Plant Ocimum Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Fungal Endophytes - Endomycorrhizal Organs in Ocimum Sanctum and Santalum Album

The study of Endophytic fungi in the medicinal plants showed quite a variation. The plant Ocimum sanctum showed six types of fungi Trichoderma viridae, Fusarium solani, Gliocladium roseum, Cladosporium sp., Cladorrhinium sp. and Nigrospora sp. that were isolated from rhizosphere and found to be 42.8 % of the population of total fungi isolated, while only one type of endophyte, Mycelia sterilia was 14.2% of the total population of the isolates. The four fungi Fusarium solani, Gliocladium roseum, Mycelia sterilia and Nigrospora sp. were isolated as endophytes. with 42.8% of the total population of the isolates. In the plant Santalum album five fungi Trichoderma viridae, Stachylidium extorre, Pseudobotrytis sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Mycelia sterilia, were isolated from rhizosphere and found to be 55.55% of the population of total fungi isolated. While four fungi Chalaropsis sp., Phoma glomerata, Collectotrichum sp. and Fusarium solani were isolated as endophytes which accounted for 33.33%. The fungi common both as rhizospheric and endophytic include one isolate Collectotrichum sp. with 11.11% of the total population of the isolates. The presence of vesicles was observed within the cortical cells of both the plants Ocimum sanctum and Santalum album.

Ocimum sanctum as a Source of Quorum Sensing Inhibitors to Combat Antibiotic Resistance of Human and Aquaculture Pathogens.

Biofilms play a decisive role in the infectious process and the development of antibiotic resistance. The establishment of bacterial biofilms is regulated by a signal-mediated cell-cell communication process called "quorum sensing" (QS). The identification of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) to mitigate the QS process may facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies for biofilm-based infections. In this study, the traditional medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum was screened for QS inhibitory potential. Sub-MICs of the extract significantly affected the secretion of EPS in Gram-negative human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens, as well as aquaculture pathogens Vibrio harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, which render the bacteria more sensitive, leading to a loss of bacterial biomass from the substratum. The observed inhibitory activity of the O. sanctum extract might be attributed to the presence of eugenol, as evidenced through ultraviolet (UV)-visible, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, and computational studies. Additionally, the QSI potential of eugenol was corroborated through in vitro studies using the marker strain Chromobacterium violaceum.

Chemical composition and mosquitocidal properties of essential oil from Indian indigenous plants Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Ocimum americanum L. against three vector mosquitoes

Mosquitoes stand out as the most perilous and impactful vectors on a global scale, transmitting a multitude of infectious diseases to both humans and other animals. The primary objective of the current research was to assess the effectiveness of EOs from Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Ocimum americanum L. in controlling Anopheles stephensi Liston. Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes. The larvae, pupae and eggs of the mosquitoes were exposed to four different concentrations (6.25–50 ppm). The tested EOs resulted in >99–100 % mortality at 120 h for the eggs of all examined mosquito species. It also showed robust larvicidal and pupicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 values of 17–39, 23–60 ppm and 46–220, and 73–412 ppm against Aedes, Culex and Anopheles mosquito species, respectively, at 24 h of treatment. The Suitability Index or Predator Safety Factor demonstrated that the EOs extracted from O. tenuiflorum L. and O. americanum L. did not cause harm to P. reticulata, D. indicus (water bug), G. affinis and nymph (dragonfly). GC-MS analysis identified the major probable constituents of the oil, including Phenol, 2-Methoxy-4-(1-Propenyl)- (28.29 %); 1-Methyl-3-(1′-Methylcyclopropyl) Cyclopentene (46.46 %); (E,E,E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadeca-1,3,6,10,14-Pentaene (18.91 %) and 1,3-Isobenzofurandione, 3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-4,7-Dimethyl (33.02 %). These constituents may play a significant role in the mosquitocidal activity of the oil. The same results were identified in the formulation prepared from the EOs. This marks the first report confirming the successful utilization of EOs derived from O. tenuiflorum L. and O. americanum L. in mosquito population control initiatives.

Artificial night‐time lighting and nutrient enrichment synergistically favour the growth of alien ornamental plant species over co‐occurring native plants

Abstract Insights into ecological drivers of alien plant invasions can be gained through comparative studies of growth and fecundity of invasive alien plants versus those of co‐occurring non‐invasive alien plants and native plants across environmental conditions in common garden settings. Habitats that harbour alien plant species in many ecosystems globally are presently experiencing light pollution resulting from artificial light at night (ALAN) and increased rates of nutrient enrichment of the soil. However, the potential interactive effects of ALAN and nutrient enrichment on invasiveness of alien plant species remain unknown. Here, we performed a common‐garden experiment to test the interactive effects of ALAN and soil nutrient enrichment on the growth of a random set of ten alien (five invasive and five non‐invasive naturalized) and seven co‐occurring native ornamental plant species that are commonly cultivated within urban and peri‐urban areas of Nairobi city in Kenya. We predicted that a simultaneous increase in photoperiod via ALAN and nutrient enrichment will favour growth of invasive alien plant species over that of non‐invasive alien and native plant species. We grew the 17 plant species under natural daylight (ALAN−) versus natural daylight followed by ALAN (ALAN+) and fully crossed with two levels of nutrient enrichment (low vs. high) and competition (competition vs. no‐competition against a native plant Ocimum gratissimum) treatments. Under simultaneous high‐nutrient and no‐competition treatments, ALAN enhanced mean total biomass of invasive and non‐invasive naturalized alien species by 61.1% and 131.4%, respectively but decreased that of native plant species by 34%. In contrast, under simultaneous high‐nutrient and competition treatments, ALAN enhanced mean total biomass of invasive alien plant species by 68.6% and that of non‐invasive naturalized alien species by 51.9% and native species by 35.4%. High‐nutrient treatment enhanced flower formation more strongly in invasive and non‐invasive naturalized alien plants than in native plants. The invasive and non‐invasive naturalized alien species grew taller than native species across the light, nutrient, and competition treatments. Synthesis: The present findings suggest that light pollution and nutrient enrichment may jointly confer growth advantage to invasive alien plant species over that of co‐occurring native plant species and enhance invasiveness of alien plant species.

In vitro antifungal activity of aqueous extract and essential oil of African basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.)

Background: Fruit and vegetables are threatened by several diseases. These diseases are mainly treated with chemicals representing a real danger to human health and the environment. Aims: This study aims to develop safe and non-polluting alternatives such as medicinal plants to control fungal phytopathogens. Material and Methods: In the present study, the aqueous extract and essential oil of the medicinal plant Ocimum gratissimum L. were tested in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum. Results: The results show that the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. has significant antifungal activity on the studied strains. It inhibits completely the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from the concentration of 500 ppm. While at least 750 ppm is required for complete inhibition of the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Regarding the aqueous extract, total inhibition has been observed at the 60% concentration for Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. However, no concentration of aqueous extract completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Conclusion: This study can be a starting point for research on a promising solution using the essential oil and aqueous extract of O. gratissimum L. as alternatives to chemicals to manage anthracnose (caused by C. gloeosporioides) and gray mold (caused by B. cinerea). Keywords: Antifungal activity, aqueous extract, essential oil, Ocimum gratissimum L.

GC-MS and HPTLC Analysis of Ocimum basilicum Ethanolic extract obtained from five locations of Tamilnadu

Background/objective: The purpose of this study is to analysis the bioactive compounds present in the medicinal plant Ocimum basilicum (whole plant) which was obtained from the five locations of Tamil Nadu. Methods: The whole plant of Ocimum basilicum was shade dried and it was extracted with ethanol. GC-MS and HPTLC fingerprints profiles were performed in the extract to find out the phytochemical constituents and different bioactive compounds with the help of retention time and peak value of the respective samples. Results: Forty bioactive compounds with their peaks and their low and high molecular weight were identified with the help of GC-MS analysis for all the five samples. HPTLC method was performed with the solvent system (i.e) Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (6:5:1) and observed under UV-Vis 254nm and 366nmutilizing CAMAG REPROSTAR3 and flavonoid was quantified. Conclusion: The present study result of whole plant Ocimum basilicum ethanolic extract indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites and it is expected to exhibit healing properties.

Voltammetric techniques for low-cost on-site routine analysis of thymol in the medicinal plant Ocimum gratissimum

The composition of essential oils varies according to culture conditions and climate, which induces a need for simple and inexpensive characterization methods close to the place of extraction. This appears particularly important for developing countries. Herein, we develop an analytical strategy to determine the thymol content in Ocimum Gratissimum, a medicinal plant from Benin. The protocol is based on electrochemical techniques (cyclic and square wave voltammetry) implemented with a low cost potentiostat. Thymol is a phenol derivative and was directly oxidized at the electrode surface. We had to resort to submillimolar concentrations (25–300 μM) in order to minimize production of phenol oligomers that passivate the electrode. We worked first on two essential oils and realized that in one of them the thymol concentration was below our detection method. These results were confirmed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we optimized the detection protocol to analyze an infusion made directly from the leaves of the plant. Finally, we studied whether the cost of the electrochemical cell may also be minimized by using pencil lead as working and counter electrodes.

An Ethnobotanical Survey of Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants Used by Communities to Treat Various Diseases around Ensaro District, North Shewa Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The study was conducted to investigate and document medicinal plants and associated knowledge on the utilization, management, preparation, and way of administration of the medicinal plant resources in Ensaro district, north Shewa zone, Ethiopia. A total of 100 informants were sampled from four study sites, and questionnaire surveys, semistructured interviews, ranking, and transect walk techniques were employed for data collection in midland, lowland, and highland agroecology and natural forests, riverine forests, and farmlands. Vast sources of the traditional healing knowledge of plant species conveyed from one generation to the next by word of mouth were from a family. A total of 101 medicinal plant species were identified from the study site, which belong to 95 genera and 49 families. These medicinal plants are used to treat about 35 types of human ailments. Families Fabaceae and Poaceae were represented by the highest number of medicinal plant species, followed by the Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Euphorbiaceae species. Out of the total medicinal plants’ species, 46.53% were herbs and 33.66% were shrubs. Most of them have medicinal properties in their leaf, root, seed, bark, stem, latex, sap seed, and fruits. Medicine from these plant parts is prepared in fresh, dried, and both fresh and dried states. The highest informant consensus was documented for the plant Ocimum lamiifolium used by 75% of informants for its medicinal value in treating fibril illness. Cucumis ficifolius and Eucalyptus globules are used by 41% and 39% of informants ranking second and third, respectively, for their medicinal value. This study revealed that indigenous knowledge of traditional medicine is still popular among local communities in the study area. The conservation strategy practiced by local people is not enough to tackle the erosion of plant species from their habitats. Thus, the conservation of these plants and the associated knowledge base is very essential.

Network pharmacology based anti-diabetic attributes of bioactive compounds from Ocimum gratissimum L. through computational approach

The present research was framed to determine the key compounds present in the plant Ocimum gratissimum L. targeting protein molecules of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) by employing In-silico approaches. Phytochemicals previously reported to be present in this herb were collated through literature survey and public phytochemical databases, and their probable targets were anticipated using BindingDB (p ≥ 0.7). STRING and KEGG pathway databases were employed for pathway enrichment analysis. Homology modelling was executed to elucidate the structures of therapeutic targets. Further, Phytocompounds from O. gratissimum were subjected for docking with four therapeutic targets of DM by using AutoDock vina through POAP pipeline implementation. 30 compounds were predicted to target 136 protein molecules including aldose reductase, DPP4, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase. Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, starch and insulin resistance were predicted to have potentially modulation by phytocompounds. Based on the phytocompound’s binding score with the four targets of DM, Rutin scored the lowest binding energy (-11 kcal/mol) with Aldose reductase by forming 17 intermolecular interactions. In conclusion, based on the network and binding score, phytocompounds from O. gratissimum have a synergistic and considerable effect in the management of DM via multi-compound, multi-target, and multi-pathway mechanisms.

Effect of Spraying with Some Plant Extracts and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and their Interactions in Vegetative Growth, Mineral Content and Volatile Oils of Basil Plant Ocimum basilicum L.

The current study was done in the green house of the Department of biology Sciences, College of Education for Girls / University of Tikrit during the agricultural season 2021, the study was design according to the sectors for complete randomization RCBD with three replicates each of which includes 12 treatment, and (4) planting pots per treatment, so the number of experimental units became (36) units containing (144) pots. The first group included fenugreek extract and rosemary at a concentration of 25% each, a mixture of fenugreek extract and rosemary, in addition to the non-spray treatment. Second group three concentrations (0, 40, 80) of copper oxide nanoparticles with and the overlap between them. The results of Spraying with fenugreek, rosemary and copper oxide nano-extracts revealed a high significant increase in vegetative growth compared to the compared with control group. The C3E2 treatment was reveal, highest plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area and chlorophyll content (36.08 cm.plant−1, 31.537 leaf.plant−1, 19.117 branch, plant−1, 18.98 cm2.leaf1, 16.933 mg.g−1 fresh weight) respectively, and the spray treatment C3E2 revealed a high significant increase in mineral content and physical properties of volatile oil outperformed the compared with control group.

Response of some mango-infesting fruit flies to aqueous solutions of the basil plant Ocimum tenuiflorum L

IntroductionHorticulture is an important sub-sector for many African countries. Tephritid fruit flies continue to cause serious direct and indirect damage to the sub-sector. The male annihilation technique (MAT) using methyl eugenol (ME) is among the most revered techniques in fruit fly management. However, ME-based lures are only available to some farmers in Africa. Several basils of the genus Ocimum produce ME.MethodsIn laboratory experiments, we used a dual choice olfactometer to assess the attraction of adult oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis to intact plants, 100 µL commercial methyl eugenol (ME) (positive control), 10 mg/mL of O. tenuiflorum aqueous extract (Otae), and a negative control (blank). Large arena experiments were conducted to compare the responses of four fruit fly species of economic importance in Africa to Otae-baited traps.ResultsIn dual choice olfactometer assay, more B. dorsalis males (78.6%) than females (23.8%) were attracted to Otae. Most B. dorsalis males were attracted to the positive control (90.5%) and 10 mg/mL Otae (88.5%) compared to the whole plant (84.0%). In large arena experiments, Otae attracted the most B. dorsalis males (47.7%), followed by Zeugodacus cucurbitae males (25.1%), while males of Ceratitis species were the least attracted. The analysis of headspace volatiles from aerial plants, Otae and essential oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 97 compounds. The intact plant without flowers, intact plant with flowers, Otae, and the O. tenuiflorum essential oil contributed 76, 62, 33 and 28 compounds, respectively. ME comprised the top three most abundant compounds, especially in the essential oil.DiscussionOur study confirms the potential of O. tenuiflorum as a source of ME for tephritid fruit fly integrated management in Africa. Otae, a readily available alternative to commercial ME, can be used to develop fruit fly-baited traps, particularly for smallholder farmers.

Pharmacological potential of fungal endophytes associated with the genus Ocimum L.

Endophytes are a rich source of secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenolics, and alkaloids. Endophytic fungi have potential as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anticancer agents, antidiabetic agents, hepatoprotectants, growth promoters, and immunomodulators. Recent studies have shown that endophytes are a valuable source of undiscovered biomolecules. As a result, endophytic isolates from medicinal plants can be used in the pharmaceutical, industrial, and agricultural sectors. Ocimum species, for example, have several medicinal properties and are used in traditional medicine. Fungal endophytes have a strong association with Ocimum plants. Previous research has shown that the fungal endophytes of Ocimum sanctum produce phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, and volatile compounds. Additionally, fungal endophytes have a direct impact on the medicinal value of the genus Ocimum. This review aimed to discuss the pharmacological properties and diversity of endophytic fungi associated with the genus Ocimum.

Nutrient uptake and recovery potentials of Ocimum basilicum and Corchorus olitorius in a polyculture aquaponic system

The nutrient recovery potentials of the plants Ocimum basilicum and Corchorus olitorius in a polyculture aquaponic system were evaluated. Two treatments of polyculture aquaponics (fish + crayfish + O. basilicum; and fish + crayfish + C. olitorius) and a conventional recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) as the control (fish + crayfish) were set up in triplicates, randomly. The fish and crayfish were stocked at 75 fish:50 crayfish per treatment while three seedlings of each plant were placed in each planting cup. There were five plant throughs with each having 14 planting holes, making a total of 70 planting holes per treatment. The water quality parameters, growth performance and nutrients uptake of the fish, crayfish and plants were determined after 14 weeks observation. The results showed that the dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and nitrates in the culture tanks of both plant treatments were significantly higher than recirculating aquaculture system treatment, especially from eight weeks and above. The fish and crayfish in the O. basilicum-polyculture aquaponic system had higher final weight gain, 53.6 g and 14.8 g respectively, while higher survival rate (97.33 ± 0.77 and 82.67 ± 2.9, respectively), and lower feed conversion ratio (2.46 ± 0.06 and 2.68 ± 0.04, respectively) were observed in the RAS treatment, although there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) across treatments. The yield of O. basilicum (274 g m−2) was significantly higher than C. olitorius (213 g m−2), while the N-uptake by O. basilicum (128.4 g culture unit−1) was significantly higher than C. olitorius (102.2 g culture unit−1). However, there were about 37–41% of N, 38–41% of P and 44–48% of K after harvest which is an indication that aquaponics polyculture system can either accommodate more plant troughs (increase plant densities) or more planting cycle of the herbs.

Improvement in the Phytochemical Content and Biological Properties of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni Plant Using Endophytic Fungi Fusarium fujikuroi

This study aimed to increase the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants through inoculation with endophytic fungi. As endophytes influence medicinal plants' biological properties, twenty fungal strains were isolated from the medicinal plant Ocimum tenuiflorum. Among all fungal isolates, the R2 strain showed the highest antagonistic activity towards plant pathogenic fungi Rosellinia necatrix and Fusarium oxysporum. The partial ITS region of the R2 strain was deposited in the GenBank nucleotide sequence databases under accession number ON652311 as Fusarium fujikuroi isolate R2 OS. To ascertain the impact of an endophytic fungus on the biological functions of medicinal plants, Stevia rebaudiana seeds were inoculated with Fusarium fujikuroi (ON652311). In the DPPH assay, the IC50 value of the inoculated Stevia plant extracts (methanol, chloroform, and positive control) was 72.082 µg/mL, 85.78 µg/mL, and 18.86 µg/mL, respectively. In the FRAP assay, the IC50 value of the inoculated Stevia extracts (methanol, chloroform extract, and positive control) was 97.064 µM Fe2+ equivalents, 117.662 µM Fe2+ equivalents, and 53.384 µM Fe2+ equivalents, respectively. In the extracts of the plant inoculated with endophytic fungus, rutin and syringic acid (polyphenols) concentrations were 20.8793 mg/L and 5.4389 mg/L, respectively, which were higher than in the control plant extracts. This approach can be further utilized for other medicinal plants to increase their phytochemical content and hence medicinal potential in a sustainable way.

Estimation of essential trace elements in the leaves of some Ocimum and Moringa species plants using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method

The present research work investigated the comparative elemental analysis of leaves of four groups of ocimum and two groups of moringa trees, namely, Ocimum kilimandcharicum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, ocimum sanctum , Ocimum gratissimum, moringa Oleifera (normal) and Moringa oleifera (hybrid) using one of the most powerful technique, ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy). The results of the present work indicated that seven essential elements, namely, Cu, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Zn and Fe were estimated quantitatively in mg/L and were present in varying concentrations in the selected medicinal plants. The medicinal importance of these elements in the leaves is explained. The results of the present findings support the therapeutic significance of these medicinal plants to minimise diseases caused due to mineral deficiencies.

Studies on the Yield and Chemical Composition of the Herb of Plants of the Genus Ocimum Depending on the Development Stage of the Plant

The research aimed to present the possibility of cultivating selected plants of the genus Ocimum in central-eastern Poland and to assess the chemical composition of the obtained raw material, considering the development stage of the plant. The research object consisted of six selected plants from the genus Ocimum: Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum basilicum var. purpurescens, Ocimum basilicum × citrodorum, Ocimum basilicum ‘Cinnamon’, Ocimum basilicum ‘Siam Queen’, Ocimum basilicum var. minimum ‘Minette’. The herb was harvested on the following dates: mid-June (vegetative stage), mid-July (beginning of flowering), late July/early August (full flowering), end of August (late flowering). The research showed that plants of genus Ocimum sp. can be successfully introduced to cultivation in central-eastern Poland. The yield of these plants was at a high level (average yield of fresh herb—1.15 kg m−2 and average marketable yield—0.14 kg m−2). Plants of genus Ocimum sp. accumulated the least essential oil, flavonoids, and tannins in the vegetative stage (mean: essential oil—0.86%, flavonoids—0.60%, tannins—0.41%). The highest content of all tested secondary metabolites was found in the variety O. basilicum var. minimum “Minette”. The variability of the content of the analyzed compounds depending on the growth and flowering stage of the plants under study is diversified. For this reason, the date of harvesting raw materials from these plants should be selected individually to obtain a high-quality product.

Essential Oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L. from Djibouti: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Evaluations

Ocimum plants are of great interest to traditional medicine in the history of several civilizations, particularly in terms of chronic human diseases. Essential oils obtained from this genus have also been used as therapeutic agents. In this present work, two plants of the Ocimum species from Djibouti, Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L., were subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain their essential oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the chemical composition of both essential oils. Linalool (41.2%) and estragole (30.1%) are the major compounds among the 37 compounds that have been identified in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. (EOOB), and carvotanacetol (38.4%) and estragole (27.5%) are the main compounds among the 42 compounds that have been identified in the essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. (EOOA). Morever, the cytotoxic activity of EOs was evaluated against 13 human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, HCT116, PC3, U87-MG, MIA-Paca2, HEK293, NCI-N87, RT4, U2OS, A2780, MRC -5 and JIMT-T1) using a luminescence spectrophotometric method; hence, the oils showed significant cytotoxic activities. The antibacterial activities of the oils were assayed on five Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium sp.) and seven Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium and Enterobacter cloacae) by agar disc diffusion methods. Both essential oils exhibited moderate activities against Streptococcus agalactiae, and thus each has an activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa for EOOB and against Enterobacter cloacae for EOOA, while the others are negative. The findings of this work showed the promising anticancer effects of both oils against total cell lines with a potential for use as natural alternatives to synthetic drugs; however, there was only an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus agalactiae.

Effect of spraying with nano iron oxide and vitamin B3 on vegetative growth characteristics and mineral content of basil plant Ocimum BasilicnmL

The experiment was conducted in the shade of the Department of Life Sciences, College of Education for Girls, Tikrit University, during the 2021 agricultural season. It was implemented as a factorial experiment according to the RCBC randomized complete block design, which included two factors, the first factor being Nano iron oxide in four concentrations (20,80,40.0 mg, L-1). The second factor is vitamin B3 in three concentrations (100,50.0 mg. L-1). And the overlap between them and three replicates for each factor. The results showed that spraying with Nano iron oxide gave the highest rate of vegetative growth and plant nutrient content compared to plants that did not spray. The treatment of spraying with vitamin B3 in the characteristics of vegetative growth and mineral content was better than the treatment of non-spray with vitamin B3As for the intervention factors, treatment F3N2 (spraying with Nano iron oxide at a concentration of 20/mg. L-1 + vitamin B3 at a concentration of 100 mg, L-1) outperformed all the interaction treatments in the vegetative growth characteristics of the plant and its mineral content.

The Effects of Water Deficit Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Changes of Medicinal Plants Ocimum basilicum L. under Climatic Conditions in Ardabil, Iran

The Effects of Water Deficit Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Changes of Medicinal Plants Ocimum basilicum L. under Climatic Conditions in Ardabil, Iran

The Effects of Water Deficit Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Changes of Medicinal Plants Ocimum basilicum L. under Climatic Conditions in Ardabil, Iran

The Effects of Water Deficit Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Changes of Medicinal Plants Ocimum basilicum L. under Climatic Conditions in Ardabil, Iran