Octachlorodibenzofuran Research Articles

Relationships between dioxin concentrations in deposited dust and those in serum of workers at municipal waste incineration plants

Relationships between concentrations of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) in deposited dust and those in the serum of incinerator workers were examined at 13 municipal incineration plants. The following results were found. 1) Dust analysis showed that dominant constituents were octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) among PCDDs, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) among PCDFs. The toxicity equivalents (TEQs) of total PCDDs and PCDFs in the deposited dust were 0.54 to 33 ngTEQ/g, which were about 1,000 to 10,000 times as high as those in general soil. 2) The mean of serum TEQ of PCDDs, that of PCDFs and that of total PCDDs and PCDFs in the incinerator workers were 16, 12 and 28 pg TEQ/g lipid, respectively, for all the incinerator workers. Concentrations of hexachlorodibenzofurans (HxCDFs) and HpCDFs in the serum were significantly higher in the incinerator workers than the general population, which suggests that these workers had inhaled these chemicals during their work. 3) The concentration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF and the TEQ value of PCDFs and in the serum were positively correlated with those in dust except for three plants where large-scale remodeling of the equipment was conducted within the past seven years. Consequently, deposited dust analysis may be useful for judging whether health examination containing blood dioxin measurement is necessary or not.

A mixture of dioxins, furans, and non-ortho PCBs based upon consensus toxic equivalency factors produces dioxin-like reproductive effects.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) and related polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) alter the reproductive development of laboratory animals. Therefore, we exposed animals to a mixture of dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that included TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), and 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169). The mixture composition approximated the relative abundance of these compounds in foodstuff (L. S. Birnbaum and M. J. DeVito, 1995, Toxicology Vol. 105, pp. 391–401). Following the work of Gray et al. with TCDD (1997, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Vol. 146, pp. 11–20), we exposed time-pregnant dams on gestation day (GD) 15 at doses up to 1.0 μg TCDD toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg and the development of offspring was monitored. This mixture significantly increased the time to puberty in both male and female offspring. At postnatal day (PND) 32 seminal vesicle weights were decreased; however, only ventral prostate weight was affected at PND 49 and no effects were seen at PND 63. In female offspring, the mixture caused dose-dependent increases in the incidence of vaginal thread. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was higher than with TCDD the comparable TEQ exposure. Based on the slightly lowered responsiveness to the mixture, we used 2.0 μg TEQ/kg to examine reproductive effects. This dose elicited the responses observed with 1.0 μg TCDD/kg. Results indicate that the mixture causes a similar spectrum of effects seen with TCDD and the slightly lowered degree of response based on administered dose appears to be due to decreased transfer of mixture components to the offspring. Thus, the use of the WHO consensus TEFs (M. Van den Berg et al., 1998, Environ. Health Perspec. 106, 775–792) reasonably predicts the developmental toxicity of this mixture of dioxin-like PHAHs.

Evaluation of an aqueous KOH digestion followed by hexane extraction for analysis of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in retailed fish.

Aqueous KOH digestion followed by hexane extraction has been employed in the extraction of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) for biological samples, but there are no reports on its evaluation. Therefore, we report here the evaluation of this extraction for the analysis of dioxins in retailed fish. The effect of the alkaline digestion on dioxins was evaluated by estimation of recoveries. The recoveries of dioxins after the alkaline digestion were good (79-106%) in various kinds of retailed fish except tuna. In tuna, loss of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) was clearly observed, however, the loss was corrected by internal-standard quantification; (13)C12-labeled OCDF was added before the alkaline digestion. Comparative study showed that alkaline digestion followed by hexane extraction provides extraction efficiencies of dioxins equal to those of conventional Soxhlet extraction in fish. Additionally, in analysis of a certified reference fish sample with this extraction, the values obtained for certified isomers were almost equal to the certified values. Since the present method is very simple and inexpensive, it would be useful for analysis of dioxins in retailed fish.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in serum samples of workers at intermittently burning municipal waste incinerators in Japan

Objectives: To find whether or not incinerator workers employed at intermittently burning municipal incineration plants are exposed to high concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Methods: 20...

Disposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and non-ortho Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Pregnant Long Evans Rats and the Transfer to Offspring

Pharmacokinetic properties of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho biphenyls (PCBs) play a critical role in their relative toxicity. The present study examined the transfer of these chemicals to offspring and placenta. Pregnant Long Evans rats received 0.0 (control), 0.05, 0.2, 0.8, and 1.0 μg/kg of dioxin toxic equivalence (TEQ) by oral gavage on the 15th gestational day (GD 15), using a dosing mixture that contained 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), and 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) in ratios approximating that in food. Rats were euthanized on GD 16, GD 21, and postnatal day 4 (PND 4). The chemical concentrations in fetus, pup, placenta, and maternal liver, serum, and adipose tissue were determined using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. A dose-dependent increase in hepatic sequestration was seen with TCDD, PeCDD, 4-PeCDF, OCDF, PCB 126, and PCB 169, and the transfer to offspring was reduced at higher doses. 4-PeCDF, PeCDD and PCB 126 showed higher liver affinity than TCDD. TCDF, 1-PeCDF, and PCB 77 were metabolized rapidly. On GD 16, TCDD and the three PCBs reached equilibration between the fetus and placenta, but this did not occur with PeCDD and 4-PeCDF until GD 21, according to the lipid-based concentrations. Offspring compartments received more of the dosed compounds lactationally than transplacentally (7−28% versus 0.5−3%). The behavior of each congener was dose-dependent; therefore, extrapolation of high-dose experimental data should be used with caution.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in the serum samples of workers at continuously burning municipal waste incinerators in Japan

OBJECTIVESTo find whether concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in serum increased in workers at municipal incinerators that burn continuously.METHODS30 Workers employed at three municipal waste incineration...

Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Surficial Sediments of the Venice Lagoon (Italy)

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have been measured in samples from 24 sites in the Venice Lagoon. They ranged from 16 to 13 642 ng kg −1 (dioxins) and from 49 to 126 561 ng kg −1 (furans), with TEQs spanning between 0.5 and 2857 ng kg −1. The highest concentrations have been found in sediments of the canals of the 1st Industrial Area. These sediments represent a potential risk for the lagoon environment because they can be episodically resuspended by dredging operations or passage of ships. Lagoon sediments are much less contaminated. Three different PCDD/F congener profiles have been identified: one is mainly octachloro dibenzo- p-dioxin (OCDD) and comes from combustion, the second is characterized by the almost exclusive presence of octachloro dibenzofuran (OCDF) and can be associated to the stripping of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), the third contains significant amounts of different congeners, and was probably originated by different productions within the 1st Industrial Area.

Differentiation of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxin and dibenzofuran sources in coastal British Columbia, Canada

AbstractMultivariate pattern analysis techniques, principal components analysis, and polytopic vector analysis (PVA) were used to apportion sources of dioxins and furans to Howe Sound and the lower Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem, British Columbia, Canada, based on deposition in recent sediments. In sediment cores collected in 1990, differences between congeners in the depth of maximum concentration suggested the influence over time of several different sources. Those with a predominance of hexachlorinated dibenzodioxins and 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzofuran comprised one of the major contributions to the sediment core samples and surficial samples collected from Howe Sound, consistent with past inputs of pulpmill effluent. For most sediment samples, however, over 50% of the composition was attributable to a separate source with octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (OCDD) as the dominant congener, followed by heptachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxins with small amounts of heptachlorodibenzofuran and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF). This source signature is consistent with the composition of dioxins/furans in formulations of pentachlorophenol‐based wood preservatives, which were used extensively in British Columbia, Canada prior to the mid‐1980s. This major input signature to the greater Strait of Georgia cannot be unequivocally ascribed to PCP use and disposal, however, since several other dioxin/furan sources also exhibit a highly similar composition, one dominated by OCDD. For example, source signatures similar to PCP formulations include those from diesel emissions, coal combustion, municipal solid waste, or other incineration stack emissions (fly ash, in particular), chimney soot from oil central heating, black‐liquor recovery furnace flue gas, and scrap wire and car incineration. Further research is required to discriminate among the OCDD‐containing sources and, hence, provide for improved future source management.

Dose-response relationships for disposition and hepatic sequestration of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls following subchronic treatment in mice.

Humans are exposed to mixtures of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls mainly through the diet. Many of these chemicals are dioxin-like and their relative toxicity is related to their ability to bind and activate the Ah receptor. The present study examines the structure-activity relationship for disposition of these chemicals in female B6C3F1 mice following subchronic exposures. Mice were treated 5 days/week for 13 weeks by oral gavage with different doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD),2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (TBDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (126), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (169), 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl (105), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (118), and 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (156). All of the chemicals examined exhibited dose-dependent increases in the liver/fat concentrations except PCBs 105, 118, and 156. While TCDD is the most potent toxicant in this class of chemicals, 4-PeCDF, PeCDD, OCDF, TCDF, and PCB126 were sequestered in hepatic tissue to a greater extent than was TCDD. The high affinity for hepatic tissue supports the presence of an inducible hepatic binding protein for some dixin-like chemicals. The differences in disposition between these chemicals suggests that pharmacokinetic differences between congeners is important in the relative potency of these chemicals.

Bioaccumulation and lack of toxicity of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) to early-life stages of zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio)

Previous studies with octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) in juvenile or adult fish exposed via water revealed no toxicity, despite significant bioaccumulation. With 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), the fish early-life stage study has been shown to be the most sensitive test system. Therefore, the effects of OCDD and OCDF on the early-life stages of zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) were determined during a flow-through test based on a column generator method. No statistically significant effect of OCDD and OCDF on the survival and hatching time of the eggs was found. Furthermore, no effects on survival, weight, general appearance or behaviour of the larvae were observed at the end of the exposure period of 32 days. GC-MS analysis of test solution samples revealed geometric mean measured concentrations of 32 (OCDD) and 34 ng/l (OCDF), respectively. Concentrations in surviving larvae at the end of the study were 61 (OCDD) and 94 (OCDF) μg/kg, respectively. These concentrations in zebra fish larvae were several orders of magnitude higher than concentrations in fish collected from the wild. In a review of the available laboratory fish experiments, we found a lack of biomagnification of OCDD and OCDF. We do not expect to find adverse effects of these compounds on the aquatic environment.

Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in a magnesium production plant.

The production of magnesium is a well known source of both aliphatic and aromatic chlorinated compounds, among others the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The aim of this study was to establish whether increased concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs could be found in the blood of workers in a magnesium plant. Blood plasma from 10 workers, employed at a magnesium plant for 10 to 36 years, and from a control group consisting of nine people who had no direct contact with the production were studied. Isomer specific analyses of PCDDs and PCDFs by means of high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) techniques were performed. A significant increase was found in the concentrations of some of the congeners, mainly PCDFs, in the workers compared with the control group. Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) is the congener that most strongly correlates with occupational exposure in the magnesium plant. Low concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran were found in seven of the workers. Such isomers--that is, not 2,3,7,8-substituted--are rarely found in human samples. Due to the long biological half lives and lipid solubility of PCDDs and PCDFs, blood analyses may serve as an index of past cumulative occupational exposure and a means of assessing a person's exposure situation.

A comparative study of the photolytic degradation of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) and octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (OCDD)

Photolysis at 290 nm and higher wavelengths of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was studied in three organic solvents hexane, 1,4-dioxane and methanol. It appeared that the degradation kinetics strongly depended on the type of solvent. OCDD degraded fastest in hexane, whereas OCDF degraded fastest in methanol. Less than 5% of the total loss of OCDD degraded by reductive dechlorination, with preferential loss of chlorine atoms at the 1 or 9 positions. 35 to 50% of the total loss of OCDF degraded via reductive dechlorination, with preferential loss of lateral chlorine. OCDF degraded faster than OCDD in all studied solvents. Photolysis at 290 run and higher wavelengths of OCDD and OCDF adsorbed onto alumina impregnated with copper (alumina/Cu) in the presence of natural and distilled water was also investigated. Under these more relevant environmental aquatic conditions, photolysis of OCDD and OCDF was much slower than photolysis in the studied organic solvents. Significant loss was only found for OCDF. A part of the loss of OCDF could be explained by reductive dechlorination; the results suggested that other mechanisms of degradation occurred in addition to reductive dechlorination. All photolysis experiments showed that OCDF was photochemically less stable than OCDD.

Degradation of Octachlorodibenzofuran and Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Spiked on Fly Ash: Kinetics and Mechanism

Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) degradation kinetics in a moist nitrogen stream and those of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) in a dry or moist airstream on pretreated fly ash were studied in a laboratory pilot plant with temperature ranging from 200 to 350 °C and reaction times varying from 15 to 240 min. The mathematical treatment of experimental data indicated that two reaction pathways, decomposition and dechlorination, operated independently because of a partition of the reagents in the fly ash according to a physical and a chemical adsorption. The decomposition reaction was of the first order with respect to the reactant adsorbed physically. The dechlorination reaction involved first-order series reactions. Here, the kinetic scheme for the first two dechlorination steps is discussed. Kinetic constants and partition constants at different temperatures as well as Arrhenius and Eyring parameters and the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption are calculated.

Comparing the Results of a Monte Carlo Analysis with EPA′s Reasonable Maximum Exposed Individual (RMEI): A Case Study of a Former Wood Treatment Site

In the United States, there are about 250 former sites that treated wood with preservatives that are now in need of some degree of remediation. The soil at many of these sites is contaminated with creosote, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). This paper compares the results of the current USEPA point estimate (deterministic) approach for predicting the health risks associated with exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs in soil with the results of a probabilistic approach which uses a Monte Carlo analysis. At many of these wood treatment sites the hazard posed by the PAHs, and especially pentachlorophenol, can be much greater than that due to PCDD and PCDFs; however, because at this site the health risk associated with PAHs was deemed negligible by ATSDR, only PCDDs/PCDFs were evaluated. Octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) congeners were evaluated independently from the other congeners due to their prevalence in the environment and the availability of congener-specific data. The results of the reevaluation of the rodent bioassay data for 2,3,7,8-TCDD were considered in the probability distribution for the cancer potency factor. The authors′ analyses indicate that when assessing exposure to soil via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, the current regulatory approach used to estimate the reasonable maximally exposed individual (RMEI) (USEPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol. 1, Part A, 1989) can predict risks which are 10- to 100-fold greater than the 95th percentile risk predicted by a Monte Carlo analysis.

Bioaccumulation of some polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and octachlorodibenzofuran in the guppy ( [formula omitted][formula omitted

A study is reported which investigates the bioconcentration and dietary accumulation of some chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins congeners (PCDDs) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ). Dietary bioaccumulation of the PCDD congeners and OCDF was insignificant. The bioconcentration factors of PCDDs and OCDF were approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those of polychlorinated biphenyls of similar 1-octanol-water partition coefficient. It is demonstrated that the low bioconcentration and dietary bioaccumulation factors of the PCDDs are due to rapid depuration of the chemicals from the fish. Metabolic transformation of the PCDDs in the fish is shown to be an important factor causing this rapid depuration. Metabolic transformation of the PCDDs appears to involve hydroxylation, probably mediated by the mixed function oxidase system.

Interaction between sample and packaging material - a potential source of contamination with PCDDs and PCDFs

During the investigation of foreign breast milk samples for residues of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) very elevated levels of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) were detected in several samples. Whereas with the exception of a very small number of specimens all samples analyzed so far contained OCDF levels below 10 ng/kg (ppt, based on lipid weight) in this case the values for OCDF ranged up to 274 ppt. Moreover we found some congeners which did not belong to the group with 2,3,7,8-chlorine substitution typical of biological materials. This finding gave rise to the suspicion that a secondary contamination must have occurred. The specimens were sent out in glass bottles sealed with screw caps. The cap liners consisted of cardboard onto which a thin copolymer of polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride was glued on. Investigations of these liners resulted in OCDF levels of 10 ng/g (ppb) and OCDD levels of 12 ng/g (pbb). Moreover several other congeners could be detected in the sub-pbb range. Their concentrations decreased with decreasing grade of chlorination. 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted congeners were found to be peaks of minor size. The typical pattern of dioxins and furans analyzed in the cap liners indicates that in all probability a contamination with pentachlorophenol (PCP) must have occurred. This is especially shown by the high levels of the octa- und hepta-isomers as well as by some marker congeners typical of PCP. Pulp bleaching seems to be improbable as a contamination source of these samples because in this case the lower chlorinated congeners would dominate.

Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans by Exhaustive Chlorination Method

A method of quantitative determination of minute amount of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), complex mixtures of isomers, was described. PCDD and PCDF (1-10μg) were exhaustively chlorinated to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) by heating with perchlorinating agent at 68-69°C for 2 hours. The perchlorinated compounds were quantitated by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector using XE-60 as a liquid phase. Yields of perchlorinated compounds from dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran both having two or more chlorine atoms were more than 75%, while from those having no or one chlorine were 4-16%. This method was also applicable to quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyls.By this perchlorination method, the contents of PCDD and PCDF in pesticide PCP, Kanechlor (KC) and Yusho oil were determined. From two brands of PCP, 430 and 0.6μg/g of OCDD and 290 and 1.3μg/g of OCDF were quantitated, respectively. Only PCDF were detected in KC-300, KC-400, KC-500, KC-600 and Yusho oil (3 samples), and their estimated contents calculated from the amounts of OCDF produced were 1.5, 16.6, 2.5, 2.7 and 4.9μg/g, respectively.

Environmental Generation and Degradation of Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans

Research ArticleOpen AccessEnvironmental generation and degradation of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. D G Crosby, K W Moilanen, and A S Wong D G Crosby Search for more papers by this author , K W Moilanen Search for more papers by this author , and A S Wong Search for more papers by this author Published:1 September 1973https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7305259Cited by:21AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Cutler S (2013) From the Rainforest to Your Grocery Store and Medicine Cabinet: 50 Years of Natural Products Research Pest Management with Natural Products, 10.1021/bk-2013-1141.ch002, (5-16), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Mino Y, Moriyama Y and Nakatake Y (2004) Degradation of 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by Fe3+–H2O2 mixed reagent, Chemosphere, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.023, 57:5, (365-372), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2004. 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