration of the work with the eye tracker and improved visual–spatial functions.

Perspective on Vision Science-Informed Interventions for Central Vision Loss.

Pathologies affecting central vision, and macular degeneration (MD) in particular, represent a growing health concern worldwide, and the leading cause of blindness in the Western World. To cope with the loss of central vision, MD patients often develop compensatory strategies, such as the adoption of a Preferred Retinal Locus (PRL), which they use as a substitute fovea. However, visual acuity and fixation stability in the visual periphery are poorer, leaving many MD patients struggling with tasks such as reading and recognizing faces. Current non-invasive rehabilitative interventions are usually of two types: oculomotor, aiming at training eye movements or teaching patients to use or develop a PRL, or perceptual, with the goal of improving visual abilities in the PRL. These training protocols are usually tested over a series of outcome assessments mainly measuring low-level visual abilities (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity) and reading. However, extant approaches lead to mixed success, and in general have exhibited large individual differences. Recent breakthroughs in vision science have shown that loss of central vision affects not only low-level visual abilities and oculomotor mechanisms, but also higher-level attentional and cognitive processes. We suggest that effective interventions for rehabilitation after central vision loss should then not only integrate low-level vision and oculomotor training, but also take into account higher level attentional and cognitive mechanisms.

Which Comes First in Sports Vision Training: The Software or the Hardware Update? Utility of Electrophysiological Measures in Monitoring Specialized Visual Training in Youth Athletes.

In the present study we combined popular methods of sports vision training (SVT) with traditional oculomotor protocols of Optometric Vision Therapy (OVT) and electrophysiological indexes of EEG and VEP activity to monitor training progress and changes in performance of youth ice hockey players without the history of concussion. We hypothesized that administration of OVT protocols before SVT training may result in larger performance improvements compared to the reverse order due to the initial strengthening of visual hardware capable of handling greater demands during training of visuomotor integration and information processing skills (visual software). In a cross-over design 53 youth ice hockey players (ages 13–18) were randomly assigned to one of the two training groups. Group one (hardware-software group) completed 5 weeks of oculomotor training first followed by 5 weeks of software training. For group 2 (software-hardware) the order of procedures were reversed. After 10 weeks of training both groups significantly improved their performance on all but one measure of the Nike/Senaptec Sensory station measures. Additionally, the software-hardware training order resulted in significantly lower frontal theta-to-gamma amplitude ratios on the Nike/Senaptec test of Near-Far Quickness as well as in faster P100 latencies. Both training orders also resulted in significant decreases in post-treatment P100 amplitude to transient VEP stimuli as well as decreased theta-gamma ratios for perception span, Go/No-Go and Hand Reaction time. The observed changes in the electrophysiological indexes in the present study are thought to reflect greater efficiency in visual information processing and cognitive resource allocation following 10 weeks of visual training. There is also some evidence of the greater effectiveness of the software-hardware training order possibly due to the improved preparedness of the oculomotor system in the youth athletes for administration of targeted protocols of the Optometric Vision Therapy.

Oculomotor Training for Poor Saccades Improves Functional Vision Scores and Neurobehavioral Symptoms

ObjectivesTo determine if participants with saccadic dysfunction improved after participating in a standardized oculomotor training program. A secondary objective was to accurately quantify change in saccades after training using eye tracking technology. A third objective was to examine patients’ neurobehavioral symptoms before and after oculomotor training using the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). DesignA prospective study involving treatment and control group pre-post intervention design. SettingData were collected in eye clinics with a standardized eye tracking equipment setup. ParticipantsParticipants in the bottom 25th percentile for saccadic eye movements (N=92; intervention=46, control=46) who were currently asymptomatic of specific disorder. InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group engaged in 10 minutes of oculomotor training daily for 5 days. Main Outcome MeasuresThe ratio of the peak saccadic velocity over its average velocity (the Q ratio), saccadic targeting, and NSI. ResultsResults revealed significant interactions between control and intervention groups (P=.013). The control group increased 7% from pre to post; however, the intervention group exhibited a 6% decreased from pre to post. Participants in the intervention group demonstrated a 25% improvement in targeting saccade accuracy (P=.021). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in all neurobehavioral factors on the NSI in the intervention group, specifically the affective and cognitive factors relating to poor saccades. ConclusionsFor this population, oculomotor training (Q ratio and saccade accuracy) resulted improved saccadic metrics and a significant reduction in overall symptoms as shown on the NSI. Future participants reported improved symptoms pre- and postintervention. Further research is needed to understand saccadic performance and gaze stability during specific tasks (such as reading).

Sustainable Intervention for Health Promotion and Postural Control Improvement: Effects of Home-Based Oculomotor Training

Currently, it is crucial to propose daily sustainable interventions that elicit healthy lifestyles and the promotion of favorable health outcomes beyond the usual medical prescriptions. Home confinement and pandemic limitations reduced physical activity and augmented sedentary behaviors that potentially also reflect on posture. Health-related quality of life includes an effective postural control which is affected by visual performance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of a single session of eye exercises and also of a home-based oculomotor training on postural control. Thirty active adults (mean age: 42.9 ± 14.4 years) were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: subjects were evaluated on a stabilometric platform before (T0) and immediately after (T1) a training session consisting in clockwise ocular movements (C1), counterclockwise (C2) and mixed condition (C3). All subjects repeated, at home, the same ocular training and were re-evaluated after 5 weeks (T2). All measured variables tended to improve after 5-week home training, but significative differences were found, especially in acute measurement. C1 and C2 conditions showed better results than C3. Thus, a specific oculomotor training, a cost free and self-administered training, can represent a practical tool to improve postural control and health-related quality of life in active adults.

A dichoptic feedback-based oculomotor training method to manipulate interocular alignment

Strabismus is a prevalent impairment of binocular alignment that is associated with a spectrum of perceptual deficits and social disadvantages. Current treatments for strabismus involve ocular alignment through surgical or optical methods and may include vision therapy exercises. In the present study, we explore the potential of real-time dichoptic visual feedback that may be used to quantify and manipulate interocular alignment. A gaze-contingent ring was presented independently to each eye of 11 normally-sighted observers as they fixated a target dot presented only to their dominant eye. Their task was to center the rings within 2° of the target for at least 1 s, with feedback provided by the sizes of the rings. By offsetting the ring in the non-dominant eye temporally or nasally, this task required convergence or divergence, respectively, of the non-dominant eye. Eight of 11 observers attained 5° asymmetric convergence and 3 of 11 attained 3° asymmetric divergence. The results suggest that real-time gaze-contingent feedback may be used to quantify and transiently simulate strabismus and holds promise as a method to augment existing therapies for oculomotor alignment disorders.

Cerebral Modifications and Visual Pathway Reorganization in Maculopathy: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundMacular degeneration (MD) is one of the most frequent causes of visual deficit, resulting in alterations affecting not only the retina but also the entire visual pathway up to the brain areas. This would seem related not just to signal deprivation but also to a compensatory neuronal reorganization, having significant implications in terms of potential rehabilitation of the patient and therapeutic perspectives.ObjectiveThis paper aimed to outline, by analyzing the existing literature, the current understanding of brain structural and functional changes detected with neuroimaging techniques in subjects affected by juvenile and age-related maculopathy.MethodsArticles using various typologies of central nervous system (CNS) imaging in at least six patients affected by juvenile or age-related maculopathy were considered. A total of 142 were initially screened. Non-pertinent articles and duplicates were rejected. Finally, 19 articles, including 649 patients, were identified.ResultsIn these sources, both structural and functional modifications were found in MD subjects’ CNS. Changes in visual cortex gray matter volume were observed in both age-related MD (AMD) and juvenile MD (JMD); in particular, an involvement of not only its posterior part but also the anterior one suggests further causes besides an input-deprivation mechanism only. White matter degeneration was also found, more severe in JMD than in AMD. Moreover, functional analysis revealed differences in cortical activation patterns between MD and controls, suggesting neuronal circuit reorganization. Interestingly, attention and oculomotor training allowed better visual performances and correlated to a stronger cortical activation, even of the area normally receiving inputs from lesioned macula.ConclusionIn MD, structural and functional changes in cerebral circuits and visual pathway can happen, involving both cerebral volume and activation patterns. These modifications, possibly due to neuronal plasticity (already observed and described for several brain areas), can allow patients to compensate for macular damage and gives therapeutic perspectives which could be achievable through an association between oculomotor training and biochemical stimulation of neuronal plasticity.

Transfer and retention of oculomotor alignment rehabilitation training.

Ocular alignment defects such as strabismus affect around 5% of people and are associated with binocular vision impairments. Current nonsurgical treatments are controversial and have high levels of recidivism. In this study, we developed a rehabilitation method for ocular alignment training and examined the rate of learning, transfer to untrained alignments, and retention over time. Ocular alignment was controlled with a real-time dichoptic feedback paradigm where a static fixation target and white gaze-contingent ring were presented to the dominant eye and a black gaze-contingent ring with no fixation target was presented to the nondominant eye. Observers were required to move their eyes to center the rings on the target, with real-time feedback provided by the size of the rings. Offsetting the ring of the nondominant temporal or nasal visual field required convergent or divergent ocular deviation, respectively, to center the ring on the fixation target. Learning was quantified as the time taken to achieve target deviation of 2° (easy, E) or 4° (hard, H) for convergence (CE, CH) or divergence (DE, DH) over 40 trials. Thirty-two normally sighted observers completed two training sequences separated by one week. Subjects were randomly assigned to a training sequence: CE-CH-DE, CH-CE-DE, DE-DH-CE, or DH-DE-CE. The results showed that training was retained over the course of approximately one week across all conditions. Training on an easy deviation angle transferred to untrained hard angles within convergence or divergence but not between these directions. We conclude that oculomotor alignment can be rapidly trained, retained, and transferred with a feedback-based dichoptic paradigm. Feedback-based oculomotor training may therefore provide a noninvasive method for the rehabilitation of ocular alignment defects.

Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Distinct Molecular Signatures of Different Cerebellum-Dependent Learning Paradigms.

The cerebellum improves motor performance by adjusting motor gain appropriately. As de novo protein synthesis is essential for the formation and retention of memories, we hypothesized that motor learning in the opposite direction would induce a distinct pattern of protein expression in the cerebellum. We conducted quantitative proteomic profiling to compare the level of protein expression in the cerebellum at 1 and 24 h after training from mice that underwent different paradigms of cerebellum-dependent oculomotor learning from specific directional changes in motor gain. We quantified a total of 43 proteins that were significantly regulated in each of the three learning paradigms in the cerebellum at 1 and 24 h after learning. In addition, functional enrichment analysis identified protein groups that were differentially enriched or depleted in the cerebellum at 24 h after the three oculomotor learnings, suggesting that distinct biological pathways may be engaged in the formation of three oculomotor memories. Weighted correlation network analysis discovered groups of proteins significantly correlated with oculomotor memory. Finally, four proteins (Snca, Sncb, Cttn, and Stmn1) from the protein group correlated with the learning amount after oculomotor training were validated by Western blot. This study provides a comprehensive and unbiased list of proteins related to three cerebellum-dependent motor learning paradigms, suggesting the distinct nature of protein expression in the cerebellum for each learning paradigm. The proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifiers <PXD008433>.

Gradual oculomotor training in blow-out orbital fracture reconstruction recovery.

ObjectiveThis study compared the impact of gradual oculomotor training (GOT) in blow-out orbital fracture (BOF) reconstruction recovery with the impact of high-intensity trainings.MethodsIn total, 120 patients with BOF requiring orbital reconstruction surgery were randomly divided into four groups; all groups performed postoperative oculomotor training four times per day. Patients in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 performed 10, 20, 30, and 50 sets of all-direction movement per training on the first 3 days, respectively; they performed 10 additional sets per training on the following 4 days. Patients in all groups performed 50 sets per training from 8 days to 3 months postoperatively. Incision healing, pain, and satisfaction rate, as well as degree of diplopia, were recorded during follow-up.ResultsAt 7 days postoperatively, more patients in Group 1 had no/mild swelling and no/mild pain, compared with patients in Group 4. Patients in Groups 1 and 2 had higher satisfaction rates than patients in Group 4. The degree of diplopia did not significantly differ among the groups.ConclusionsFor patients with BOF, GOT after reconstruction surgery was more beneficial for wound healing, pain relief, and satisfaction; the degree of diplopia did not significantly differ, compared with high-intensity trainings.

The King-Devick Reading Acceleration Program Significantly Improves Reading Performance in Students with Dyslexia

Background: Reading is a complex task and for students who are not proficient in reading, intervention and remediation is frequently necessitated. Previous literature has shown support for the inclusion of in-school oculomotor training using the King-Devick Reading Acceleration Program (K-D RAP) to supplement current reading curriculums. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the K-D RAP intervention in students with dyslexia. Methods: Participants with dyslexia diagnosed by a licensed professional were recruited and enrolled (n=7). Participants performed a total of six hours of K-D RAP intervention which was parent-supervised in their homes. A test of reading fluency and the King-Devick Eye Movement Test for Reading were administered before and after the intervention. Results: Participants demonstrated a median 14 WCPM increase in fluency following intervention with K-D RAP, which was significant (50 to 64 WCPM; p = 0.0178). Greater reading fluency improvements were observed in younger participants compared to older participants (under age 10: 51.2% vs. ages 10 and above: 3.2% improvement; p = 0.0339). Participants with other learning disability diagnoses in addition to dyslexia were likely to impact progress in reading achievements. Conclusion: Similar to prior research of randomized, controlled trials examining the effect of K-D RAP in the general school curriculum, students with dyslexia in this study achieved significant reading gains following six hours of practice. There is an urgency for implementing K-D RAP, as findings indicate that older students do not improve to the same degree as younger students, which is coincident with research demonstrating earlier intervention is more effective for reading enhancement.

Cortical Reorganization of Peripheral Vision Induced by Simulated Central Vision Loss.

When one's central vision is deprived, a spared part of the peripheral retina acts as a pseudofovea for fixation. The neural mechanisms underlying this compensatory adjustment remain unclear. Here we report cortical reorganization induced by simulated central vision loss. Human subjects of both sexes learned to place the target at an eccentric retinal locus outside their blocked visual field for object tracking. Before and after training, we measured visual crowding-a bottleneck of object identification in peripheral vision, using psychophysics and fMRI. We found that training led to an axis-specific reduction of crowding. The change of the crowding effect was reflected in the change of BOLD signal, as a release of cortical suppression in multiple visual areas starting as early as V1. Our findings suggest that the adult visual system is capable of reshaping its oculomotor control and sensory coding to adapt to impoverished visual input.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By simulating central vision loss in normally sighted adults, we found that oculomotor training not only induces PRL, but also facilitates form processing in peripheral vision. As subjects learned to place the target at an eccentric retinal locus, "visual crowding"-the detrimental effect of clutter on peripheral object identification-was reduced. The reduction of the crowding effect was accompanied by a release of response suppression in the visual cortex. These findings indicate that the adult visual system is capable of reshaping the peripheral vision to adapt to central vision loss.

Computer Based Oculomotor Training Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children: Results from A Pilot Study

1. Abstract Poor written-language skills in dyslexia is often lifelong and impairs academic results. A lot of uncertainty still surrounds the question of the appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the present study is to validate the hypothesis of a computer-based program for remediation of reading deficits in dyslexic children. The program described in this study consists in four different exercises ( rapid naming task, Stroop task, motion perception and saccades) performed fifteen min a day, five days a week, for eight weeks. Sixteen dyslexic Italian children (mean age: 10.2 ± 0.3 years) participated to the study. Reading abilities were tested before and after the oculomotor training by eye movement recordings. Ten over sixteen children significantly reduced reading time and thirteen over sixteen significantly reduced fixation time. These training benefits suggest that a computer - based oculomotor program could be an easy and practical tool for improving reading performance in dyslexic children. Program limitations and future directions are discussed. 1.1. Highlights · Home computer-based oculomotor training improves dyslexic children’s reading performance. · Reading capabilities improvement in dyslexic children by computer-based oculomotor training could be due to visuo-attentional processes controlling eye movements and words comprehension. 2. Keywords: Dyslexia; Fixations; Oculomotor training; Reading; Saccades; Visuo-attentional mechanisms

Computer Based Oculomotor Training Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children: Results from A Pilot Study

Computer Based Oculomotor Training Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children: Results from A Pilot Study

Computer Based Oculomotor Training Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children: Results from A Pilot Study

Computer Based Oculomotor Training Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children: Results from A Pilot Study

International Practice in Care Provision for Post-stroke Visual Impairment

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study sought to explore the practice of orthoptists internationally in care provision for poststroke visual impairment.Methods: Survey questions were developed and piloted with clinicians, academics, and users. Questions addressed types of visual problems, how these were identified, treated, and followed up, care pathways in use, links with other professions, and referral options. The survey was approved by the institutional ethical committee. The survey was accessed via a web link that was circulated through the International Orthoptic Association member professional organisations to orthoptists.Results: Completed electronic surveys were obtained from 299 individuals. About one-third (35.5%) of orthoptists saw patients within 2 weeks of stroke onset and over half (55.5%) by 1 month post stroke. Stroke survivors were routinely assessed by 87%; over three-quarters in eye clinics. Screening tools were used by 11%. Validated tests were used for assessment of visual acuity (76.5%), visual field (68.2%), eye movement (80.9%), binocular vision (77.9%), and visual function (55.8%). Visual problems suspected by family or professionals were high (86.6%). Typical overall follow-up period of vision care was less than 3 months. Designated care pathways for stroke survivors with visual problems were used by 56.9% of orthoptists. Information on visual impairment was provided by 85.9% of orthoptists.Conclusions: In international orthoptic practice, there is general agreement on assessment and management of visual impairment in stroke populations. More than half of orthoptists reported seeing stroke survivors within 1 month of the stroke onset, typically in eye clinics. There was a high use of validated tests of visual acuity, visual fields, ocular motility, and binocular vision. Similarly there was high use of established treatment options including prisms, occlusion, compensatory strategies, and oculomotor training, appropriately targeted at specific types of visual conditions/symptoms. This information can be used to inform choice of core outcome orthoptic measures in stroke practice.

Assessment of neuro-optometric rehabilitation using the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test in adults with acquired brain injury

PurposeThis pilot study sought to determine the efficacy of using the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test in the adult, acquired brain injury (ABI) population to quantify clinically the effects of controlled, laboratory-performed, oculomotor-based vision therapy/vision rehabilitation. MethodsNine adult subjects with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and five with stroke were assessed before and after an eight-week, computer-based, versional oculomotor (fixation, saccades, pursuit, and simulated reading) training program (9.6h total). The protocol incorporated a cross-over, interventional design with and without the addition of auditory feedback regarding two-dimensional eye position. The clinical outcome measure was the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test score (ratio, errors) taken before, midway, and immediately following training. ResultsFor the DEM ratio parameter, improvements were found in 80–89% of the subjects. For the DEM error parameter, improvements were found in 100% of the subjects. Incorporation of the auditory feedback component revealed a trend toward enhanced performance. The findings were similar for both DEM parameters, as well as for incorporation of the auditory feedback, in both diagnostic groups. DiscussionThe results of the present study demonstrated considerable improvements in the DEM test scores following the oculomotor-based training, thus reflecting more time-optimal and accurate saccadic tracking after the training. The DEM test should be considered as another clinical test of global saccadic tracking performance in the ABI population.

Rééducation oculomotrice informatisée dans la dyslexie : essai clinique randomisé en crossover en population pédiatrique

ObjectiveSeveral studies have reported abnormal oculomotor capacities leading to reading/writing difficulties among dyslexic children. However, no randomized clinical trial has been conducted to determine whether oculomotor training improves reading/writing skills of these children. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of computer-based oculomotor training among dyslexic children. MethodCrossover randomized trial with enrollment from January 12, 2015 to July 24, 2015, and follow-up to February 4, 2016. Eleven children (aged 7 to 12 years old) with dyslexia were included in a French psychiatric unit. The computer-based oculomotor training consisted of exercises focused on control of saccadic movements (reflexes and voluntary saccades), vergences and visual attention and memory. At baseline, 3 and 6 months, participants were assessed on reading and writing skills as well as phonological skills, visuo-attentional skills and verbal memory using the French batterie analytique du langage écrit (BALE). Saccadic and antisaccadic ocular movements (latencies and gains) were recorded using a specific device. Several Anova models were performed to test whether oculomotor training improves reading, writing and phonological, verbal memory and visuo-attentional skills. Our analyses were considered exploratory (alpha at 5%). ResultsNo effect of oculomotor training was found on reading skills. However, oculomotor training was associated with a short-term effect (after 3 months of training) on several tests measuring phonological skills (syllabic suppression; P-value=0.022), visuo-attentional skills (search of anarchic verbal cues; P-value=0.035) and verbal memory (digit span backward; P-value=0.022) and with a long-term effect (3 months after the end of the 3 months of training) on a measure of writing skills (regular words; P-value=0.019). Finally, training was associated with an increase of saccadic latencies indicating an increase of visuo-attentional skills (P-value=0.026). ConclusionsOur results suggested that computer-based oculomotor training might be effective on writing skills and several cognitive skills among dyslexic children, but future clinical trials are needed to confirm our results.