Maritime Transport Research Articles

STAD: Ship trajectory anomaly detection in ocean with dynamic pattern clustering

With the continuous increase of maritime traffic, developing an efficient and accurate model for ship trajectory anomaly detection has become crucial for ensuring maritime transportation safety. The high complexity and variability of the marine environment lead to diverse ship trajectory patterns, making it challenging to learn effective trajectory representations for accurately identifying anomalies. We thus proposed an unsupervised deep learning model called STAD for ship trajectory anomaly detection in ocean to address this challenge. Concretely, STAD leverages offset reconstruction-based representation learning and a deep Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) estimation network to learn the underlying complex clustering patterns of ship trajectories and utilize the learned patterns to enhance trajectory anomaly detection. Extensive experiments on multiple AIS datasets indicate that our model significantly outperforms existing methods in detecting multiple representative types of ship trajectory anomalies, including shift deviation, abnormal heading, and abnormal speeding. This study could help closely monitor the status of ship movement and detect abnormal behaviors in advance, thus benefiting maritime safety.

Application of Advanced Algorithms in Port State Control for Offshore Vessels Using a Classification Tree and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

This article examines the methods and application of classification trees and multi-criteria decision-making in the process of holding offshore vessels in port (Port State Control—PSC). This work aims to improve the efficiency and precision of the control processes in the detention of offshore vessels by using advanced analytical methods. Methodologically, a classification decision tree was used to identify the most important risk factors, enabling a faster and more accurate assessment of the possibility of detaining offshore vessels in port. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) also enabled the simultaneous assessment of multiple factors, ensuring a balanced, robust, accurate, and objective approach. The research results show that the integration of these methods into the PSC process can significantly increase the safety of shipping and reduce the operating costs of offshore vessels. The application of these analytical tools can lead to a more systematic and transparent inspection process. This paper suggests further research and training of inspectors in the use of these techniques to maximize their applicability and effectiveness. Finally, this paper emphasizes the potential of classification trees and MCDM for safer and more efficient maritime transport by improving PSC procedures.

Bridging The Gap Between Maritime Education and Industry Needs: Enhancing Human Resource Development

This research explores the critical need for maritime vocational education to align more closely with the evolving demands of the maritime industry, particularly in the areas of technological integration, environmental compliance, and industry collaboration. By analyzing the qualitative perspectives of maritime professionals, educators, graduates, and senior government officers, the study identifies key gaps in the current educational framework. The findings highlight the moderate effectiveness of existing programs, with strengths in regulatory knowledge and industry-academia partnerships, but weaknesses in preparing students for advanced technological systems and practical environmental challenges. The study emphasizes the need for curriculum modernization, increased hands-on training, and deeper, long-term industry partnerships to equip future maritime professionals with the skills necessary to navigate a rapidly changing sector. Ultimately, this research provides actionable insights for improving the responsiveness and agility of maritime vocational schools, ensuring that graduates are better prepared for the technological, regulatory, and environmental challenges facing the maritime industry.

Empowering Maritime Graduates for Policy Advocacy and Sustainability in Vocational Education

This research explores the role of maritime vocational schools in preparing graduates to become effective advocates for policy development and sustainability within the maritime industry. Through qualitative research and descriptive analysis, the study examines the perspectives of maritime professionals, lecturers, graduates, and government officials to assess the effectiveness of current educational programs. The findings highlight strong technical competency development but reveal gaps in policy understanding, leadership skills, and the practical application of sustainability principles. Collaboration between industry and educational institutions is effective, but greater government involvement is needed. To address these challenges, maritime vocational schools must enhance their curricula by incorporating modules on policy advocacy, leadership development, and sustainability. This will ensure that graduates are equipped to influence policy, lead teams, and promote sustainable practices, contributing to the long-term competitiveness and sustainability of the maritime industry.

The effect of failure on energy efficiency in maritime vessels autopilot systems

The increasing demands for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in the maritime industry have underscored the critical importance of optimizing autopilot systems, which, despite their significance, are often overlooked in ship energy efficiency management. The objective of this study is to enhance the energy efficiency of ships by focusing on the efficiency of autopilot systems, which play a significant role in the management of energy efficiency. The research emphasizes the need for effective decision support systems for ship operators, not only for optimizing ship speeds but also for making informed operational decisions. By utilizing Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA), the study identifies and prioritizes the causes of efficiency losses in autopilot systems and examines their frequency. Based on expert opinions, the research delves into the complexity of autopilot systems and the interactions among various components. Notably, the study highlights the impact of multiple factors on the efficiency of complex autopilot systems, elucidating their relationships through Minimum Cut Sets (MCS) analysis. Furthermore, attention was drawn to the “Improper Alarm Input” event caused by insufficient knowledge and awareness among ship operators, which hinders the effective use of autopilot systems. The findings demonstrate that decision support systems can increase energy efficiency and contribute to the reduction of operational errors by reducing the human factor, which is 99% effective on the “Inefficient Heading Control System”. Additionally, proper utilization of autopilot systems can lead to a decrease in a ship's carbon footprint and operating costs. Overall, the results can affect strategic decisions in ship energy efficiency management and encourage significant steps toward achieving International Maritime Organization's (IMO) sustainability objectives.

Enhancing Pedagogical Skills and Industry Knowledge for Maritime Instructors through Applied Management Studies

This study examines the effectiveness of enhancing teacher training and development programs for maritime instructors by focusing on improving both pedagogical skills and industry knowledge. The research explores applied management strategies in the fields of port, shipping, and logistics, aligning them with industry-specific educational needs. Qualitative perspectives from 5 maritime professionals, 5 lecturers, and 5 graduates working in maritime sectors were analyzed through descriptive analysis. The study aims to understand how maritime instructors can effectively integrate technical, promotional, marketing, and innovative skills into their teaching practices to better prepare students for the maritime industry. The data collection was conducted through structured interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. Findings indicate that improving teacher training not only enhances instructor competencies but also bridges the gap between maritime education and industry requirements. Key indicators include the effectiveness and efficiency of the training programs, with a performance score of 9/10 based on qualitative assessment. The paper discusses the implications for maritime vocational education, emphasizing the need for continuous improvement in instructor development. The study concludes with recommendations for further enhancing maritime teacher training programs by incorporating modern management practices and technological advancements to ensure that maritime education stays relevant to industry demands.

Developing Leadership and Management Competencies in Maritime Vocational Education: A Qualitative Study

This research investigates the effectiveness of maritime vocational education in developing leadership and management competencies, focusing on ethical decision-making, global competence, and innovation. A qualitative approach was used to gather insights from 24 participants, including maritime professionals, lecturers, graduates, and senior government officers. The results reveal that maritime vocational schools are highly effective in fostering leadership skills, with an overall average score of 9/10 across various indicators. However, graduates indicated a need for more practical, hands-on learning experiences to better transition into professional leadership roles. The study suggests that further collaboration between maritime vocational schools and industry stakeholders is essential to ensure curriculum relevance and alignment with industry demands. By enhancing practical learning opportunities and addressing gaps in leadership training, maritime vocational education can continue to play a critical role in preparing future leaders for the complexities of the global maritime industry.

Enhancing Career Pathways for Maritime Graduates through Human Resource Management Strategies

This research investigates how maritime vocational schools can enhance the career pathways of graduates by aligning educational outcomes with the needs of the maritime industry. Through qualitative analysis of perspectives from maritime professionals, lecturers, graduates, and government officers, the study identifies critical gaps in technology integration, environmental sustainability, and soft skills development. The research underscores the importance of industry collaboration, continuous learning, and adaptability in vocational education. By adopting human resource management strategies, schools can bridge the gap between education and industry, fostering stronger networks and preparing graduates for long-term success in a rapidly evolving maritime sector. The study emphasizes the role of internships, mentorships, and alumni networks in improving job placement and career advancement opportunities for maritime graduates. Keywords: , , ,

Exploring Maritime Education's Role In Global Trade and Workforce Development

This research investigates the effectiveness of maritime education in developing a skilled workforce capable of facilitating global trade and economic development. Through qualitative analysis of the perspectives and experiences of maritime professionals, lecturers, and graduates, the study examines key areas including curriculum alignment, workforce competency development, technological integration, and sustainability. The findings reveal that while maritime education is effective in providing core technical skills, gaps exist in the integration of emerging technologies and environmental practices. Addressing these gaps by updating curricula to emphasize innovation and sustainability will better prepare graduates to meet the future challenges of the maritime industry. The research highlights the critical role of maritime education in shaping the next generation of industry leaders who can contribute to global trade efficiency and environmental stewardship.

Digital Transformation in the Maritime Industry; Opportunities and Challenges for Indonesia

Digital transformation is reshaping industries worldwide, including the maritime sector, by integrating advanced technologies to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. In the context of Indonesia, a country with a vast archipelago and significant maritime activities, digital transformation offers substantial opportunities but also presents distinct challenges. This paper explores the multifaceted impacts of digital transformation on Indonesia's maritime industry, examining both the opportunities and challenges that arise from this technological shift. Opportunities in the maritime sector include enhanced operational efficiency, improved safety, and better environmental management. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain are pivotal in optimizing logistics, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring of vessels and cargo. These advancements can lead to reduced operational costs, minimized human errors, and lower environmental footprints. For Indonesia, leveraging these technologies could significantly boost its competitiveness in global shipping, enhance port operations, and support the sustainable management of its extensive marine resources. However, the journey towards digital transformation in Indonesia’s maritime industry is fraught with challenges. Key issues include inadequate digital infrastructure, limited technological expertise, and regulatory hurdles. The uneven distribution of digital infrastructure across Indonesia's archipelago hampers the consistent application of advanced technologies. Additionally, the maritime workforce requires upskilling to handle new digital tools effectively, necessitating substantial investment in education and training. Regulatory frameworks also need to evolve to address data security, privacy concerns, and the integration of international standards, ensuring a seamless transition to digital operations.

The Role of Business Incubators in Encouraging Maritime Technology Start-up Innovation

This study examines the critical role of business incubators in driving innovation in maritime technology start-ups. With the growing need for innovative technology solutions in the maritime industry, business incubators have emerged as a key catalyst in developing and introducing new ideas to the market. The study used a qualitative approach, involving in-depth interviews with 30 stakeholders, including start-up founders, incubator managers, and maritime industry experts. The results showed that business incubators provide critical support in the form of access to funding, expert mentoring, research and development facilities, and extensive industry networks. The findings also revealed that incubators that focus on the maritime sector are more effective in helping start-ups overcome industry-specific challenges. The study highlights the importance of collaboration between incubators, the maritime industry, and educational institutions to create an ecosystem that supports innovation. Implications of this study include recommendations for policymakers and industry players in designing more effective incubation programs to drive maritime technology innovation.

Assessing the environmental and economic viability of floating PV-powered green hydrogen: A case study on inland ferry operations in Türkiye

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts and costs associated with a floating photovoltaic (FPV)-powered green hydrogen production system for a ferry line in Türkiye, utilizing life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) methods. The methodology involves regridding daily data from 13 Global Climate Models (GCMs) to a consistent 1° × 1° grid, comparing this data with ERA5 datasets using various statistical methods, and identifying the top four GCMs. These models are then used to forecast ambient temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation for 2023–2052. Based on these forecasts, the FPV system's component sizes are determined. The LCA, based on the GREET 2022 database, reveals that green hydrogen is the most environmentally friendly option, reducing global warming potential (GWP) by 77.5 % compared to marine diesel oil (MDO 0.1 % S), with more than 62 % of GWP for the hydrogen-powered ferry attributed to PV production. LCCA results indicate that, without subsidies, green hydrogen is not economically feasible for the selected inland ferry line. Carbon taxes are insufficient to bridge cost differences, highlighting the need for financial incentives. Reducing corporate tax to 10 % is identified as the most effective incentive, and the Production Tax Credit (PTC) option maximizes internal rates of return for green hydrogen producers. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable energy choices in maritime transport, emphasizing the importance of both environmental and economic considerations.

Developing Maritime Management Curricula: Aligning Industry-Specific Needs with Sustainability and Emerging Technologies

The maritime industry is rapidly evolving due to technological advancements and increased emphasis on sustainability. This research aims to develop a specialized maritime management curriculum that aligns with the needs of the port, shipping, and logistics sectors while incorporating emerging technologies and sustainability practices. Through qualitative research involving 5 maritime professionals, 5 lecturers, and 5 graduates, this study investigates the current gaps in maritime education and the essential competencies needed in modern maritime professions. Using descriptive analysis, the research provides insights into the integration of applied management studies, technical skills, and innovation into the curriculum. The study identifies key areas where existing curricula fall short, including the underrepresentation of technological and sustainability competencies. By examining the experiences of industry professionals and educational experts, a new curriculum framework is proposed, aiming to enhance graduate readiness for modern challenges. The curriculum effectiveness is evaluated using key performance indicators (KPIs), with a 9/10 score on alignment with industry needs. Comprehensive tables illustrate the scoring across various curriculum components, including technology integration, sustainability, and managerial skills. The findings suggest that the proposed curriculum model can significantly improve the employability of graduates, ensuring that they are equipped to meet the dynamic requirements of the maritime industry. Continuous curriculum development, with feedback from industry stakeholders, is recommended to maintain alignment with evolving industry needs.

Evaluation of the powering extrapolation of a ship with a gate rudder system, including ageing and fouling effects

This paper is based on the evaluation results of the calm water powering extrapolation of a 90-m general cargo vessel, originally built with a conventional rudder system (CRS) and later retrofitted with an innovative energy-saving device (ESD) known as the Gate Rudder System® (GRS), as part of the EU H2020 Project GATERS. The power estimation of the vessel was conducted using an adapted extrapolation procedure based on the scaled model tests of the vessel in a towing tank, validated by the three sets of sea trials. The first sea trial was performed when the ship was new, while the latter two were conducted during the project timeline, before and after the GRS retrofit. This paper aims to adapt the ITTC-78 power extrapolation method to predict the power performance of a ship retrofitted with the GRS for the first time in the maritime industry. Within this framework, the specific objectives of the paper are to describe and validate the proposed method using relevant power-speed data of the GATERS project target vessel (M/V ERGE) initially equipped with the CRS and later replaced by the retrofit GRS to achieve the project objective. Due to the real-world circumstances of retrofitting a 13-year-old ship with a novel energy-saving device, investigating the effects of ageing, hull roughness, and fouling has also become one of the key objectives of the paper. The findings demonstrate the ageing effect on the target ship's powering performance after retrofitting with GRS, highlighting the need for special consideration of power extrapolation alongside the hull fouling effects. The paper also demonstrates that the GRS is an emerging ESD, as a retrofit beside newly built ships with GRS, which improved the powering performance of the project target vessel, achieving a remarkable 25% power saving based on the comparative full-scale sea trials.

Promoting Maritime Entrepreneurship and Innovation Through Applied Management Studies In Port, Shipping, and Logistics

This study investigates how applied management studies can foster entrepreneurship and innovation in maritime institutes, particularly in port, shipping, and logistics. By focusing on the qualitative experiences of five maritime professionals, five lecturers, and five graduates, this research explores how technical, promotional, marketing, and innovation strategies impact entrepreneurial development within the maritime industry. A qualitative research approach, supported by descriptive analysis, was employed to assess the effectiveness of applied management studies in promoting entrepreneurship among students. Results demonstrate a high level of efficiency and effectiveness, scoring 9/10 across various indicators. These findings offer insights into how maritime institutes can align their curriculum with industry needs, encouraging innovative and entrepreneurial thinking in future maritime professionals.

Research on the spatial distribution and influencing factors of the maritime services: based on data from Chinese enterprises

ABSTRACT In the context of global maritime cluster development and the strategic evolution of port cities, the spatial distribution and determinants of Maritime Services (MSs) emerge as pivotal areas of inquiry. However, empirical analysis in this domain remains limited. To address this deficiency, our study meticulously processes and analyses data from Chinese Maritime Service Enterprises (MSEs) listed in the World Shipping Register Company until 2023, categorizing these enterprises into port-related, ship-related and maritime consulting enterprises. Utilizing instrumental variables and econometrics, our findings reveal that MSs in China predominantly aggregate in coastal cities, along major inland waterways, and within inland central cities, with a pronounced clustering near urban centers. This distribution is primarily influenced by two factors: firstly, geographic proximity to seaports and throughput levels markedly impacts the distribution, especially for port-related enterprises and ship-related enterprises. Secondly, the clustering of downstream supporting industries, shared labor pools and knowledge spillovers, which are essential elements of agglomeration economics, particularly affects maritime consulting enterprises. Such a pattern is also influenced by the broader business environment and governmental governance. This research not only clarifies existing disputes regarding the maritime industry’s spatial distribution but also offers insights for MSs development and the transformative planning of port cities.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Complex Emission Dynamics in Port Areas Using High-Density Air Sensor Network.

Cargo terminals, as pivotal hubs of mechanical activities, maritime shipping, and land transportation, are significant sources of air pollutants, exhibiting considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the complex and irregular nature of emissions. This study employed a high-density air sensor network with 17 sites across four functional zones in two Shanghai cargo terminals to monitor NO and NO2 concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution post sensor data validation against regulatory monitoring stations. Notably, NO and NO2 concentrations within the terminal surged during the night, peaking at 06:00 h, likely due to local regulations on heavy-duty diesel trucks. Spatial analysis revealed the highest NO concentrations in the core operational areas and adjacent roads, with significantly lower levels in the outer ring, indicating strong emission sources and limited dispersion. Employing the lowest percentile method for baseline extraction from high-resolution data, this study identified local emissions as the primary source of NO, constituting over 80% of total emissions. Elevated background concentrations of NO2 suggested a gradual oxidation of NO into NO2, with local emissions contributing to 32-70% of the total NO2 concentration. These findings provide valuable insights into the NO and NO2 emission characteristics across different terminal areas, aiding decision-makers in developing targeted emission control policies.

Statistical seasonal prediction of Arctic sea ice concentration based on spatiotemporal anomaly persistent method

Abstract Accurate prediction of Arctic sea ice is crucial for high-latitude and even mid-latitude climate prediction. It significantly affects atmospheric circulation, the environment, ecology, and maritime transport. This study developed a statistical prediction model to predict monthly Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) for up to one year based on the season-reliant empirical orthogonal functions (SEOFs) technique. Its prediction skill was compared with that of a dynamical prediction model. The spatiotemporal pattern of sea ice anomalies, which exhibit strong seasonality and are maintained for a significant period above the seasonal time scale by atmosphere-ocean interactions, was extracted using SEOFs. A prediction model was constructed by extrapolating from the recent anomalous state of sea ice to predict the future. Experimental retrospective predictions with monthly time resolution for 1982–2021 were performed to validate the prediction skill of Arctic SIC and areal extent. Statistically significant prediction skills were achieved over several months, even up to six months, exceeding the skill of the dynamical model.

Global Freight Transport Emissions Responsibility.

The transportation of freight by land, sea and air underpins the complex network of global trade in physical commodities. Greenhouse gas emissions from freight transportation are a significant component of global emissions and are predicted to grow in coming decades. However, the inclusion of freight transport in emissions accounts and environmental impact studies is often incomplete. Both data availability and difficulties in allocating freight emissions to specific commodity trades contributes to this. In this study, international freight movements by transport mode are estimated from the bottom-up by imputing global freight transport routes. Emissions are estimated from these freight movements and integrated with a global multiregional input-output model. This enables the calculation of carbon footprints that are complete with respect to freight emissions. We estimate that global freight transport emissions contributed 2.8 Gt CO2-equiv in 2012, or about 41% of total transport emissions. In general, freight footprints contribute about 9% to national emissions footprints. While trade in physical commodities (such as construction materials, food and fossil fuels) are associated with the largest embodied freight emissions, services (such as public administration, education and health) also require significant freight transport. Using a consumption-based allocation of freight transport emissions allows the decarbonisation of other sectors to be complementary to the decarbonisation of transport through reduction in demand, for example through material efficiency strategies. To drive decarbonisation in maritime transport it is critical to include bunker emissions in national emissions inventories, thereby completing the system boundary.

Experimental Modelling of Water-Wave Interactions with a Flexible Beam

A series of fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) experiments is presented for studying water-wave interactions with a flexible beam in a wide range of sea conditions, thereby yielding a repository of FSI test-case data. The aim is to use these experimental data in order to validate FSI solvers commonly employed by the maritime industry in the design of fixed-foundation, offshore wind turbines. The experimental set-up allows simultaneous measurements of beam deflections and their effect on incident and reflected waves. In addition, the study is carried out in a wide range of sea conditions ranging from regular-to-irregular and moderate-to-extreme wave height and steepness. The study of such a wide range of conditions makes the experiments suitable for providing reliable data in the validation of a suite of mathematical and numerical FSI solvers, i.e., linear, nonlinear and high-fidelity. The data from the experiments are made publicly available through open-source data-sharing platforms.