Ocean Tsunami Research Articles

The 2022 Tonga Tsunami on the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of the Americas

AbstractThe Hunga‐Tonga volcano eruption on 15 January 2022 generated tsunami waves that impacted both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the Americas. A unique feature of this event was the dual tsunami generation mechanism, which led to motions with long (several days) ringing and slow energy decay. The first ocean waves to reach the coast were “atmospheric tsunamis” generated by atmospheric Lamb waves that propagated with the speed of sound (∼314 m/s) and circled the globe in both directions several times before being fully attenuated. The second type of ocean waves were classical “oceanic tsunami” waves forced directly by the volcanic eruption and which propagated across the Pacific at roughly 2/3 the speed of the atmospheric waves. This study focuses on time series of the Hunga‐Tonga event recorded by tide gauges, microbarographs and Deep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis on and off the Pacific coasts of North and Central America and in the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric tsunami waves only were recorded in the Gulf of Mexico, where the sea level response to the second, westward (shoreward) propagating atmospheric wave was stronger than to the first, eastward (seaward) propagating wave. Along the Pacific coast, the atmospheric tsunami waves were approximately 3–4 times smaller than the oceanic tsunami waves, which at several Mexican stations exceeded 2 m in height. The broad frequency range of 0.2–0.25 to 30 cph spanned by the oceanic tsunami in the Pacific indicates that the “effective” source area for the oceanic waves was more extensive than initially proposed.

Analysis of Lie invariance, analytical solutions, conservation laws, and a variety of wave profiles for the (2+1)-dimensional Riemann wave model arising from ocean tsunamis and seismic sea waves

Analysis of Lie invariance, analytical solutions, conservation laws, and a variety of wave profiles for the (2+1)-dimensional Riemann wave model arising from ocean tsunamis and seismic sea waves

The damage effect on the structural capacity of school building columns due to tsunami inundation in Banda Aceh city after 16 years

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused catastrophic damage to buildings and infrastructure in Banda Aceh. The impact and damage depended on several factors such as the distance of the area from the coast. It was reported that in Banda Aceh, the tsunami wave inundation reached the city center and affected over a third of the population. Due to priority reasons at the time, although the structure was submerged in tsunami inundation, numerous public facilities including school buildings still in use without any proper repair. This study aims to determine the effect of column damage due to the tsunami inundation on the strength of the building. The school building of SMPN 6 Banda Aceh is selected as the case study. Seven analysis cases were carried out to simulate the degradation of the column cross-section caused by tsunami inundation. The reduction of the column cross-section was determined from 5 to 25% with increments of 5%. The analysis results revealed that the decrease in strength has occurred from the case of 5% degradation and the vulnerability started to increase with the increase of degradation level. In the case of 25% degradation, 90% of the structure’s column was at an unsafe level.

Ozonum—The Global Impact

AbstractThe remedy Ozonum has become the highest-ranking prescription in my practice during the coronavirus pandemic. Respiratory tract illnesses represent a smaller percentage of cases that have responded well to the remedy. Most cases I have seen were predominantly affected by the indirect impact of the pandemic. I have noticed a similar increase in Ozonum prescriptions following former global events, for example, the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers on 11th September 2001 in New York, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano which paralysed flights across Europe and the severe 2017 to 2018 flu season. Ozone is a gas, called 'activated oxygen', formed by three atoms of oxygen instead of the two that we normally breathe. We are familiar with the protective function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The life cycle of ozone and its connection to ocean and marine life, to trees, habitat, and life in general, is less commonly known. A dynamic constellation of the homeopathic remedy becomes clear once we understand the ozone life cycle and its ecosystem in its natural and disrupted form. Ozonum—the homeopathic remedy—was used by our forefathers but has almost been forgotten until Anne Schadde's proving in nineties of the last century. Ozonum as a remedy has a wide range of applications such as pandemics, mass casualties and disasters, as well as routine clinical uses. Within different levels of context, the main feeling of Ozonum dynamic is exemplified by the statement—'I can't breathe!' It may be considered a 'polychrest' of our time evidently resonating with contemporary climatic, medical, socio-political and economic global challenges. We need to adopt a global view to keep up with the times and perceive a link between individual and global health in a broader perspective.

The Turning Point in International Development Cooperation of South Korea

Clarifying how South Korean aid had been changed during the procedures to join Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and the background why South Korea made a decision to become a DAC member are the main purposes of this study. Prior researches have identified a few reasons that clarifying emerging donor’s DAC entering mainly focused on external factors. This study describes South Korea’s decision to join DAC had been decided through domestic debates, unlike previous studies. The policy documents and qualitative interviews used to analyze the changes of aid and background in South Korea, especially during the 2000s. In 2005, the South Korean government announced a plan for aid policy reforms by 2010. The establishment of the Committee for International Development Cooperation for comprehensive aid policy‐making expansion of aid volume, and the increase in grant ratio were the major changes in this process. The members involved in Official Development Assistance policy reforms were not only officials but professionals who pursued a career in civil society as well. The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in 2004 worked as one of the catastrophic events that pushed Korea to shift to real policy reform, but more than that, there was a social consensus on South Korea’s obligation to become an international donor. Keywords: ODA, Korea, DAC, Emerging donor DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/98-30 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Message from the Winner

I am honored to receive the JDR Award and am very grateful to the editors and staff members of the Journal of Disaster Research. I am also deeply indebted to the authors who contributed their excellent papers to the two special issues that I had the privilege of guest editing. One issue focused on tsunami forces and effects on structures (Vol.4 No.6) and the other on uncertainties in tsunami effects (Vol.11 No.4). I organized these special issues in cooperation with professors Shuto1 and Sato2, without whom I could not have achieved such fruitful special issues. So this award must be shared with both professor Shuto and professor Sato. The Journal of Disaster Research was founded in 2006, immediately after two impactful disasters: the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami, and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. The founding of the journal was very timely, and I was inspired when I was invited to serve as an international member of the editorial board. Recognizing that research in natural hazards must be trans-disciplinary and interwoven with expertise in geophysics, engineering, and social sciences, I felt it was difficult to locate a proper arena for reporting research findings. And because natural hazards do not recognize national borders, I felt it was crucial that research be conducted with close international collaboration. In the Journal’s early days, it published collections of papers originating mostly from Japanese research activities. But contributions from other countries have increased dramatically, and today the Journal is in the process of establishing an exceptional reputation, attracting truly outstanding research articles from around the world. The Journal of Disaster Research now serves as an excellent dissemination outlet for cutting-edge natural hazard and disaster research, and I intend to continually contribute to this exemplary international journal.

Multisite Remote Sensing for Tsunami-Induced Waves

In the 2011 Tohoku tsunamigenic earthquake, ionospheric anomalies generated by tsunami-induced gravity waves were observed by many types of instruments. Three digisondes and one Doppler receiver located in East Asia were applied to investigate the far-field ionospheric response to the westward-propagating gravity waves generated by the earthquake. Based on time–period spectrum analysis, oscillations between 20 and 36 min on the $fo\text{F}2$ (critical frequency of F2 layer) curves and Doppler variations of each observation location were identified. The horizontal group speed, generation time, and source location estimated with the ray-tracing method all indicated that the periodic disturbances recorded by the four radio systems were gravity waves induced by the tsunami following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The plasma frequency variations at five fixed altitudes in the ionospheric F2 layer over I-Cheon were used to investigate the vertical propagation of the tsunami-associated gravity waves. The measured phase progression in the vertical direction was opposite that of the energy transport, which further confirmed that the recorded waves were atmospheric gravity waves. The use of multisite remote sensing for examining tsunami-induced waves in the ionosphere may open new perspectives in oceanic monitoring and future tsunami warning systems.

Global and Regional Paradigms of Reconstruction Housing in Banda Aceh

This paper draws on research conducted after the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, where more than 100,000 houses were built by various agencies following the massive disaster. The research reveals that the residents in Aceh rarely see their reconstruction houses as ‘complete’ and modify these houses to suit their personal needs and aspirations. The relationships between the global and regional forces that drive reconstruction agency housing procurement and production are explored, and compared with the outcomes of user-initiated modifications to the houses. From the hundreds of houses reviewed, here four houses are discussed in detail, built by the Asian Development Bank, representing a global paradigm, and Bank Mandiri, representing a regional paradigm. These houses were modified and extended to varying degrees by their residents, exemplifying the ways in which reconstruction agencies, perhaps inadvertently, empowered residents by enabling them to improve their own housing. The outcomes of this transformation process underscore the advantages of a hybrid between global and regional styles, and the desire of the reconstruction housing residents to recapture some of the local housing culture and reflect regional housing characteristics.

Detection of tsunami-driven phase and amplitude perturbations of subionospheric VLF signals following the 2010 Chile earthquake

We report on specific fluctuations in phase and amplitude of VLF signals that correlate both spatially and temporally with the passage of the tsunamis recorded by the Deep-ocean Assessments and Reporting of Tsunamis bottom pressure stations. Measurements from the VLF/LF receiver sited in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and sensor buoys placed throughout the Pacific Ocean at great distances (Hawaii and Japan) from the epicenter are consistent with the hypothesis that the ocean tsunami following the Chile earthquake on 27 February 2010 radiated internal gravity waves which propagated through the lower ionosphere.

東北地方太平洋沖地震津波を対象とした護岸への作用外力と被災要因の分析

東北地方太平洋沖地震津波を対象とした護岸への作用外力と被災要因の分析

Urban-Rural Connections: Banda Aceh through Conflict, Tsunami and Decentralization

Indonesia’s northwesternmost province of Aceh has been the scene of one of the most catastrophic natural disasters and large-scale reconstruction efforts in human history following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. It has also been the site of one of Asia’s most protracted armed separatist conflicts, as well as a uniquely successful case study on the global map of conflict resolution. Since 2005, when an internationally mediated peace process in Helsinki led to resolution of the Aceh conflict, the province has become the subject of Indonesia’s biggest experiment with democratic decentralization via the conferral, in 2006, of “self-government” to Aceh within Indonesia. Many scholars use the provincial capital of Banda Aceh as a base, not least because of the city’s historical and contemporary relevance as a center of important events and moments of transformation. Yet, to date, little attention has been paid to Banda Aceh itself as the primary unit of analysis. In this chapter, we provide a Banda Aceh-centered analysis of transformations within and about Aceh since 1998. This is done by tracing the changing position of the city provincially, nationally, and internationally, as well as internally in its relations with other (mostly rural) parts of Aceh. In so doing, we bring into view largely overlooked urban-rural cleavages and interrelations.

New Multilateralism in Action for Peace: A Case Study of the US-Led Operation Unified Assistance in the Asian Tsunami Disaster

In the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in December 2004, the ensuing multinational relief, humanitarian, and rebuilding efforts of the Operation United Assistance (OUA) are new examples of international cooperation to sustain and rebuild Asian communities in the post-9/11 security environment. An analysis of the cooperative efforts in light of differing theoretical perspectives provides a forum for debate on the nature of cooperation in the international arena and the implications for ethnic and civil wars in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Once described and explained by multiple theories, the relief operations can then be used to predict and perhaps even prescribe future international cooperation in natural disasters and conflict resolution in civil war environments. As a case study, this paper also examines international security strategies and the implications for economic prosperity and political stability in sovereign but weak nation-states.

New Multilateralism in Action for Peace: A Case Study of the US-led Operation Unified Assistance in the Asian Tsunami Disaster1

In the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in December 2004, the ensuing multinational relief, humanitarian, and rebuilding efforts of the Operation United Assistance (OUA) are new examples of international cooperation to sustain and rebuild Asian communities in the post-9/11 security environment. An analysis of the cooperative efforts in light of differing theoretical perspectives provides a forum for debate on the nature of cooperation in the international arena and the implications for ethnic and civil wars in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Once described and explained by multiple theories, the relief operations can then be used to predict and perhaps even prescribe future international cooperation in natural disasters and conflict resolution in civil war environments. As a case study, this paper also examines international security strategies and the implications for economic prosperity and political stability in sovereign but weak nation states.

Disaster Reduction on the Coasts of the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami of 26th December 2004 has resulted in a massive and generous response for disaster relief and reconstruction, together with plans to be more prepared next time. Disaster reduction, a program delivered before disaster strikes, is the best long term means of reduction of poverty but it receives less attention in the aftermath of a major disaster. An effective disaster reduction program must address all risks, not just tsunamis. For some regions tropical cyclones and storm surges are more frequently deadly than tsunamis. The two can be combined in the assessment of inundation. The program must be one which is affordable in regions of poverty, and it must be one which is implemented by the communities themselves. A procedure is given whereby a “disaster reduction limit state” is added to the procedures of risk assessment. Based on these principles, a Guide to Disaster Reduction on the Coasts of the Indian Ocean is proposed.