Ocimum Basilicum Extract Research Articles

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Extracts from Ocimum basilicum Leaves Validated by Molecular Docking and ADMET Analysis.

The aim of study is to investigate the various mechanism-based antioxidant and anti-fungal properties of a hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum L leaves. Additionally, conduct molecular docking to simultaneously validate in vitro activities. Also, perform ADMET analysis to know pharmacokinetic properties and its toxicity for its safety. Prior extract's qualitative analysis has been performed to identify the bioactive compounds by phytochemical tests and GC-MS analysis. Different mechanism-based in vitro antioxidant methods are studied; in different methods, different IC50 values have come, which revealed the extract's antioxidant potentials. The antifungal potential of the extract has been observed by performing a modified poison food assay and a time-killing curve assay. In silico analysis with the human peroxiredoxin 5 enzyme (PDB ID: 1HD2) and secreted aspartic proteinase (PDB ID: 2QZX), which predict extract biological activity, has shown promising results of Ocimum basilicum L extract. In silico findings confirm the in vitro experimental outcome of the extract. The different IC50 values of extracts in different mechanisms indicate their therapeutic potential, and that encourages further research in formulation development. The time-killing assay method gives information about a dynamic interaction between extract and microbial strain. Concentration-dependent antifungal studies have significance in formulation development for dose determination.

Ocimum basilicum L. leaves extract-mediated green synthesis of MnO NPs: Phytochemical profile, characterization, catalytic and thrombolytic activities

ObjectiveThe goal of the present work was the identification and quantification of the phenolic profile of sweet basil using LC-ESI-MS and to evaluation the ability of this plant to synthesise manganese nanoparticles MnONPs and evaluation of their catalytic and thrombolytic activities. Material and methodsStandard procedures were used to extract bioactive molecules and test qualitative phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using LC-ESI-MS. Furthermore, visual observation, UV–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM), and XRD technique were used to verify the green synthesis of ObE-MnO NPs. Dye degradation of ObE-MnO NPs was studied using photocatalytic and sonocatalytic activities. Moreover, in vitro thrombolytic activity was evaluated by clot lysis. ResultsResults of phytochemical essays showed that the aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum L. is very rich in different chemical compounds that reduce and stabilize NPs. The results of the characterization of MnONPs show that the formation of these particles was proven by UV–Vis spectrum with the absorption peak at 405 nm, and also by FTIR spectrum at 470-522 cm−1. The study also confirmed that the MnONPs were spherical in shape with an average size of 6.52 ± 0.88 nm using TEM and SEM analysis, and that their size was 13.4 nm, tetragonal, and crystalline by XRD data. Results of catalytique activity show at a time of 240 min, an efficacy level of 70.18% and 58.90% for the photocatalytic and sonocatalytic activities. Ocimum basilicum L. extract and ObE-MnO NPs demonstrated a significant higher percentage of clot lysis by 93.33% and 94.73% respectively. ConclusionIn conclusion, the synthesized NPs made with basil extract were satisfactorily characterized utilizing a range of analytical techniques. ObE-MnO NPs also exhibit efficient catalytic and thrombolytic activities, qualifying their high degree of safety for usage in the environmental, pharmacological and medicinal domains.

Molecular mechanism elucidation of Ocimum basilicum as anticancer using system bioinformatic approach supported by in vitro assay

Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial disease involving many pathways and target molecules. Multi-target therapy through multi-compound herbal medicines is an alternative strategy to treat BC. In the present study, we elucidate the molecular mechanism of Ocimum basilicum (OB) as an anticancer agent using system bioinformatic approach and investigate its cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells. We performed network pharmacology (NP) and molecular docking studies to provide scientific information regarding the underlying anti-BC mechanism of OB. Based on topology parameters obtained from protein-protein interaction (PPI), we identified six potential targets that play a significant role in the network including SRC, PI3KCA, EGFR, ESR1, AKT1, and MAPK1. Furthermore, consensus docking suggested rutin, quercetin-3-O-diglucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-rutinoside as the potential compounds of OB. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of OB might be related to the modulation of several pathways such as PI3K-Akt, VEGF, and HIF-1, breast cancer, and estrogen signaling pathways. The in vitro assay revealed that various extracts of OB demonstrated cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 with IC50 = 231 µg/mL (OB ethanolic extract), 408 µg/mL (OB methanolic extract), 479 µg/mL (OB ethyl acetate extract), 1887 µg/mL (OB n-hexanoic extract) and 767 µg/mL (OB butanolic extract) respectively.

Evaluation of the Effect of Different Extraction Temperatures on the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Ocimum basilicum (Basil) Plant

The eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ocimum basilicum (basil) extract at varying extraction temperatures (40°C, 60°C, 80°C, 100°C) was investigated to determine the optimal conditions for nanoparticle formation. Analysis methods such UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the crystalline, spherical nature of AgNPs and identified phytochemicals acting as capping and reducing agents. Notably, the extraction temperature was found to influence both the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the structural properties of AgNPs. According to TEM analysis results, it was observed that high extraction temperatures increased the nanoparticle formation efficiency but created a wide size distribution. The crystallite sizes, calculated using the Scherrer equation, for AgNPs synthesized at different extraction temperatures, were determined to be 12.45 nm, 18.77 nm, 17.76 nm, and 16.03 nm, respectively. The hydrodynamic sizes of the AgNPs were found to range between 158.1 and 333.7 nm. The study highlights the critical role of extraction temperature in the synthesis process, suggesting 40°C as the optimal temperature for achieving efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs with enhanced biological activities.

Protective effect of ObE against Doxorubicin-Induced immunosuppression and Cardiotoxicity in Rats

This investigation was aimed to study the effect of leaves aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (ObE) for prevention of cardiotoxicity and heart failure induced by doxorubicin in rats. For in-vivo rats study, 15 female albino Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 5); control group, doxorubicin treated rats group (DOX) and rats co-treated with doxorubicin and aqueous extract of O. basilicum group (DOX + O. basilicum. Various hematological, enzymatic, and oxidative stress markers were estimated. Histopathology of heart tissues was observed. Results of in-vivo rats study show that doxorubicin treated rats induced elevation in doxorubicin level in heart tissue, alteration in hematological parameters and enzymatic activity compared to control group. In addition, doxorubicin treated rats induced oxidative stress and histological alteration in heart cells compared to control rats. Co-treatment of doxorubicin with leaves aqueous extract of O. basilicum were partially reversed all of previous parameters. This study indicated that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property of leaves aqueous extract of O. basilicum allowed using them to protect organs from the side effects of doxorubicin or from the destructive effects of various diseases.

Utilizing agricultural biowaste for food safety: Integrating naturally synthesized silver nanoparticles as antibacterial coating

The growing global population drives increased food demand, impacting the global packaging materials sector, leading to the development of active packaging to enhance food quality, shelf life, and safety. Proper packaging materials, with improved antibacterial and antioxidant barriers, are becoming important in the food sector to reduce food loss and contamination. This study uses Egyptian basil Ocimum basilicum L manufacturing wastes as a biowaste, an agro-industry waste, as a reducing and capping agent to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Then, different contents from AgNPs (0.5, 2, 4 wt%) were entrapped into polyurethane nanofiber (PUNFs) to enhance the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to analyze the chemical constituents present in the aqueous peel extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs before and after entrapped nanofibers were investigated, their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were evaluated. As a result of the distinctive surface plasmon resonance properties exhibited by Ag (metallic nanoparticles), there are notable peaks observed at 272.5 nm and a prominent peak at 467.3 nm. TEM analyses indicated that the AgNPs were consistently round and uniform, measuring an average of 17.16 ± 1.94 nm in diameter; SEM also confirmed these findings. AgNPs were found to possess their typical crystalline structure, as evidenced by the results of XRD and TEM analyses. The rise in nanofiber diameter is responsible for the escalated AgNP concentration. The presence of AgNPs and Ocimum basilicum L biowaste significantly enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant properties compared to pure TPU.

IDENTIFYING ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITORS IN OCIMUM BASILICUM USING IN VITRO AND IN SILICO APPROACHES

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a chronic metabolic disorder and the most common type of diabetes, is caused by reduced insulin secretion or insulin resistance in the body, leading to ineffective glucose uptake by the cells and eventually resulting in hyperglycemia. Metformin, sulfonylureas, and glitazones are the currently available commercial drugs used to treat T2D. These drugs either reduce the blood glucose level or elevate the insulin produced. However, the high cost, unavailability, and various side effects occurring from the use of these drugs have resulted in people looking for healthier and cost-effective ways to treat this disorder, including the use of plant extracts. This study highlights the alpha-amylase inhibition properties of Ocimum basilicum (basil) extracts through in vitro qualitative and quantitive inhibition assays. It also focuses on in silico approaches such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to determine the strength of the alpha-amylase inhibition. In vitro study revealed 1:20 diluted ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of O. basilicum strongly inhibited salivary amylase. In silico analysis revealed Gamma Sitosterol, a compound present in relative abundance in O. basilicum, could be one of the phytocompounds responsible for this anti-diabetic property of O. basilicum. Thus, Gamma Sitosterol can be used as a potential therapeutic for T2D alongside other measures such as physical exercise and diet because the findings in this paper, although pertaining to human salivary amylase, can be extrapolated to human pancreatic amylase as salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase are known isoenzymes and share ~97% sequence homology.

A Preliminary Report Regarding the Morphological Changes of Nano-Enabled Pharmaceutical Formulation on Human Lung Carcinoma Monolayer and 3D Bronchial Microtissue.

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the development of enabled pharmaceutical nanoparticles of solid lipid type is continuously growing, because they have the potential to be used for targeted drug release leading to an increased effect of chemotherapy, being used in lung cancer nano-diagnosis and nano-therapy. The current study reports the preliminary results obtained regarding the biological effect of a new nano-enabled pharmaceutical formulation in terms of its cytotoxic and biosafety profile. Materials and Methods: The pharmaceutical formulations consist of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) obtained via the emulsification-diffusion method by loading green iron oxide nanoparticles (green-IONPs) with a pentacyclic triterpene (oleanolic acid-OA). Further, a complex biological assessment was performed, employing three-dimensional (3D) bronchial microtissues (EpiAirwayTM) to determine the biosafety profile of the SLN samples. The cytotoxic potential of the samples was evaluated on human lung carcinoma, using an in vitro model (A549 human lung carcinoma monolayer). Results: The data revealed that the A549 cell line was strongly affected after treatment with SLN samples, especially those that contained OA-loaded green-IONPs obtained with Ocimum basilicum extract (under 30% viability rates). The biosafety profile investigation of the 3D normal in vitro bronchial model showed that all the SLN samples negatively affected the viability of the bronchial microtissues (below 50%). As regards the morphological changes, all the samples induce major changes such as loss of the surface epithelium integrity, loss of epithelial junctions, loss of cilia, hyperkeratosis, and cell death caused by apoptosis. Conclusions: In summary, the culprit for the negative impact on viability and morphology of 3D normal bronchial microtissues could be the too-high dose (500 µg/mL) of the SLN sample used. Nevertheless, further adjustments in the SLN synthesis process and another complex in vitro evaluation will be considered for future research.

Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Rosmarinic Acid and the Extracts of Lamiaceae Plants for the Treatment of Fibrosis of Various Organs.

Fibrosis, which causes structural hardening and functional degeneration in various organs, is characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of connective tissue containing collagen, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), etc. In traditional medicine, extracts of medicinal plants or herbal prescriptions have been used to treat various fibrotic diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the antifibrotic effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) and plant extracts that contain RA, as observed in various experimental models. RA, as well as the extracts of Glechoma hederacea, Melissa officinalis, Elsholtzia ciliata, Lycopus lucidus, Ocimum basilicum, Prunella vulgaris, Salvia rosmarinus (Rosmarinus officinalis), Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Perilla frutescens, have been shown to attenuate fibrosis of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and abdomen in experimental animal models. Their antifibrotic effects were associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, cell activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and fibrogenic gene expression. RA treatment activated peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) while suppressing the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and Wnt signaling pathways. Interestingly, most plants that are reported to contain RA and exhibit antifibrotic activity belong to the family Lamiaceae. This suggests that RA is an active ingredient for the antifibrotic effect of Lamiaceae plants and that these plants are a useful source of RA. In conclusion, accumulating scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of RA and Lamiaceae plant extracts in alleviating fibrosis and maintaining the structural architecture and normal functions of various organs under pathological conditions.

The synergistic effect of the combination of Ocimum basilicum and Ceratonia siliqua on inflammation and oxidative stress

The use of basil and carob in traditional medicine to address inflammation and oxidative stress reflects a long-standing practice rooted in folk medicine. This study was conducted to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of a rosmarinic acid-rich extract of Ocimum basilicum (RAE) combined with a carob aqueous extract (CAE). Paw edema in rats and vascular permeability in mice were measured to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect. The assessment of lipoprotein oxidation was carried out by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as well as determining the scavenging activity towards lipoperoxyl radicals and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The combination (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and vascular permeability in mice (p<0.001), and these effects were comparable to those of the indomethacin drug (50 mg/kg). Moreover, the combination significantly prevented plasma lipoprotein oxidation and efficiently scavenged lipoperoxyl (IC50= 160 ± 11 μg/ml) and DPPH (IC50= 80 ± 4 μg/ml) radicals. The present study indicates the potential nutraceutical benefits of combining Basil and Carob in the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases, which is correlated with the high contents of rosmarinic acid, phenolic acids, and fibres.

Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) presents pro-apoptotic activity in an Ehrlich's experimental tumor murine model.

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of an ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (EEOb) aerial parts against Ehrlich's experimental tumor (EET) in mice. Swiss mice were divided into two groups (control and treated; n = 6). On day 21, all mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 2 × 106 (0.05 mL) EET cells in the left paw for solid tumor development. This study lasted 28 days. Treatment began 24 hours after inoculation with EET. Measurements of dorsoplantar thickness were used to assess tumor growth. The paw pad was collected for histopathological analysis and stained using the argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR) technique and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Bcl-2 and Bax. The treatment of animals with EEOb at 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally was able to reduce the growth (Control = 3.7 ± 0.1 mm vs. EEOb = 5.7 ± 0.2 mm) and the number of AgNORs of solid Ehrlich tumor. The antitumor effect of EEOb was associated with the induction of apoptosis of tumoral cell, as suggested by the reduction of the content of Bcl-2 induced by extract. The study demonstrated that daily administration of EEOb is able to reduce the growth of EET by induce apoptosis of tumoral cells.

A determination of rational parameters for drying plant extracts of wild and cultivated plants with antioxidant properties

The article focuses on the drying of callus extracts of Ocimum basilicum and Eleutherococcus senticosus by pseudo-boiling bed method. During the study, rational conditions for the drying process were determined: temperature 90 ℃, aspiration 100 ± 0.8 m3/h and solution feed rate of 8 ± 0.3ml/min. It was possible to increase the antioxidant activity of the extract under the given conditions. The study of fluidized bed drying of the extract of callus cultures of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Eleutherococcus senticosus (Eleutherococcus senticosus) allows to obtain extracts with higher concentration of biologically active substances. The results of the article can be useful for agro-, bio- and food industries.

Green synthesis of silver nitrate (AgNO) mediated herbal antimicrobial aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum (Basil Leaves)

Green antimicrobial herbal preparations have emerged as cost effective, non-toxic and sustainable approach that involves the use of eco-friendly and non-toxic plant herbs and spices extracts. Green synthesis of silver-treated herbal extracts of Ocimum basilicum (basil leaves extracts) is well known for its safe and cost-effective approach due to having antimicrobial activity to treat various influenza like symptoms, antistress and antidepressant properties. Herbal plant leaf extracts have also been reported to contain an active reducing agent that can reduce metal ions to synthesize biogenic metal nanoparticles. Silver itself, is well reported for their bactericidal properties and also enhance antimicrobial properties when used to prepare biogenic silver nanoparticles from herbal and other biological sources. Hence, we prepared silver nitrate (AgNO) mediated herbal formulations of (basil extracts) that showed significant antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli BL21 strain. Moreover, this green approach can be more promising to prepare antimicrobial of silver-treated formulations using Ocimum basilicum extracts. It might be safe and cost effective herbal based preparations including nanosuspensions that can further proposed for clinical practices to treat various microbial pathogenesis.

Examining the varied concentrations of Mentha spicata and Ocimum basilicum affect the synthesis of AgNPs that restrict the development of bacteria

This work examined the effects of varied concentrations of Ocimum basilicum and Mentha spicata aqueous extracts in order to determine the concentration that has the strongest antibacterial impact through the green synthesis technique of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In order to synthesize AgNPs using the reduction method, different quantities of reducing and stabilizing agents: (a) 0.75 mM Ocimum basilicum and 0.25 mM Mentha spicata; (b) 0.5 Mentha spicata and 0.5 mM Ocimum basilicum; and (c) 0.25 mM Ocimum basilicum and 0.75 mM Mentha spicata were utilized. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and UV–vis spectra were used to analyze AgNPs' crystal structure and shape. The antibacterial potency of E. coli ATCC 35218 was investigated utilizing AgNPs employing the well diffusion, MBC, MIC, and the time-kill curve. Ocimum basilicum water solution's dark yellow hue denotes the completion of the AgNPs' synthesis. As the aqueous Ocimum basilicum solution concentration increases between 0.25 and 0.75 mM, the AgNPs' UV spectra show a gradually increasing absorption. This, in turn, caused the nanoparticle size to alter from 73.57 to 89.05 nm and the wavelength to change from 468 to 474 nm. The experiments also revealed that the nanoparticles had a significantly antibacterial activity against E. coli, of the sample prepared with 1 mM Ocimum basilicum. Based on the synthesis of AgNPs, it has been shown that an aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum outperforms Mentha spicata as a powerful reducing agent and stabilizing agent for the production AgNPs in various sizes. This is true regardless of the solvent content.

Evaluation of amyloid protein expression in a neurodegenerative rat model impairs memory abilities by Ocimum basilicum extract

Evaluation of amyloid protein expression in a neurodegenerative rat model impairs memory abilities by Ocimum basilicum extract

Biogenic ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 Nanocomposite: A Groundbreaking Approach for Enhanced Degradation Capabilities and Reusability in Dye Removal Applications

We present the successful synthesis of a biogenic ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite using an aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Basilicum L. The confirmation of biosynthesis was achieved through UV–Visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis), which provided evidence of ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 NC formation. Scanning Electron Microscopy further confirmed the nanoscale size of the NC, measuring at 65 nm. X-Ray Diffraction analysis revealed a hexagonal structure for ZnO and a monoclinic structure for CuO. The successful synthesis of the environmentally friendly ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 NC was further verified using Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which identified the functional groups present in the composite. Notably, the ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 NC demonstrated exceptional degradation capabilities for toluidine blue (TB), p-toluidine (PT), and m-Toluidine (MT), with degradation rates of 99%, 99.1%, and 99.7%, respectively, within a reaction time of 120 min. The reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first order model, with rate constant (k) values of 0.0314 min−1 and 0.0189 min−1 for TB and PT, respectively. This high rate of dye degradation can be attributed to the low band gap of the NC, which was determined to be 1.44 eV for the indirect bandgap. Furthermore, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent degradation reusability, maintaining a high degradation rate in each cycle.

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. in the healing process of incisional wounds in mice

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. in the healing process of incisional wounds in mice

Microfluidic-based nanoemulsion of Ocimum basilicum extract: Constituents, stability, characterization, and potential biomedical applications for improved antimicrobial and anticancer properties.

This paper reports on the findings from a study that aimed to identify and characterize the constituents of Ocimum basilicum extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, as well as assess the physicochemical properties and stability of nanoemulsions formulated with O. basilicum extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the O. basilicum extract contained 22 components, with Caryophyllene and Naringenin identified as the primary active constituents. The nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated excellent potential for use in the biomedical field, with a small and uniform particle size distribution, a negative zeta potential, and high encapsulation efficiency for the O. basilicum extract. The nanoemulsions exhibited spherical morphology and remained physically stable for up to 6 months. In vitro release studies indicated sustained release of the extract from the nanoemulsion formulation compared to the free extract solution. Furthermore, the developed nanoformulation exhibited enhanced anticancer properties against K562 cells while demonstrating low toxicity in normal cells (HEK293). The O. basilicum extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with a potential synergistic effect observed when combined with the nanoemulsion. These findings contribute to the understanding of the constituents and potential applications of O. basilicum extract and its nanoemulsion formulation in various fields, including healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Further optimization and research are necessary to maximize the efficacy and antimicrobial activity of the extract and its nanoformulation. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study characterized the constituents of O. basilicum extract and assessed the physicochemical properties and stability of its nanoemulsion formulation. The O. basilicum extract contained 22 components, with Caryophyllene and Naringenin identified as the primary active constituents. The nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated excellent potential for biomedical applications, with sustained release of the extract, low toxicity, and enhanced anticancer and antimicrobial properties. The findings contribute to the understanding of the potential applications of O. basilicum extract and its nanoemulsion formulation in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries, highlighting the need for further optimization and research.

Antimicrobial Activity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Against Gram-Negative Bacteria Involved in Pneumonia Infection

Infectious diseases are still a global problem, for example, acute respiratory infections (SARI). Resistance in pneumonia involving Gram-negative bacterial infection reduces the effectiveness of antibiotic use and increases the length of hospital stay. This study examines the potential of antimicrobial compounds from basil plants against isolates of Gram-negative bacteria involved in pneumonia infection. This research is an experimental study through several stages: basil extraction, initial screening of bioactive compounds, isolation and identification of bacteria from sputum, and testing for antimicrobial activity of basil extracts. Sputum samples were collected from 43 pneumonia patients (male and female) involving Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. The inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria was directly proportional to the basil extract concentration. Initial screening for phytochemical compounds showed that the extracts of basil leaves and stems contained active compounds of tannins and flavonoids. The 25% concentration of basil extract was the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the test bacteria. The 100% basil extract concentration produced the largest inhibition zone i.e., 10.93 mm. The overall findings of this study provide baseline information for the possible use of the Ocimum basilicum extract in the treatment of pneumonia involving Gram-negative bacteria.

Green synthesis of lead oxide nanoparticles using Ocimum basilicum extract: Photocatalytic assessment and cytotoxicity effects

In the present study, lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) were synthesized through Ocimum basilicum seed extract as a stabilizer agent. The structural and optical features, size, surface area, and morphology of PbO-NPs were evaluated through the usage of FTIR, TGA-DTA, XRD, UV–Vis, EDX, FESEM, TEM, and BET techniques. The thermal behavior of the composition was assessed by the usage of TGA/DTA analysis. The attained results of the XRD pattern show the crystalline structure of PbO-NPs. BET analysis appointed a specific surface area of PbO-NPs. The FESEM and TEM images of PbO-NPs displayed spherical shapes and the diameter of the particles was about 20–30 nm. The toxicity effects of NPs were evaluated on the CT-26 cell line and the IC50 value was about 485.8 µg/mL. As well as the photocatalytic attributes of PbO-NPs were perused on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) pigment which showed about 90 % degradation after 150 min.