Ocular Bulb Research Articles

Post-mortem biochemical investigations of vitreous humor

For several decades vitreous humor has been used for post-mortem biochemical investigations with the objective of a post-mortem diagnosis of pre-existing diseases and the clarification of forensic issues, in particular the determination of the post-mortem interval. For the determination of measured concentrations in vitreous humor pre-analytic factors as well as analytical and instrumental variations have to be taken into consideration. The aim of this study was a methodical investigation of two methods of sample pre-treatment as influencing variables. The compared methods were centrifugation and treatment in the ultrasonic bath. The determined parameters were sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, lactate, urea, glucose and creatinine. Analyses were performed photometrically or by an ion-selective electrode. For some of the analytes a dilution was necessary before analysing. Regarding to the two pre-treatment methods, significant differences in the measured concentrations were not found. The precision proved to be mostly unsatisfying and was clearly better in diluted samples than in undiluted aliquots. A comparison of the vitreous humor of the two ocular bulbs did not lead to significant differences.

Bilateral Orbital Roof Fracture

Bilateral orbital roof fractures are rare events usually associated with high-energy impact trauma. The clinical picture is often multiple because of involvement of cranial, cerebral, and facial injuries. The primary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches aim to safeguard the cerebral state and to intercept the consequences of severe orbital trauma. The latter may present dramatic events and determine permanent ocular bulb or optic nerve damage, even vision impairment and blindness. Immediate intraorbital decompression decreases the pressure exerting directly or indirectly on the optic nerve. Surgical decompression of the orbit was performed in a young man showing almost complete blindness after bilateral orbital roof fracture. The final result showed good recovery of vision and functional motility of the bulbs.

Considerações radiodosimétricas da braquiterapia ocular com iodo-125 e rutênio/ródio-106

OBJETIVO: Analisar, por meio de um modelo computacional da região ocular, as características da distribuição da dose utilizando placas contendo iodo-125 e rutênio/ródio-106. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi utilizado um modelo computacional de voxels da região ocular incluindo os diversos tecidos, com a placa posicionada sobre a esclera. O código Monte Carlo foi utilizado para simular a irradiação. A distribuição da dose é apresentada por curvas de isodoses. RESULTADOS: As simulações computacionais apresentam a distribuição da dose no interior do bulbo e nas estruturas externas. Os resultados permitem comparar a distribuição espacial das doses geradas por partículas beta e por fótons. As simulações mostram que a aplicação de sementes de iodo-125 implica alta dose no cristalino, enquanto o rutênio/ródio-106 produz alta dose na superfície da esclera. CONCLUSÃO: A dose no cristalino depende da espessura do tumor, da posição e do diâmetro da placa, e do radionuclídeo utilizado. No presente estudo, a fonte de rutênio/ródio-106 é recomendada para tumores de dimensões reduzidas. A irradiação com iodo-125 gera doses maiores no cristalino do que a irradiação com rutênio/ródio-106. O valor máximo de dose no cristalino corresponde a 12,75% do valor máximo de dose com iodo-125 e apenas 0,005% para rutênio/ródio-106.

Colour Doppler imaging evaluation of blood flow parameters in the ophthalmic artery in acute and chronic phases of optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis

Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is caused by the immune-mediated inflammation of the optic nerve. Some vascular factors that may influence blood flow in the ophthalmic artery (OA) have also been suggested as factors in the pathogenesis of ON. The purpose of our study was to evaluate blood flow velocities and resistance (RI) and pulsatile (PI) indices in the OA in both orbits in patients in the acute and chronic phases of unilateral ON and to compare these with equivalent findings in healthy control subjects. Orbital colour Doppler imaging (CDI) was performed in 40 consecutive MS patients during acute unilateral ON prior to corticosteroid treatment. Optic neuritis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical presentation and facultative assessment of visual evoked potentials (VEPs). The peak systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic (EDV) velocities and RI and PI were measured in the OA in both eyes. We compared results from affected and unaffected orbits using the paired t-test. The same measurements were performed in 114 MS patients with a history of acute unilateral ON that occurred > 1 year prior to ultrasound examination. We also measured the same parameters in the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) on both sides in all subjects in both groups. The same measurements were obtained in healthy controls. The PSV (p < 0.0001), RI (p < 0.0001) and PI (p < 0.0001) in the OA in the eye affected with acute ON were significantly higher than in the unaffected eye. There was no difference in EDV in the OA between affected and unaffected eyes (p > 0.05) in the group with acute ON. We did not observe any significant differences between eyes in either blood flow velocities or the RI or PI (p > 0.05) in the group in the chronic phase of ON or in the control group. All the parameters in the MCAs on both sides were normal in both the acute and chronic groups, as well as in the control group. Pathophysiological changes during acute unilateral ON influence orbital haemodynamics, as is indicated by increased PSV, RI and PI in the OA in eyes affected with ON. However, these changes do not persist over longer periods.

Increased 18F-FDG Uptake in the Posterior Ocular Bulb Is Associated with Brain Metastasis: A Retrospective Study

An observation of increased (18)F-FDG uptake in the posterior ocular bulb led us to the hypothesis that increased posterior ocular bulb uptake is likely abnormal and may indicate intracranial lesions. Fifteen healthy volunteers and 35 patients with lung carcinoma-14 without brain metastasis and 21 with brain metastases-were retrospectively studied. The individuals underwent whole-body PET/CT including the brain with low-dose and unenhanced CT. Two nuclear medicine physicians visually analyzed the posterior ocular bulb uptake of both eyes. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) in the posterior ocular bulb were compared among the study groups. A radiologist reviewed brain MRI scans for abnormalities in the ocular bulbs and orbits. Visual interpretation showed normal FDG uptake at the posterior ocular bulb in 14 of the 15 healthy volunteers and 12 of the 14 (86%) patients without brain metastasis. Seventeen of the 21 (81%) patients with brain metastases showed increased uptake in the posterior ocular bulb. Visual interpretation showed no statistically significant difference between the healthy volunteers and patients without brain metastasis (p = 0.671). However, there was a significant difference between the patients with brain metastases and healthy volunteers as well as patients without brain metastasis (both, p < 0.001). High interrater agreement (kappa = 0.83) was noted. Brain MRI showed no abnormalities at the posterior ocular bulb in all study subjects. SUV results were inaccurate because of the intense tracer activity in the posterior orbit nearby. A good correlation between visually increased posterior ocular bulb uptake and the presence of brain metastasis was present (Cramer's V = 0.61). Visually increased FDG uptake along the posterior ocular bulb is an abnormal finding and may indicate intracranial structural abnormalities such as brain metastases.

Glaucoma de ângulo fechado secundário à inflamação orbitária inespecífica: relato de caso

The nonspecific orbital inflammatory presents several clinical forms. When it evolves the posterior segment of the eye, usually by contiguity, it can lead to serious damage to vision functions. Posterior scleritis causes permanent damage to the vision and rarely progresses to acute glaucoma. E.N., a 24-year-old black man, complained of pain in the left eye (OS) for ten days, with low visual acuity, malaise, nauseas and vomiting. On ophthalmologic examination, he presented proptosis, restricted eye movements and edema on the upper left eyelid. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in OD and counting fingers at 1.5m in OS. The intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg in OD and 34 mmHg in OS. The biomicroscopy presented in OS conjunctival hyperemia cornea with keratic precipitates, shallow anterior chamber with cells and flare 2+. Gonioscopy in OS showed angle-closure of 360 masculine. The ophthalmoscopic examination revealed increased vascular tortuosity and posterior pole edema. Treatment for acute glaucoma was initiated and complementary tests were ordered. Ocular ultrasonography and orbit computerized tomography showed a diffuse thickening of the ocular wall and extrinsic muscles. Other tests were normal. The presumptive diagnosis was acute nonspecific orbital inflammation affecting the ocular bulb posterior segment together with acute glaucoma. He initiated on prednisone 60 mg/day PO. After two weeks of systemic corticotherapy, the patient was asymptomatic, with evident regression of proptosis and scleritis and normal intraocular pressure (11 mmHg in AU). Although not very frequent, acute glaucoma may be present in orbital inflammatory process and should be treated with systemic corticotherapy and topical medication.

Charbon palpébral : à propos d’un cas

Anthrax disease is an acute infection caused by Bacillus anthracis. It appears in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal, and cutaneous, whose palpebral location is rare but serious. The authors report the case of a 38-year-old patient who presented 3 weeks after the appearance of an upper and lower palpebral tumefaction. Questioning revealed that he was a cattle breeder. The ophthalmologic examination of the right eye brought out serosanguineous blisters, an edema, and necrotic scabs involving the upper and lower eyelids, preventing any clinical examination of the ocular bulb. The bacteriological sample was negative. The patient progressed well when treated with G penicillin, but retained a cicatricial ectropion. Anthrax is receiving increasing interest given how difficult it is to diagnose, the severe prognosis, and the possibility of its dissemination in bacteriological warfare or bioterrorism.

Uso de atracúrio para o bloqueio da musculatura extrínseca do bulbo ocular em cães submetidos à anestesia inalatória sob ventilação espontânea

Comparou-se o bloqueio da musculatura extrínseca do bulbo ocular com três doses de atracúrio em cães submetidos à anestesia inalatória sob ventilação espontânea. Em estudo cego, foram utilizados seis cães, pré-medicados com 0,1mg/kg de acepromazina intravenoso (IV), anestesiados com 5mg/kg de propofol, entubados e mantidos sob anestesia inalatória com 1,5% de isofluorano e submetidos a quatro tratamentos: não tratados (controle), tratados com 25µg/kg (G25) de atracúrio IV, com 50µg/kg (G50) de atracúrio IV e com 75µg/kg (G75) de atracúrio IV. Mensuraram-se: pressão parcial de CO2 expirado (ETCO2), freqüência cardíaca (FC), freqüência respiratória (&lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;¦&lt;/FONT&gt;), saturação arterial de oxiemoglobina (SatO2) e tempo de centralização do bulbo ocular. Nos grupos tratados com atracúrio, o ETCO2 aumentou aos 5min, e permaneceu aumentado até 10min em G50 e até 20min em G75, sendo este o único tratamento cuja concentração de ETCO2 apresentou-se acima de 50mmHg. Não houve reinalação de CO2 em nenhum grupo. Em G75, observou-se aumento crescente da &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;¦&lt;/FONT&gt; até os 40min e considerável bradicardia após 10min; ambos retornaram aos valores basais após esse período. A centralização do bulbo ocular foi crescente de acordo com a dose: G25, 38±13min; G50, 65±16,4 min; G75, 78±27min, mas não houve diferença estatística entre G50 e G75. Conclui-se que G50 apresentou bloqueio satisfatório sem promover intensa e prolongada hipercapnia nos animais.

Topography of the posterior arteries supplying the eye and relations to the optic nerve

The aim of the study was to investigate the arterial blood supply of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve. The location, course, length and diameter of the central retinal artery (CRA) and posterior ciliary arteries were studied in 19 adult white male preserved cadavers of between 35 and 75 years of age. In right eyes, the first branch of the intraorbital part of the ophthalmic artery was the CRA in 26.3% (5/19) and the CRA and medial posterior ciliary artery in 21% (4/19) of eyes. In left eyes, the first branch of the intraorbital part of the ophthalmic artery was the CRA in 47.4% (9/19) and the CRA and medial posterior ciliary artery in 26.3% (5/19) of eyes. The CRA was observed as a single branch in 57.9% and a trunk in 42.1% of right eyes, and as a single branch in 52.6% and a trunk in 47.3% of left eyes. The outer diameter of the CRA measured 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm (min-max 0.5-0.9 mm) in right eyes and 0.6 +/- 0.2 mm (min-max 0.4-0.9 mm) in left eyes. The CRA entered the optic nerve 7.5 +/- 2.2 mm (min-max 5.3-12.5 mm) behind the ocular bulb in right eyes and 7.4 +/- 2.3 mm (min-max 5.3-14.1 mm) behind it in left eyes, at its lower and medial side. The posterior ciliary arteries ran forward, divided into multiple branches and pierced the sclera close to the optic nerve medially, laterally or superiorly. The longitudinal capillaries ran between the optic nerve and the CRA antero-posteriorly, while the transverse capillaries surrounded the optic nerve. Collaterals from both the longitudinal and transverse capillaries joined to form a complicated capillary plexus. This article confirms the well known variability of the arterial circulation of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve. Better understanding of the arterial anatomy of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve should enable appropriate modification of surgical techniques.

Proteome Profiling in the Rat Harderian Gland

The Harderian gland is an orbital gland located behind the ocular bulb in most terrestrial vertebrates probably functioning for production of lipid secretion to protect the eye. We herein present a protein reference database of the rat Harderian gland that may serve as analytical tool for future proteomic work, report lipid and porphyrin handling cascades, address sequence conflicts and report structures that have not been so far described by proteomics methods.

Retinopatia hipertensiva: revisão

O presente estudo faz uma revisao do tema retinopatia hipertensiva. Para tanto propos-se uma breve revisao dos dados historicos da retinopatia hipertensiva. Este estudo relata as alteracoes classicas da retinopatia hipertensiva e suas classificacoes, bem como os achados mais recentes associados a hipertensao arterial sistemica, os provaveis mecanismos fisiopatologicos e as alteracoes histologicas associadas a retinopatia hipertensiva. Abordamos, ainda, os diversos metodos utilizados para a investigacao, suas vantagens e desvantagens; uma visao critica da interpretacao dos sinais do envolvimento do bulbo ocular pela hipertensao arterial sistemica; ainda, baseado na diversidade das metodologias de investigacao da retinopatia, comenta-se a repercussao desta, na prevalencia da retinopatia hipertensiva e suas implicacoes, como orgao-alvo da hipertensao arterial sistemica, em um contexto atualizado da sindrome metabolica e de outros fatores associados a fisiopatologia da HAS, como a leptina e a endotelina.

Evolutionary Morphology of the Zygomatic Gland and Lacrimal Bulla in Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 — Mammalia, Cervidae)

The dissection of the heads of three adult roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus) provided evidence that this species of the Cervidae, like carnivores, lagomorphs and certain members of the Bovidae, possesses a zygomatic salivary gland. Homology of this salivary gland in ruminants and carnivores is assumed on the basis of its over-all topographic position and the number and course of its excretory ducts. The zygomatic gland of roe deer is a polystomatic gland and amounts to 0.02% of body weight. As in Saiga tatarica and Capricornis crispus (Bovidae), its secretions are predominantly serous. Its slightly alterated position in roe deer (and in bovids) seems to be caused by an evolutionary transformation of orbitotemporal proportions and the formation of a lacrimal bulla, in particular. This is an inflation of the intraorbital portion of the lacrimal bone providing ventral support to the ocular bulb. The lacrimal bulla is a late evolved character and emerges late in ontogeny. Its postnatal development in roe deer is presented. Comparison with the neonatal stage of lacrimal morphology in cattle suggests a similar ontogenetic development in the Bovidae. The adult grysbok ( Raphicerus melanotis, Neotraginae, Bovidae) provides a ‘model situation’ of the primitive character state at the beginning of the evolutionary development of a lacrimal bulla. Zygomatic gland, lacrimal bulla and other structural elements of the ruminant orbitotemporal region provide an example of the interlocked evolutionary transformation of a complex system, the morphological result of which is a multi-layered compromise between several structurofunctional constraints.

Enlargement of mandibular canal without hypesthesia caused by extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomaA case report

A rare condition of enlargement of the mandibular canal caused by an extra-nodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a 59-year-old Japanese woman was reported. The patient had a swelling of the hard palate and protrusion of both ocular bulbs, which had been present for 10 years. A panoramic radiograph revealed that the right mandibular canal was widely enlarged, extending from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen, without bone destruction. The continuous dilation of the mandibular canal to an approximate 15-mm width was associated with peripheral bony sclerosis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a soft tissue tumor inside the mandibular canal. The lesion demonstrated expansive growth in the orbits, extending to the skull base through the superior orbital fissures and cavernous sinus. The lymphoma was suspected to have grown so slowly that the adjacent mandibular canal and ocular bulbs enlarged without destroying the normal bone and nervous tissue. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:388-92)

A new device for ocular surgical training on enucleated eyes

Objective To develop a reliable inexpensive device for teaching ocular surgical procedures and practicing experimental techniques on enucleated eyes. Design Teaching device trial. Participants Thirty enucleated porcine eyes. Methods A Plexiglas ocular bulb holder was secured with its base support to a polyvinylchloride pillar on a modified polystyrene trial head. Main outcome measure The convenience and reproducibility of both laser and surgical ocular techniques performed with this new device were evaluated. Results This model allows curvilinear capsulorrhexis and phacoemulsification of porcine lenses through a corneal tunnel incision and insertion of a soft foldable acrylic intraocular lens into the capsular bag. Argon and neodymium:YAG laser iridotomy and retinal argon laser photocoagulation can also be performed with this model. Conclusions This inexpensive device is useful for teaching both surgical and laser ocular procedures.

Torsional shift operation, a tool in complete early childhood strabismus

By means of torsional shift operation, or "rotatory Kestenbaum procedure" - in which both ocular bulbs are rotated to the side to which the head is inclined - head malpostures can be eliminated or alleviated in three out of four cases. This applies both to the smaller group of patients with true nystagmus compensation as well as to the large group with "tilt" as a part-symptom of Lang's early-onset strabismus syndrome. The procedure for all four oblique muscles is described in detail, including the strategies for preventing side effects. The results of 98 operations are presented in tabular form. Additionally, the authors describe on the basis of case histories how to apply and modify the procedure when other typical, severe symptoms of early-onset strabismus syndrome require surgical correction. The discussion considers facts and hypotheses relating to the pathophysiological background.

A method for orienting the ocular portion of an orbital prosthesis

The success of an orbital prosthesis depends largely on the correct orientation of the pupil and ocular bulb. The method presented in this article uses a transparency projection from which a tracing of prominent facial features is made. The transfer of these dimensions to the facial cast reduces the chairside time that is necessary to position the pupil and orbital bulb.

Prognosis of oculomotor palsy in patients with aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery

In patients with symptomatic aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery, the prognosis of oculomotor palsy mainly depends on the interval between the onset of palsy and the time of operation, and furthermore on the degree of preoperative deficit and the development of the cranial nerve lesion. The incidence of ultimately complete or incomplete palsy is the same in cases with subarachnoid haemorrhage and without rupture ("warning symptom"). In many cases, an initially incomplete paresis develops to a complete ocular palsy within eight days. Ptosis is generally the first symptom, and it frequently shows the earliest recovery of all other disturbed oculomotor functions after surgery. Full recovery of oculomotor palsy occurs usually only in those patients who undergo early clipping of an aneurysm, i.e. mainly within 10 days after onset of ocular palsy. Complete restitution after carotid ligation is possible, but rare. In cases with full recovery, restitution occurs mostly within three months, sometimes even within a few weeks. An improvement in oculomotor palsy is still possible after a year, but ultimately in these patients recovery remains always more or less incomplete. Incomplete restitution of a third cranial nerve lesion is very often associated with aberrant regeneration and subsequent synkinetic ocular movement. The restitution of the single ocular muscle functions shows a fairly constant course: the levator palpebrae muscle and the M. rectus medialis show rapid recovery. The parasympathetic fibres follow next, but normal function of elevation and depression of the ocular bulb (M. rectus sup., M. obliquus inf. and M. rectus inf.) is often delayed.

GONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE EYE

Acta OphthalmologicaVolume 46, Issue 3 p. 355-359 GONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE EYE Report on 218 cases of grave reduction of vision caused by bilateral malformation of the ocular bulb Eva Lindstedt, Eva LindstedtSearch for more papers by this author Eva Lindstedt, Eva LindstedtSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1968 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1968.tb02816.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume46, Issue3June 1968Pages 355-359 RelatedInformation