Ocimum Americanum Research Articles

Evaluation of Phytochemical and In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Ocimum americanum L. Leaf

Evaluation of Phytochemical and In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Ocimum americanum L. Leaf

Chemical compositions and different biological activity of leaf essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. grown in acidic soil conditions

s Ocimum americanum L. is a highly valued aromatic plant whose leaves are used not only in traditional cuisine but also in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to identify the chemical profile of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Ocimum americanum by GC-FID and GC/MS grown in acidic soil conditions in the NE region of India. Furthermore, the biological activities like antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tyrosinase activity were analyzed, as per standard methods. GC and GC/MS analysis identified 16 compounds in which citral-a (48.25%) was found as a major compound, followed by carveol (41.64%). The antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH and ABTS methods; and IC50 value obtained was 8.85 μL/mL and 28.82 μL/mL, respectively. The leaf essential oil of O. americanum exhibited strong anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities, whereas moderate anti-tyrosinase activities with IC50 values of 40.84, 12.81, and 182.74 μL/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ant-microbial activity was evaluated for four bacterial and four fungal strains, revealing that O. americanum essential oil expresses antifungal activity against S. cereviaceae only with a MIC value of 5±0.47 μg/mL. These evidences clearly indicates that essential oil obtained from the leaf of O. americanum showed potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity that can be used as an alternative in pharmaceuticals and food industries as a natural source.

Efek Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Kemangi Ocimum americanum L.) Terhadap Perbaikan Sel Spermatogenik Tikus Sprague-Dawley Jantan

Kemangi is a strong aromatic herb with aphrodisiac activity. The content of secondary metabolites that are antioxidants in kemangi are thought to be able to overcome fertility disorders due to the work of free radicals. The aim of this study was to screen for phytochemicals and to analyze the activity of 70% ethanol extract of kemangi leaves (Ocimum americanum L.) on the repair of spermatogenic cells in male sprague-dawley rats exposed to lead. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the basil leaf extract was positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The results of administration of 70% ethanol extract of kemangi leaves at a dose of 50 mg/KgBW, 100 mg/KgBW, and 200 mg/KgBW in rats that had been induced by lead acetate increased the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the number of pachytene cells, and round spermatid cells compared to the negative control but not significantly different (p > 0.05). The highest increase in all parameters of the spermatogenic cell repair test was given the kemangi leaves extract at a dose of 200 mg/KgBW.

In Vitro and Molecular Docking Evaluation of Larvicidal Effects of Essential Oils of Five Aromatic Plants on the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda JE. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Ivory Coast.

Faced with the serious consequences resulting from the abusive and repeated use of synthetic chemicals, today rethinking crop protection is more than necessary. It is in this context that the essential oils of the Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum canum, the Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus and nardus and a Rutaceae Citrus sp. of known chemical compositions were experimented. The evaluation of the larvicidal potential of the essential oils was done by the method of topical application of the test solutions, on the L1-L2 stage larvae from the first generation of S. frugiperda obtained after rearing in an air-conditioned room. Lethal concentrations (LC10 , LC50 and LC90 ) were determined after 48 h. After assessing the larvicidal potential of essential oils, molecular docking was carried out to study protein-ligand interactions and their propensity to bind to insect enzyme sites (AChE). The essential oil of O. gratissimum was the most effective with the lowest lethal concentrations (LC10 =0.91 %, LC50 =1.91 % and LC90 =3.92 %). The least toxic oil to larvae was Citrus sp. (LC10 =5.44 %, LC50 =20.50 % and LC90 =77.41 %). Molecular docking revealed that p-cymene and thymol from O. gratissimum essential oil are structurally similar and bind to the AChE active site via predominantly hydrophobic interactions and a H-bond with Tyr374 in the case of thymol. The essential oil of O. gratissimum constitutes a potential candidate for the development of biological insecticides for the fight against insect pests and for the protection of the environment.

Box-Behnken design to optimize the cross-linked sodium alginate/mucilage/Aloe vera film: Physical and mechanical studies

The crosslinked sodium alginate/mucilage/Aloe vera/glycerin was optimized by different ratios of each factor to be an absorption wound dressing base for infected wound healing. Mucilage was extracted from seeds of Ocimum americanum. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to construct an optimal wound dressing base with the target ranges of mechanical and physical properties of each formulation. The independent variables selected were sodium alginate (X1: 0.25–0.75 g), mucilage (X2: 0.00–0.30 g), Aloe vera (X3: 0.00–0.30 g), and glycerin (X4: 0.00–1.00 g). The dependent variables were tensile strength (Y1: low value), elongation at break (Y2: high value), Young's modulus (Y3: high value), swelling ratio (Y4: high value), erosion (Y5: low value), and moisture uptake (Y6: high value). The results showed that the wound dressing base with the most desirable response consists of sodium alginate (59.90 % w/w), mucilage (23.96 % w/w), and glycerin (16.14 % w/w) without Aloe vera gel powder (0.00 % w/w).

Nutritional Assessment of Invasive Alien Plants as Bioprospecting Resources in Mizoram, an Indo-Burma Mega Biodiversity Hotspot in India

Abstract: Background: The nutritional value, antinutritional properties, mineral and Vitamin content of six invasive Alien Plant species (IAPs) namely Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Chromolaena odorata, Ocimum americanum, Bidens pilosa and Hyptis suaveolens which are used by the local inhabitants in Mizoram, India was analysed. Materials and Methods: The proximate composition, antinutritional contents, mineral and Vitamin content were investigated following standard analysis protocols. Tannins, saponins, oxalates, cyanogenic glycoside, and phytate were estimated to ascertain the antinutritional properties of the selected IAPs. Water soluble Vitamins were estimated by HPLC method and results were analysed utilising the Statistical Package SIGMAPLOT 14.5 (Systat Software Inc., USA). Results: Results revealed high protein (1.19-12.70%, dry plant material), carbohydrate (1.55-26.79%, dry plant material) and ash (6.93–12.14%) but low crude fat content (1.12–3.64%) in these IAPs. Highest Vitamin-C content was observed in A. adenophora (28.15 mg/ 100 g dry plant material). The oxalate content was maximum in A. riparia (0.29% ± 0.003%) and least in O. americanum (0.17% ± 0.002%); phytate content ranged from (0.06% ± 0.001%) in C. odorata to (0.11% ± 0.007%) in O. americanum. Tannin was detected highest in A. adenophora (3.82% ± 0.164%) and least in O. americanum (1.75% ± 0.024%). Highly invaded A. adenophora contained mineral in the following order Ca> Zn > K > Mg > Na > Fe > Mn > Cu. Conclusion: It can be concluded that these IAPs exhibited high nutritive value (high protein, carbohydrate content; micronutritional components Vitamin-C and minerals) of the examined plants. The study recommends these IAPs could potentially be used as a food or feed additive in Mizoram by locals for sustainable management of invasive plants. Keywords: Invasive alien plants, Antinutrients, Mizoram, Minerals content, Proximate composition, Vitamin.

Physico-chemical properties of Ocimum americanum L. essential oil from Burkina Faso

The present study aims to determine physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of Ocimum americanum L. Essential oil (EO) extracted in Burkina Faso. The protocol described in ISO international standards and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) were used respectively to determine physico-chemical properties and chemical analysis of the EO. The physico-chemical parameters measured were the acid index, the miscibility with ethanol, the pH, the relative density, the refractive index and the rotatory power. The organoleptic properties studied on the essential oil were the odour, the colour and the appearance. The EO showed a relative density value less than 1, a low light refraction and found to be dextro-rotatory. The pH value obtained was tended towards acidity, the EO was soluble in 5 volumes of ethanol (70%) with a low content of free acids. O. americanum EO was fluid, colourless with a specific odour. The chemical analysis of the EO showed that the 1.8-cineole (51.8%) and the camphor (17.4%) were found to be the major constituents of the EO. These results could lead for the establishment of essential oil standards in Burkina Faso.

Mosquito Larvicidal Activity and Cytotoxicity of the Extracts of Aromatic Plants from Malaysia.

Despite ongoing control efforts, the mosquito population and diseases vectored by them continue to thrive worldwide, causing major health concerns. There has been growing interest in the use of botanicals as alternatives to insecticides due to their widespread insecticidal properties, biodegradability, and adaptability to ecological conditions. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal activity and cytotoxicity effects of solvent extracts from three aromatic plants-Curcuma longa (turmeric), Ocimum americanum (hoary basil), and Petroselinum crispum (parsley)-against Aedes albopictus. Subsequently, we examined the phytochemical composition of the extracts through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results revealed that the hexane extracts of O. americanum and P. crispum exhibited the greatest larvicidal activity with the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50) values (<30 µg/mL) at 24 h post-treatment, with the former found to be significantly less toxic towards African monkey kidney (Vero) cells. The GC-MS analysis of the said extract indicated the presence of different classes of metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, very long-chain alkanes, fatty acids and their derivatives, and terpenes, with the most abundant component being methyl eugenol (55.28%), most of which, have been documented for their larvicidal activities. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use and development of bioinsecticides, particularly from O. americanum.

Impact of Pre-Slaughter Methods on the Overall Quality of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

ABSTRACT In Brazil, tilapia represented 57% of the total fish production. This study aimed assess the influence of different pre-slaughter methods (live chilling in ice/water (LC); anesthesia with the essential oils Ocimum americanum (OA) or Lippia alba (LA) and mechanical spiking (SP), on the meat quality parameters of Nile tilapia. The rigor mortis index showed faster onset in the LC group compared to the OA and LA groups after 3 hours. The pH value, TVB-N, and K-value remained unchanged, indicating no detrimental effects on meat quality. Mechanical spiking and essential oil anesthesia had comparable effects to live chilling.

Correction: Eco friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using aqueous Ocimum americanum L. leaf extracts and their antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and photocatalytic activities

Correction: Eco friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using aqueous Ocimum americanum L. leaf extracts and their antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and photocatalytic activities

Sustainable fabrication of hybrid silver-copper nanocomposites (Ag‐CuO NCs) using Ocimum americanum L. as an effective regime against antibacterial, anticancer, photocatalytic dye degradation and microalgae toxicity

In this study, a sustainable fabrication of hybrid silver-copper oxide nanocomposites (Ag–CuO NCs) was accomplished utilizing Ocimum americanum L. by one pot green chemistry method. The multifarious biological and environmental applications of the green fabricated Ag–CuO NCs were evaluated through their antibacterial, anticancer, dye degradation, and microalgae growth inhibition activities. The morphological features of the surface functionalized hybrid Ag–CuO NCs were confirmed by FE-SEM and HR-TEM techniques. The surface plasmon resonance λmax peak appeared at 441.56 nm. The average hydrodynamic size distribution of synthesized nanocomposite was 69.80 nm. Zeta potential analysis of Ag–CuO NCs confirmed its remarkable stability at −21.5 mV. XRD and XPS techniques validated the crystalline structure and electron binding affinity of NCs, respectively. The Ag–CuO NCs demonstrated excellent inhibitory activity against Vibrio cholerae (19.93 ± 0.29 mm) at 100 μg/mL. Anticancer efficacy of Ag–CuO NCs was investigated against the A549 lung cancer cell line, and Ag–CuO NCs exhibited outstanding antiproliferative activity with a low IC50 of 2.8 ± 0.05 μg/mL. Furthermore, staining and comet assays substantiated that the Ag–CuO NCs hindered the progression of the A549 cells and induced apoptosis as a result of cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Concerning the environmental applications, the Ag–CuO NCs displayed efficient photocatalytic activity against eosin yellow degradation up to 80.94% under sunlight irradiation. Microalgae can be used as an early bio-indicator/prediction of environmental contaminants and toxic substances. The treatment of the Ag–CuO NCs on the growth of marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica demonstrated the dose and time-dependent growth reduction and variations in the chlorophyll content. Therefore, the efficient multifunctional properties of hybrid Ag–CuO NCs could be exploited as a regime against infective diseases and cancer. Further, the findings of our investigation witness the remarkable scope and potency of Ag–CuO NCs for environmental applications.

Leaf Epidermal Microscopy, Chemo-Microscopy and GC-MS Analyses of Three Ocimum Species from Nigeria

Comparative analyses of the leaf epidermal microscopy, chemo-microscopy and GCMS analysis of essential oils from three Ocimum species were analyzed. Ocimum belong to the family Lamiaceae. Leaf epidermal microscopy revealed anomocytic stomata in the species studied. Ocimum basilicum has anomocytic stomata on both surfaces but were more abundant on the lower surface; cell walls were wavy on the upper surface and had glandular trichomes on both surfaces. Ocimum canum had anomocytic stomata on both surfaces; cell walls were wavy and trichomes were glandular and non-glandular occurring on both surfaces but occurring more on the upper surface. The non-glandular trichomes are cone-shaped with pointed tip. Ocimum gratissimum has anomacytic stomata on both surfaces occurring more on the lower surface; the cell walls are curved on both surfaces and glandular trichomes occur on both surfaces which are more abundant on the lower surface. The glandular trichomes are radially flagellated in all the species studied. Lignin, tannins, cellulose, mucilage, starch, calcium oxalate, oils and proteins were observed in all species studied. The GC-MS analyses of the leaf essential oils revealed 35 compounds for O. basilicum, 49 compounds for O. canum and 34 compounds for O. gratissimum with 3-allyl-6-methoxyphenol being the most abundant in O. basilicum (34.42%); 1-Cyclopentene-1-methanol,2-methyl-5-1-methyl, the most abundant in O. canum (29.56%) and thymol being the most abundant in O. gratissimum (48.04%). The leaf epidermal microscopy and the chemo-microscopy can be used for the standardization of the plant. Chemical composition of the three Ocimum species can be used for the treatment of several diseases.

Formulation and Assessment of the Efficacy and Stability of an Ointment Containing Ocimum americanum L. Extract

Formulation and Assessment of the Efficacy and Stability of an Ointment Containing Ocimum americanum L. Extract

Chitosan-Based Nanoencapsulation of Ocimum americanum Essential Oil as Safe Green Preservative Against Fungi Infesting Stored Millets, Aflatoxin B1 Contamination, and Lipid Peroxidation

Chitosan-Based Nanoencapsulation of Ocimum americanum Essential Oil as Safe Green Preservative Against Fungi Infesting Stored Millets, Aflatoxin B1 Contamination, and Lipid Peroxidation

Molecular Docking Studies of Ocimum Americanum Secondary Metabolites Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein

Introduction and Aim: The outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic since December 2019 has raised serious global health concern. Because of rapid human to human transmission and non-availability of clinically proven drugs or vaccines, this Covid-19 pandemic has created a great threat to mankind. Many naturally derived molecules are being investigated for the treatment of Covid-19. Ocimum americanum is one such significant medicinal plant possessing a variety of biological activities. Materials and Methods: In the present study, seven phytochemicals were selected from O. americanum and were docked against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein which is an important site for virus to enter the host cell. Docking was performed using Autodock Vina and the ADME properties of all these seven ligands were predicted using the Swiss-ADME tool. The bioactivity score was also predicted using the Molinspiration tool. Besides the secondary metabolites, all these analyses were also performed for well-known antiviral drugs namely lopinavir and ritonavir. Results: The binding energy obtained from the docking studies of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Alpha-farnesene, Beta-farnesene, Eugenol, Linalool, Estragole, Limonene and 1,8-Cineole was found to be -5.2, -5.1, -4.7, -4.5, -4.3, -4.1, -4, -3.9 and -3.8 Kcal/Mol respectively. Swiss-ADME results also suggest that all the selected ligands follow the drug likeness properties and hence they could be taken for further drug discovery process. Conclusion: From the present in silico study, it can be concluded that secondary metabolites of O. americanum have potential inhibiting activity against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Isolation and efficacy studies in vitro may provide an insight into the drug discovery to fight Covid-19.

Ethnobotanical Study on the utilized of medicinal plants by the Phouthai Ethnic Group in Khammouan Province, Lao PDR

Background: Plants have been a part of rural areas’ people's life from birth to die since prehistoric times and their utilization is an important traditional culture in the worldwide. However, this is a lack of ethnobotanical study in Laos. The aim of the study is to record the plants' species and explore their medical utilization in Nakeu village, Hinboon district, Khammouan province, middle part Laos. Methods: Ethnobotanical survey was conducted from August 2018 to July 2019. One hundred and fifty key information (81 males and 69 females). Ethnomedicinal data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants. Results: The total 79 plant species belong to 46 families were recorded as wild medicinal important. Life form importance value (LIV) was highest in tree 52%, followed by shrub 29%, liana 14%, grass 4%. The medicinal plants are used for stomach problems, heart disease, kidney problems, fever, and others, respectively. Used value (UV) was highest in Ocimum americanum (0.93). This knowledge will support primary health care providers and policymakers in decision-making on the utilization of medicinal plants. Conclusion: In Hinboon district, Khammouane province, Lao PDR, are some of the richest in species of medicinal plants in developing countries, and indeed in Asia. It is worth pointing out the exceptional long list of medicinal plants which are used for traditional medicine and documented as used in the treatment of different common sicknesses. Health policies have to promote the utilization of medicinal plants as part of a strategy to improve the basic health and livelihoods of rural communities throughout the country. Further exploration is needed on the bioactive compound and chemical factor contents of medicinal plants.

Identification of Key Aromatic Compounds in Basil (Ocimum L.) Using Sensory Evaluation, Metabolomics and Volatilomics Analysis.

Basil (Ocimum L.) is widely used as a flavor ingredient, however research on basil flavor is limited. In the current study, nine basil species were selected, including Ocimum basilicum L.var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth., Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum basilicum cinnamon, Ocimum gratissimum var. suave, Ocimum tashiroi, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum ct linalool, and Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum, and their fragrance and flavor characteristics were assessed by sensory evaluation. The results indicated that Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum var. suave have a strong clove smell and exhibited a piquant taste. Metabolomics and volatilomics analyses measured 100 nonvolatile metabolites and 134 volatiles. Differential analysis showed that eugenol, γ-terpinene, germacrene D and malic acid were among the most varied metabolites in basil species. Combined with sensory evaluation results, correlation analysis revealed that β-pinene and γ-cadinene contributed to the piquant smell, while eugenol and germacrene D contributed to the clove smell, and malic acid and L-(−)-arabitol contributed to the sweet flavor in basil. This study provided comprehensive flavor chemistry profiles of basil species and could be used as a guide for basil flavor improvement. The better understanding of objective sensory attributes and chemical composition of fresh basil could introduce the improved cultivars with preponderant traits, which is also in accordance with the various demands of breeders and growers, food producers, and consumers.

Exploring the relationship between organic seed treatments and storage period on seed quality of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

The present investigation was undertaken on mungbean cv. MH 318 and MH 421 to evaluate the effect of organic seed treatments with botanical seed treatments, viz., Trachyspermum ammi, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum canum, Curcuma longa rhizome and leaf powder, woodash, and Ocimum basillicum leaf powder and storage period on seed quality parameters. The fresh seeds were treated with the above-mentioned botanical powders and stored in polythene bags under ambient conditions for 18 months. The seed quality parameters were recorded just after treatment, 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment during storage. The results revealed that the six-month-old seeds of both varieties performed better in terms of seed quality parameters, i.e., germination, speed of germination, vigour index, emergence index, and seedling establishment, as compared to freshly treated seeds. With the extension of the storage duration, a steady decline in quality metrics was seen after 6 months of storage. Seed coating with turmeric rhizome powder enhanced and retained the seed quality after a storage period of 18 months.

Characteristic features and comparative analysis of essential oil composition of selected genus of Ocimum sanctum L. through GC-MS.

The main aim of this research is to provide literature on the Ocimum plant, and to know the significance of the Ocimum species carried out by pharmacognostic study and experimental design for GC-MS. Ocimum genus are very important for their therapeutic potential among the most important aromatic herbs. Extreme attention has been put on literature reports in which the utilization of tulsi and their pharmacognostic study has been done by performing morphological and microscopic leaf experimental design and by using essential oil through the GC-MS instrumentation method. The utilization of these characteristics would be important for the drug discovery scientist to develop a specific formulation of the crude drug, which will be a magical therapeutic agent in the future, with many advantages. GC-MS chromatogram of Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum canum, and Ocimum gratissimum oil showed major peaks and has been identified after comparison of the mass spectra with the NIST library, indicating the presence of three phytocomponents. From the results, the GC-MS study suggested that anethole which is well reported antimicrobial compound is more in O. canum (2.66%) in comparison to O. sanctum (1,28%) but absent in O. gratissimum. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity is more in O. canum due to the presence ofa high amount of anethole in comparison to O. gratissimum and O. sanctum. The result revealed that O. canum has a microscopic character that can be identified by the characteristic GC MS analysis of extracts to distinguish between different species of the ocimum plant.

Evaluation of diagnostic morphological and anatomical features of Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) raw material

Standardisation is an essential factor in determining the quality of raw material, as medicinal plants have a great natural heterogeneity due to their different geographical distribution, ecological growth conditions, and presence of varieties and chemotypes. Morphological and anatomical characteristics are very important in the pharmacognostic identification of plant raw material with valuable therapeutic potential. This study aimed to conduct the mаcro- and microscopic analysis of Ocimum americanum L., a non-traditional medicinal plant. The aerial part of plants cultivated in West Podillya (Ukraine) was harvested during the flowering period. The shape, size, colour, and features of the surface of aboveground plant organs were studied. The revealed specific morphological and anatomical characteristics of the Ocimum americanum stems, leaves, and flowers can allow us to identify its raw material and prevent the ingress of contaminants with aerial parts of plants belonging to other taxa of the genus Ocimum.