Ocular Dominance Research Articles

Visual Cortical Plasticity: Molecular Mechanisms as Revealed by Induction Paradigms in Rodents

Assessing the molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity in the cortex is vital for identifying potential targets in conditions marked by defective plasticity. In plasticity research, the visual cortex represents a target model for intense investigation, partly due to the availability of different in vivo plasticity-induction protocols. Here, we review two major protocols: ocular-dominance (OD) and cross-modal (CM) plasticity in rodents, highlighting the molecular signaling pathways involved. Each plasticity paradigm has also revealed the contribution of different populations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons at different time points. Since defective synaptic plasticity is common to various neurodevelopmental disorders, the potentially disrupted molecular and circuit alterations are discussed. Finally, new plasticity paradigms are presented, based on recent evidence. Stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP) is one of the paradigms addressed. These options may provide answers to unsolved neurodevelopmental questions and offer tools to repair plasticity defects.

Experience-dependent functional plasticity and visual response selectivity of surviving subplate neurons in the mouse visual cortex

Subplate neurons are early-born cortical neurons that transiently form neural circuits during perinatal development and guide cortical maturation. Thereafter, most subplate neurons undergo cell death, while some survive and renew their target areas for synaptic connections. However, the functional properties of the surviving subplate neurons remain largely unknown. This study aimed to characterize the visual responses and experience-dependent functional plasticity of layer 6b (L6b) neurons, the remnants of subplate neurons, in the primary visual cortex (V1). Two-photon Ca2+ imaging was performed in V1 of awake juvenile mice. L6b neurons showed broader tunings for orientation, direction, and spatial frequency than did layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L6a neurons. In addition, L6b neurons showed lower matching of preferred orientation between the left and right eyes compared with other layers. Post hoc 3D immunohistochemistry confirmed that the majority of recorded L6b neurons expressed connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a subplate neuron marker. Moreover, chronic two-photon imaging showed that L6b neurons exhibited ocular dominance (OD) plasticity by monocular deprivation during critical periods. The OD shift to the open eye depended on the response strength to the stimulation of the eye to be deprived before starting monocular deprivation. There were no significant differences in visual response selectivity prior to monocular deprivation between the OD changed and unchanged neuron groups, suggesting that OD plasticity can occur in L6b neurons showing any response features. In conclusion, our results provide strong evidence that surviving subplate neurons exhibit sensory responses and experience-dependent plasticity at a relatively late stage of cortical development.

Effects of altered-reality training on interocular disinhibition in amblyopia.

Training of viewing an altered-reality environment dichoptically has been found to reactivate human adult ocular dominance plasticity, allowing improvement of vision for amblyopia. One suspected mechanism for this training effect is ocular dominance rebalancing through interocular disinhibition. Here, we investigated whether the training modulated the neural responses reflecting interocular inhibition. Thirteen patients with amblyopia and 11 healthy controls participated in this study. Before and after six daily altered-reality training sessions, participants watched flickering video stimuli with their steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) signals recorded simultaneously. We assessed the amplitude of SSVEP response at intermodulation frequencies, which was a potential neural indicator of interocular suppression. The results showed that training weakened the intermodulation response only in the amblyopic group, which was in agreement with the hypothesis that the training reduced interocular suppression specific to amblyopia. Moreover, even one month after the training ended, we could still observe this neural training effect. These findings provide preliminary neural evidence in support of the disinhibition account for treating amblyopia. We also explain these results with the ocular opponency model, which, to our knowledge, is the first time for this binocular rivalry model to be used in explaining long-term ocular dominance plasticity.

Neural circuits for binocular vision: Ocular dominance, interocular matching, and disparity selectivity.

The brain creates a single visual percept of the world with inputs from two eyes. This means that downstream structures must integrate information from the two eyes coherently. Not only does the brain meet this challenge effortlessly, it also uses small differences between the two eyes' inputs, i.e., binocular disparity, to construct depth information in a perceptual process called stereopsis. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the neural circuits underlying stereoscopic vision and its development. Here, we review these advances in the context of three binocular properties that have been most commonly studied for visual cortical neurons: ocular dominance of response magnitude, interocular matching of orientation preference, and response selectivity for binocular disparity. By focusing mostly on mouse studies, as well as recent studies using ferrets and tree shrews, we highlight unresolved controversies and significant knowledge gaps regarding the neural circuits underlying binocular vision. We note that in most ocular dominance studies, only monocular stimulations are used, which could lead to a mischaracterization of binocularity. On the other hand, much remains unknown regarding the circuit basis of interocular matching and disparity selectivity and its development. We conclude by outlining opportunities for future studies on the neural circuits and functional development of binocular integration in the early visual system.

Ketamine and its metabolite 2R,6R-hydroxynorketamine promote ocular dominance plasticity and release tropomyosin-related kinase B from inhibitory control without reducing perineuronal nets enwrapping parvalbumin interneurons.

Ketamine has been described as a fast-acting antidepressant, exerting effects in depressed patients and in preclinical models with a rapid onset of action. The typical antidepressant fluoxetine is known to induce plasticity in the adult rodent visual cortex, as assessed by a shift in ocular dominance, a classical model of brain plasticity, and a similar effect has been described for ketamine and its metabolite 2R,6R-hydroxynorketamine (R,R-HNK). Here, we demonstrate that ketamine (at 3 or 20 mg/kg) and R,R-HNK facilitated the shift in ocular dominance in monocularly deprived mice, after three injections, throughout the 7-day monocular deprivation regimen. Notably, the comparison between the treatments indicates a higher effect size of R,R-HNK compared with ketamine. Treatment with ketamine or R,R-HNK failed to influence the levels of perineuronal nets (PNNs) surrounding parvalbumin-positive interneurons. However, we observed in vitro that both ketamine and R,R-HNK are able to disrupt the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) interaction with the protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), which upon binding to PNNs dephosphorylates TRKB. These results support a model where diverse drugs promote the reinstatement of juvenile-like plasticity by directly binding TRKB and releasing it from PTPσ regulation, without necessarily reducing PNNs deposits.

Comparative study of Refractive and Visual Quality after Wavefront-Optimized FS-LASIK for Angle Kappa Adjustment in Dominant and Nondominant Eyes.

This study investigates the differences between dominant and nondominant eyes in FS-LASIK with 50% angle kappa compensation on diopter and visual quality. Setting: University hospital. Design: retrospective clinical study. Methods: A total of 109 patients (218 eyes,100%) with myopia who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) were randomly selected. The preoperative pupil size，center position and offset between the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (P-Dist) of the patients was recorded. In preoperative and postoperative 6 months, an iTrace wavefront aberrometer (Tracey Technologies, Inc.) was used to measure the corneal, internal optics, and total aberrations. Results: The 6 months postoperatively for corneal coma of the dominant eyes were 0.141±0.055 μm and the nondominant eyes were 0.157 ±0.033 μm, which was significantly greater than the dominant eyes (P = 0.028). The postoperative corneal coma aberration changes were positively correlated with preoperative P-Dist, the dominant eyes (r = 0.221, P = 0.023), and the nondominant eyes (r = 0.251, P = 0.009). Conclusions: We suggest adjusting the angle kappa percentage in the nondominant eyes to be higher than that of the dominant eyes in individualized corneal refractive surgery to find the ablation center closest to the visual axis.

Synthetic Assembly DNA Cloning to Build Plasmids for Multiplexed Transgenic Selection, Counterselection or Any Other Genetic Strategies Using Drosophila melanogaster.

We recently described a drug-based selectable and counterselectable genetic platform for the animal model system Drosophila melanogaster, consisting of four resistance and two sensitivity markers that allow direct selection for, or counterselection against, a desired genotype. This platform eliminates the need to identify modified progeny by traditional laborious screening using the dominant eye and body color markers, white+ and yellow+ , respectively. The four resistance markers permit selection of animals using G418 sulfate, puromycin HCl, blasticidin S, or hygromycin B, while the two sensitivity markers allow counterselection of animals against ganciclovir or acyclovir and 5-fluorocytosine. The six markers can be used alone or in combination to perform co-selection, combination selection, and counterselection, as well as co-counterselection. To make this novel selection and counterselection genetics platform easily accessible to and rapidly implementable by the scientific community, we used a synthetic assembly DNA cloning platform, GoldenBraid 2.0 (GB2.0). GB2.0 relies on two Type IIs restriction enzymes that are alternatingly used during successive cloning steps to make increasingly complex genetic constructs. Here we describe, as an example, how to perform synthetic assembly DNA cloning using GB2.0 to build such complex plasmids via the assembly of both components of the binary LexA/LexA-Op overexpression system, a G418 sulfate-selectable LexA transactivator plasmid, and a blasticidin S-selectable LexA-Op responder plasmid. We demonstrate the functionality of these plasmids by including the expression pattern obtained after co-injection, followed by co-selection using G418 sulfate and blasticidin S, resulting in co-transgenesis of both plasmids. Protocols are provided on how to obtain, adapt, and clone DNA parts for synthetic assembly cloning after de novo DNA synthesis or PCR amplification of desired DNA parts and how to assemble those DNA parts into multipartite transcription units, followed by how to further assemble multiple transcription units into genetic constructs of increasing complexity to perform multiplexed transgenic selection and counterselection, or any other genetic strategies using Drosophila melanogaster. The protocols we present can be easily adapted to incorporate any of the six selectable and counterselectable markers, or any other, markers, to generate plasmids of unmatched complexity for various genetic applications. A protocol on how to generate transgenic animals using these synthetically assembled plasmids is described in an accompanying Current Protocols article (Venken, Matinyan, Gonzalez, & Dierick, 2023). © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Obtaining and cloning a de novo-synthesized DNA part for synthetic assembly DNA cloning Basic Protocol 2: Obtaining and cloning a DNA part amplified by PCR from existing DNA resources for synthetic assembly DNA cloning Alternate Protocol: Obtaining, adapting, and cloning a DNA part amplified by PCR from existing DNA resources for synthetic assembly DNA cloning Basic Protocol 3: Synthetic assembly DNA cloning of individual DNA parts into a multipartite transcription unit Basic Protocol 4: Synthetic assembly DNA cloning of multiple transcription units into genetic constructs of increasing complexity.

Serial Recombineering Cloning to Build Selectable and Tagged Genomic P[acman] BAC Clones for Selection Transgenesis and Functional Gene Analysis using Drosophila melanogaster.

Transgenes with genomic DNA fragments that encompass genes of interest are the gold standard for complementing null alleles in rescue experiments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Of particular interest are genomic DNA clones available as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) or fosmids from publicly available genomic DNA libraries. Genes contained within BAC and fosmid clones can be easily modified by recombineering cloning to insert peptide or protein tags to localize, visualize, or manipulate gene products, and to create point mutations or deletions for structure-function analysis of the inserted genes. However, since transgenesis efficiency is inversely correlated with transgene size, obtaining transgenic animals for increasingly larger BAC and fosmid clones requires increasingly laborious screening efforts using the transgenesis marker commonly used for these transgenes, the dominant eye color marker white+ . We recently described a drug-based selectable genetic platform for Drosophila melanogaster, which included four resistance markers that allow direct selection of transgenic animals, eliminating the need to identify transgenic progeny by laborious phenotypic screening. By integrating these resistance markers into BAC transgenes, we were able to isolate animals containing large transgenes by direct selection, avoiding laborious screening. Here we present procedures on how to upgrade BAC clones by serial recombineering cloning to build both selectable and tagged BAC transgenes, for selection transgenesis and functional gene analysis, respectively. We illustrate these procedures using a BAC clone encompassing the gene encoding the synaptic vesicle protein, cysteine string protein. We demonstrate that the modified BAC clone, serially recombineered with a selectable marker for selection transgenesis and an N-terminal green fluorescent protein tag for gene expression analysis, is functional by showing the expression pattern obtained after successful selection transgenesis. The protocols cover: (1) cloning and preparation of the recombineering templates needed for serial recombineering cloning to incorporate selectable markers and protein tags; (2) preparing electrocompetent cells needed to perform serial recombineering cloning; and (3) the serial recombineering workflow to generate both selectable and tagged genomic BAC reporter transgenes for selection transgenesis and functional gene analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. The protocols we describe can be easily adapted to incorporate any of four selectable markers, protein tags, or any other modification for structure-function analysis of the genes present within any of the BAC or fosmid clones. A protocol for generating transgenic animals using serially recombineered BAC clones is presented in an accompanying Current Protocols article (Venken, Matinyan, Gonzalez, & Dierick, 2023a). © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Cloning and preparation of recombineering templates used for serial recombineering cloning. Basic Protocol 2: Making electrocompetent cells of the bacterial strains used to perform serial recombineering cloning or induction of plasmid copy number. Basic Protocol 3: Serial recombineering cloning to generate both selectable and tagged genomic P[acman] BAC reporter transgenes for selection transgenesis and gene expression analysis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Internal neural states influence the short-term effect of monocular deprivation in human adults.

The adult human visual system maintains the ability to be altered by sensory deprivation. What has not been considered is whether the internal neural states modulate visual sensitivity to short-term monocular deprivation. In this study we manipulated the internal neural state and reported changes in intrinsic neural oscillations with a patched eye open or closed. We investigated the influence of eye open/eye closure on the unpatched eye's contrast sensitivity and ocular dominance (OD) shifts induced by short-term monocular deprivation. The results demonstrate that internal neural states influence not only baseline contrast sensitivity but also the extent to which the adult visual system can undergo changes in ocular dominance.

A cross-sectional study of ophthalmologic examination findings in 5385 Koreans presenting with intermittent exotropia

The Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study (KIEMS) was a retrospective, cross-sectional and multicenter study for the investigation of intermittent exotropia involved 65 strabismus specialists from 53 institutions in Korea. Purpose of this study was to present ophthalmologic findings of intermittent exotropia from the KIEMS. Consecutive patients with intermittent exotropia of ≥ 8 prism diopters (PD) at distance or near fixation were included. Best-corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction data, angles of deviation at several cardinal positions, ocular dominance, fusion control, oblique muscle function, and binocular sensory outcomes were collected. A total of 5385 participants (2793 females; age 8.2 years) were included. Non-dominant eye was more myopic than the dominant eye (− 0.60 vs. − 0.47 diopters, P < 0.001). Mean exodeviation angles were 23.5 PD at distance and 25.0 PD at near fixation. Basic type (86.2%) was the most, followed by convergence insufficiency (9.4%) and divergence excess (4.4%) types. Alternating ocular dominance and good fusion control were more common at near than at distance fixation. Good stereopsis at 40 cm was observed in 49.3% in Titmus stereo test (≤ 60 arcsec) and in 71.0% in Randot stereo test (≤ 63 arcsec). Intermittent exotropia was mostly diagnosed in childhood and patients with the condition showed relatively good binocular functions. This study may provide objective findings of intermittent exotropia in a most reliable way, given that the study included a large study population and investigated comprehensive ophthalmology examinations.

Clinical Characteristics of Macular Hole and Macular Epiretinal Membrane in Dominant and Nondominant Eyes

Clinical Characteristics of Macular Hole and Macular Epiretinal Membrane in Dominant and Nondominant Eyes

Influence of Interocular Differences and Alcohol Consumption on Binocular Visual Performance.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of a moderate breath-alcohol content (BrAC of 0.40 mg/L) on binocular visual performance for different visual functions after inducing different levels of interocular differences with the use of filters. A total of 26 healthy young subjects were enrolled. The participants participated in two sessions: one without alcohol consumption and another after alcohol consumption. In each session and for the different filter conditions (subjects were wearing Bangerter foil of 0.8 and BPM2 fog filter on the dominant eye), monocular and binocular visual function was evaluated by measuring visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual discrimination capacity (and successively by calculating their corresponding binocular summations) and stereopsis (near and distance stereoacuity). In addition, interocular differences were calculated for different retinal-image quality and straylight parameters. All monocular and binocular visual functions were analyzed and stereopsis was significantly impaired by alcohol and filters (p < 0.05). Interocular differences for different ocular parameters and binocular summations for visual parameters were negatively affected by filters but not alcohol. Significant correlations (averaging all the experimental conditions analyzed) were found, highlighting: the higher the interocular differences, the lower the binocular summation and the poorer the stereopsis and, therefore, the worse the binocular visual performance.

Exploration and practice of artificial intelligence assisted primary vision health management

It has attracted much attention worldwide that the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in primary screening and clinical diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. In recent years, this technology has also been widely used in various grass-roots eye disease management, effectively improving the current situation of weak eye disease diagnosis ability and shortage of human resources in primary medical institutions. At present, there is no reference standard or guideline for the management mode, implementation content and management method of vision health management based on this technology, which are in urgent need of standardization. The article described the work mode exploration of AI-assisted grass-roots visual health management in Shanghai and shared practical experience. The aim is to provide reference for other provinces in China to carry out relevant work.

Gestalt formation promotes awareness of suppressed visual stimuli during binocular rivalry

ABSTRACT Continuous flash suppression leverages binocular rivalry to render observers unaware of a static image for several seconds. To achieve this effect, rapidly flashing noise masks are presented to the dominant eye while a static stimulus is presented to the non-dominant eye. Eventually “breakthrough” occurs, wherein awareness shifts to the static image shown to the non-dominant eye. We tested the hypothesis that Gestalt formation can promote breakthrough. In two experiments, we presented pacman-shaped objects that might or might not align to form illusory Kanizsa objects. To measure the inception of breakthrough, observers were instructed to press a key at the moment of partial breakthrough. After pressing the key, which stopped the trial, observers reported how many pacmen were seen and where they were located. Supporting the Gestalt hypothesis, breakthrough was faster when the pacmen were aligned and observers more often reported pairs of pacmen if they were aligned. To address whether these effects reflected illusory shape perception, a computational model was applied to the pacman report distributions and breakthrough times for an experiment with four pacmen. A full account of the data required an increased joint probability of reporting all four pacmen, suggesting an influence of a perceived illusory cross.

Presbyopia correction using the monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile in myopic eyes.

To analyze the 6-month outcomes of the treatment combination of the monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile (PresbyMAX) and contralateral aspheric monofocal laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) ablation profile for correction of myopia and presbyopia. Yonsei University College of Medicine and Eyereum Eye Clinic, Seoul, South Korea. Retrospective case series. This was a retrospective case review of 92 patients (184 eyes) diagnosed with myopia who underwent uneventful simultaneous bi-aspheric ablation in the nondominant eye and aspheric monofocal regular LASIK in the dominant eye to correct myopia and presbyopia between January 2017 and August 2020. Monocular and binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and near visual acuity (UNVA), and corrected distance visual acuity and near visual acuity were analyzed postoperatively. At 6 months postoperatively, the mean UDVAs (logMAR) in the dominant and nondominant eyes were 0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.26 ± 0.15, respectively. Furthermore, all treated dominant eyes achieved 20/20 or better monocular UDVA, and 84% achieved 20/16 or better monocular UDVA. In the nondominant treated eyes, 89% achieved 20/50 or better monocular UDVA, 78% achieved 20/40 or better, and 34% achieved 20/32 or better. The binocular cumulative UDVA at 6 months postoperatively was 20/20 or better in all patients. All patients achieved J2 or better in binocular cumulative UNVA, and 83% achieved J1. Presbyopia correction using the combination of PresbyMAX in the near eye and aspheric monofocal regular LASIK in the distant eye is a safe and effective treatment for presbyopia in patients with myopia.

Effects of eye dominance on shade matching and color perception among the dentist population.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of eye dominance on color perception, and shade matching. A total of 104 participants were selected for the study. There were 3 groups: Group I: 3rd and 4th year dental students and interns (n = 40); Group II: postgraduates (n = 34); Group III: senior residents and faculty members (≥ 6 years of clinical experience) (n = 30). All participants were evaluated for congenital color blindness with Ishihara plates, their dominant eye with Mile's test, and their color perception with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test. The shade guide test was used for shade matching with a second corresponding set of Vitapan classical shade guides. The results of Mile's test revealed that 60.6% were right-eye dominant and 39.4% were left-eye dominant. There was a statistically significant difference among all participants between the dominant eye and the non-dominant eye in shade matching. The dominant eye has a positive effect on shade matching and the ability to match shades becomes better with an increase in clinical experience.

Coarse-to-Fine Feedback Guidance Based Stereo Image Quality Assessment Considering Dominant Eye Fusion

Considering that the human brain always follows a coarse-to-fine (low-to-high spatial frequency) visual processing and fusion mechanism, we propose a coarse-to-fine feedback guidance based stereo image quality assessment (SIQA) network which considers a coarse-to-fine feedback guidance and adaptive dominant eye mechanism. The proposed network consists of two main sub-network streams, each of which has three branches to extract low, middle and high spatial frequency information in parallel. To better realize the guidance of the high-level features in the low spatial frequency branch to the low-level features in the high spatial frequency branch, an information feedback guidance module (IFGM) is proposed, which realizes a top-down guidance mechanism in each sub-network stream. Simultaneously, according to the theory of ocular dominance in human visual system (HVS), we design an adaptive bi-directional parallax-based binocular fusion module (BPBFM), which synthesizes two types of fusion feature by taking the left and right view features as dominant eye input. Furthermore, in order to obtain the better perceptual quality of stereo images, we design a weighted fusion strategy to weigh the quality scores from the two types of fusion features obtained by using an ensemble model with two multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs). The experimental results on four public stereo image datasets show that the proposed method is superior to the mainstream metrics and achieves an excellent performance.

Rethinking International Order in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from Courtly Ceremonial

AbstractOnce the object of consensus, every aspect of the traditional account of early modern Europe as an anarchic system of sovereign states is now debated—from the existence of sovereign states to the notion of anarchy, and even the European limits of that system. In the context of these disagreements, I develop a new account of international order in early modern Europe grounded in the perceptions of historical actors. I first argue that this can be achieved by studying the tools that practitioners relied on to describe and organize political authority in the world. I subsequently delve into a common, though seldom-studied, tool developed by a group of practitioners known as masters of ceremonies: courtly ceremonial (or ius praecedentiae). I make three substantive claims. First, the political authorities identified in manuals on courtly ceremonial were primarily crowns and republics, but in the later eighteenth century, all eventually came to be described as “states.” Second, all political authorities stood in a hierarchy determined by a specific set of criteria I identify, but new criteria—power and sovereignty—emerged over the course of the eighteenth century. Third, the scope of international order was not self-evident, and it certainly did not have clear “European” limits in the eyes of masters of ceremonies; non-European political authorities could easily be integrated into their orders of precedence. Ultimately, I suggest that IR scholars should reconsider why they study early modern Europe and how they study international orders.

From imbalanced visual inputs to imbalanced visual attention: Seeking the neural mechanisms for short-term ocular dominance plasticity

From imbalanced visual inputs to imbalanced visual attention: Seeking the neural mechanisms for short-term ocular dominance plasticity

Changes in accommodation in children with hyperopic anisometropia and unilateral amblyopia after laser refractive surgery and pleoptic treatment

This study comparatively analyzes the state of accommodation in children with hyperopic anisometropia and amblyopia after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (Femto-LASIK) combined with pleoptic treatment, and after conventional pleoptic treatment. The first group consisted of 30 children with medium and high hyperopia, high and medium amblyopia, and anisometropia greater than 3.0 diopters, who underwent Femto-LASIK in the amblyopic eye. The second group consisted of 28 children with similar local status, who were prescribed traditional correction and received conservative treatment. The follow-up period was 1.5 years. After 1.5 years, higher visual acuity (p<0.05) was achieved in the first group. A significant increase in the coefficient of accommodative response (CAR) was observed in the operated amblyopic eyes in group 1 - by 0.1±0.02 c.u. compared to the control group (p<0.05). In both groups there was an upwards trend for the coefficient of microfluctuations (CMF) in the amblyopic eye, but in the first group CMF increased more significantly (p<0.05). The objective accommodative response (OAR) and positive relative accommodation (PRA) of the amblyopic eye showed a double increase - by 1.0±0.23 and 0.9±0.38 diopters, respectively, at the end of treatment in the first group. The increase in similar indicators in the second group was insignificant (p<0.05). In children of the first group the difference in ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) of the amblyopic eye with disabled and enabled accommodation increased by 0.04±0.01 mm (p<0.05) in the anterior part of the ciliary muscle at the levels of CMTmax and CMT1. The data obtained in this study indicate the strong effect of refractive laser surgery in combination with pleoptic treatment on improving the visual acuity and the state of accommodation of the amblyopic and paired dominant eyes in children with hyperopic anisometropia, in contrast to conventional methods of treatment.