Occurrence Point Research Articles

산림인접 시설물의 산불위험성에 대한 공무원들의 인식 연구 -경상북도 3개 시군을 중심으로-

산림인접 시설은 산불의 발화원이자 주요 취약 및 보호대상으로써, 이에 대한 관리와 산불진화 우선순위의 결정은 인명과 재산의 보호를 위해 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이에 대한 설문조사로 인접시설 대상물과 산불위험성에 대한 우선순위를 조사하였다. 설문조사결과 산불발생 취약대상물에 대한 인지도는 높으나, 산불보호 대상물에 대한 인지도는 낮아 이에 대한 분류체계 수립과 교육이 필요하며, 산불관련 공무원들은 논밭두렁, 묘지, 과수원을 취약대상으로 인식하며, 문화재와 천연보호림을 보호대상으로 인식하였고, 주요 산불피해 대상은 문화재와 주거 시설이라고 제시하였다. The facilities in the wildland-urban interface were main cause of forest fire occurrence and important point of forest fire protection and safety. The management of facilities and the determining the order of priorities for forest fire attack were very important for protecting human lifes and properties and estates. In this study, orders of danger rating priority and safety priority for facilities in wildland-urban interface were surveyed by questionnaire concerning. In results, the rate of awareness for danger facilities were high, while rate for protected facilities were low, The classification system for these facilities and education systems would be needed for solution of these problem. Officers who worked in the forest part(national and local administration) recognized rice paddies and dry fields, graveyards and orchard as danger facilities. And they recognized cultural assets and a preserved forest as protected facilities. The cultural assets and houses would be recognized as principal damaged facilities.

Occurrence, composition and dew point of tars produced during gasification of fuel cane bagasse in a downdraft gasifier

Abstract Gasification of pelletised fuel cane bagasse a waste residue from an energy crop known as fuel cane was investigated to evaluate the potential of fuelling solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with the raw fuel gas produced. Tars produced during gasification of the bagasse in a 50 kWe air-blown downdraft autothermal gasifier were collected, quantified and characterised and the tar dew point evaluated. The concentration of tar collected was 376 ± 27 mg m−3 of dry syngas (at 273 K, 101 kPa), emphasising the efficiency of the tar cracking reactions in the oxidation zone of the gasifier. However, although tar production was low, the typical mixture of tar compounds produced exhibited a high tar dew point of 90 ± 5 °C and was dominated by Class 2 and 5 tars which condense readily even at low concentrations. Additionally Class 1 tars had a mass fraction of 8% of the total tar produced. Therefore the calculated tar dew point underestimates the actual tar dew point and a high potential for fouling of SOFC anodes exists. Consequently primary or secondary gas cleaning treatment measures targeting the production or occurrence of Class 1, 2 and 5 tars will be essential for long term operation of SOFC power generating systems fuelled by raw fuel gas from fuel cane bagasse.

Transcriptional analysis of rat piriform cortex following exposure to the organophosphonate anticholinesterase sarin and induction of seizures

BackgroundOrganophosphorus nerve agents irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing a toxic buildup of acetylcholine at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Current medical countermeasures to nerve agent intoxication increase survival if administered within a short period of time following exposure but may not fully prevent neurological damage. Therefore, there is a need to discover drug treatments that are effective when administered after the onset of seizures and secondary responses that lead to brain injury.MethodsTo determine potential therapeutic targets for such treatments, we analyzed gene expression changes in the rat piriform cortex following sarin (O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced seizure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with 1 × LD50 sarin and subsequently treated with atropine sulfate, 2-pyridine aldoxime methylchloride (2-PAM), and the anticonvulsant diazepam. Control animals received an equivalent volume of vehicle and drug treatments. The piriform cortex, a brain region particularly sensitive to neural damage from sarin-induced seizures, was extracted at 0.25, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after seizure onset, and total RNA was processed for microarray analysis. Principal component analysis identified sarin-induced seizure occurrence and time point following seizure onset as major sources of variability within the dataset. Based on these variables, the dataset was filtered and analysis of variance was used to determine genes significantly changed in seizing animals at each time point. The calculated p-value and geometric fold change for each probeset identifier were subsequently used for gene ontology analysis to identify canonical pathways, biological functions, and networks of genes significantly affected by sarin-induced seizure over the 24-h time course.ResultsA multitude of biological functions and pathways were identified as being significantly altered following sarin-induced seizure. Inflammatory response and signaling pathways associated with inflammation were among the most significantly altered across the five time points examined.ConclusionsThis analysis of gene expression changes in the rat brain following sarin-induced seizure and the molecular pathways involved in sarin-induced neurodegeneration will facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets for the development of effective neuroprotectants to treat nerve agent exposure.

Bulging of Reinforced Retaining Walls

Recently reinforced retaining walls secure their position as a stabilized method of construction replacing concrete retaining walls gradually. However, in the event of using extensible reinforcement, a bulging phenomenon can be happened in the front of reinforced retaining walls. Bulging of reinforced retaining walls means a phenomenon that, in the height of an arbitrary block, the upper part and the lower part of the block don't secure a relative position in design. Therefore, it is judged that it has the necessity to be examined in design since reinforcement needs metamorphosis to some degree to display tensile force. Therefore, the study examined about how extensibility of reinforcement had an effect on movement of reinforced retaining walls through a small-scale model test with aluminum rods. The study used Changhoji(traditional korean paper made from mulberry bark) as inextensible reinforcement and membrane as extensible reinforcement. As the result of the test, rigidity of reinforcement had a lot of effects on displacement of reinforced retaining walls and generally occurrence point of the maximum horizontal displacement had a tendency transferring to the upper part of walls according to rigidity of reinforcement was increased.

Localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão com múltiplas derivações utilizando dados de somente dois terminais

Um novo método de localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão continuamente transpostas e com múltiplas derivações é apresentado neste artigo. O mesmo é baseado nos fasores de tensão e corrente, pré-falta e pós-falta, medidos em regime permanente nos terminais local e remoto, para determinar as informações de falta, tais como: o trecho de ocorrência, a distância de falta, ou seja, o ponto de ocorrência, e a resistência. A principal caracterstica deste novo método é o processo de varredura da rede, onde a falta é localizada dentro de cada um dos trechos da linha, buscando-se minimizar por meio de uma função objetivo, as diferenças entre as tensões e correntes medidas e calculadas nos terminais local e remoto. O erro calculado pela função objetivo, no caso de a falta estar em um determinado trecho, é comparado com o erro obtido para o trecho anterior, sendo o trecho com o maior erro descartado. No final do processo de varredura, o método de localização de faltas tem como resultado o trecho de ocorrência, a distância e a resistência da falta. Os resultados das simulações mostram a eficiência e a precisão do método proposto frente a variação da distância, resistência e tipo da falta.

Dietary preferences of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica in a river and adjacent seacoast in north Kyushu, Japan

The diet of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica was investigated by examining the stomach contents of middle- and large-sized crabs (carapace width >10 mm). Crabs were collected in the freshwater area (growth area), tidal river, and seacoast area (reproductive area) of the Saigo River, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Analysis of the diet of E. japonica was carried out using the frequency of occurrence and percentage point methods. The stomach contents were classified into 4 large and 27 small categories. It was evident that E. japonica was an omnivore and a deposit feeder, mainly feeding on the detritus derived from vascular plants growing along the river channel. Filamentous algae Cladophora sp., aquatic insects (e.g., Chironomidae), sediments such as mud or sand, and artificial products such as plastic or yarn were often found, suggesting that E. japonica mainly feeds on detritus lying on the substrate without sorting well. Stomach contents of adult crabs in the tidal area exhibited higher frequency of animal materials (i.e., fish, gastropods, and crabs) than those of young and adult crabs in the freshwater area, suggesting that adult crabs in the tidal area eat more animal materials. Such an omnivorous feeding habit is similar to other related brachyuran crabs (grapsoidae) and may be one of the important factors which enables E. japonica's wide distribution along the river and seacoast.

Kinetic Study of Thermal Degraded Drying Oils

At a fire scene caused by spontaneous combustion of drying oils and semi-drying oils, long heat storage is thought to produce thermal degraded oils in the vicinity of the fire occurrence point. In other words, even if the cause of a fire scene is difficult to judge from the appearance of the damaged scene where spontaneous combustion occurred, the possibility of spontaneous combustion might be considered more clearly by proving the existence of thermal degraded parts in oily debris. Results derived from both appearance and evidence are forensically reliable. It is considered that not only are changes of fatty acid composition observed in thermal degraded parts, but also changes of physical and thermodynamic properties. This paper focuses on thermal analyses as the method to distinguish these changes. The purpose of this paper is also to discuss the validity of thermal analyses as the method to prove the existence of thermal degraded parts in oily debris. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry were applied to thermal degraded samples produced in experiments, and so the freezing point and thermal decomposition temperature were measured. Furthermore, a kinetic study was carried out based on the isoconversion method; using the value of activation energy derived from the line gradients, master curves were drawn. In the course of considering the freezing point, thermal decomposition temperature, the parallel relation among the lines and convergent state of master curve, and the distinguishable possibility of thermal degraded samples were discussed. In conclusion, this paper clarified that a kinetic study based on the isoconversion method allowed us to distinguish parts of a slight thermal degradation. This method is effective in proving thermal degraded parts existing in oily debris.

MARK-OPT: A Concurrency Control Protocol for Parallel B-Tree Structures to Reduce the Cost of SMOs

In this paper, we propose a new concurrency control protocol for parallel B-tree structures capable reducing the cost of structure-modification-operation (SMO) compared to the conventional protocols such as ARIES/IM and INC-OPT. We call this protocol the MARK-OPT protocol, since it marks the lowest SMO occurrence point during optimistic latch-coupling operations. The marking reduces middle phases for spreading an X latch and removes needless X latches. In addition, we propose three variations of the MARK-OPT, which focus on tree structure changes from other transactions. Moreover, the proposed protocols are deadlock-free and satisfy the physical consistency requirement for B-trees. These indicate that the proposed protocols are suitable as concurrency control protocols for B-tree structures. To compare the performance of the proposed protocols, the INC-OPT, and the ARIES/IM, we implement these protocols on an autonomous disk system adopting the Fat-Btree structure, a form of parallel B-tree structure. Experimental results in various environments indicate that the proposed protocols always improve system throughput, and 2P-REP-MARK-OPT is the most useful protocol in high update environment. Additionally, to mitigate access skew, data should be migrated between PEs. We also demonstrate that MARK-OPT improves the system throughput under the data migration and reduces the time for data migration to balance load distribution.

The most westward European occurrence point for Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov 1897)

The occurence of Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov 1897) from the Romanian Danube is reported. This represents the most westward occurrence point of quagga mussel in Europe.

The most westward European occurrence point for Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov 1897)

The most westward European occurrence point for Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov 1897)

K-2209 熱交換器縮流部における減圧沸騰現象(J14-3 沸騰伝熱)(J14 & J11 & J12 原子力利用技術と熱問題)

In heat exchangers of power plants, tube supports may be exposed to scale deposition. As the explanation for this phenomenon, flashing is said to be one of the factor. In this study, flashing at the leading edge of contraction in a rectangular flow path were observed. Pressure drop and steam void characteristics at the flashing occurrence point were measured. The phenomenon were also investigated by photographs. Between two types of contraction, with same contraction ratio and different hydraulic diameter, considerable difference of boundary temperature of flashing occurrence were seen. Most of the bubbles detected at the leading edge of contraction were very small while those at the upstream included bubbles of many sizes.

Pinholes on thermally grown oxide under polysilicon layer after plasma etching

Pinholes on the thermally grown oxide, which is called gate oxide, on silicon substrate under polysilicon layer are observed and its mechanism is analyzed in this paper. The oxide under a polysilicon layer is broken during the plasma etching process of other polysilicon layer. Both polysilicon layers are separated with 0.8 μm thick oxide deposited by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Since broken oxide points are found scattered around an arc occurrence point, it is assumed that an extremely high electric field generated near the arc occurrence point breaks the gate oxide. The arc occurrence point has been observed on the alignment key and is the mark of low yield. It is found that any arc occurrence can cause chips to fail by breaking the gate oxide, even if arc occurrence points are found on the scribeline.

Ontogenetic changes in the natural diet of the sandy shore crab, Matuta lunaris (Forskål) (Brachyura : Calappidae)

During June and July, 1984, the ontogenetic changes in the composition of the natural diet of M. lunaris from Pallarenda beach, Townsville, Australia, were investigated by analyses of foregut contents using the percentage occurrence and percentage point methods. M. lunaris was found to be a predator of small crustaceans and molluscs and a facultative scavenger. There were marked changes in the composition of its diet during ontogeny: small individuals fed primarily on small crustaceans such as sergestids and copepods; large individuals fed primarily on anomurans and gastropods. The possible influence of ontogenetic changes in chelae function upon the diet is discussed.

平面壁と二次元物体の干渉流れの可視化

The flow patterns around two-dimensional circular cylinder and square cylinder were visualized by the hydrogen bubble technique in case of the relatively low Reynolds number (Re =600700) when the cylinder was installed near the plane wall. The wake of the cylinder varied from a type of the separation bubble to Kármán vortex street when the gap ratio (= gap/diameter of the cylinder) increased. Kármán vortex street occured at the smaller gap ratio as the blockage ratio increased. This gap ratio of the circular cylinder, the occurrence point of Kármán vortex street, was smaller than that of the sauare cylinder.

The experimental study of Temperature change and Humidity change on Bed with the most common occurrence point of pressure sore

The experimental study of Temperature change and Humidity change on Bed with the most common occurrence point of pressure sore

Rotating Stall in Blade Rows Operating in Shear Flow : 1st Report : The Case of Shear Flow with Linear Velocity Profile

Nature of the unsteady small perturbations observed in a sheared mean flow with linear velocity profile is examined. Results are applied to the actuator-disk analysis of a rotating stall in three-dimensional blade rows subjected to the spanwise shear flow. An example of numerical calculation is given, which shows the effect of the shear flow on the occurrence point of the rotating stall, the propagating velocity, and the distribution of velocity disturbances.

Subglacialkalksten contra hällkonkretioner uppkomna efter isavsmältningen

Abstract The term “subglacial limestone”, as originally defined by the present author (1964), should be applied only to such limestone deposits whose characteristics and mode of occurrence point towards an undoubtedly subglacial origin. On the contrary, other types of thin limestone deposits, which often form small hemispherical bodies on the bedrock surface and which are not of a subglacial origin, should not be so named, nor confused with subglacial limestone which is a quite different type of deposits (cp. Kers 1964, Figs. 3, 4). A minor occurrence of limestone in central Sweden, recently treated as subglacial limestone by Ahman (1971), is evidently an example of the above mentioned type of postglacial concretions and not a subglacial limestone. —A new find of subglacial limestone is reported by the author from Galdhopiggen, Norway.

The structure and the function of gangliosides.

AbstractGangliosides are found in the brain and other organs, and are composed of sphingosine, fatty acids, hexoses, and sialic acid. Types of gangliosides differ in the fatty acids and the sugar residues. The carbohydrate residue in the quantitatively predominating brain gangliosides is ganglio‐N‐tetraose, a tetrasaccharide. In these gangliosides, this residue combines with one or more molecules of sialic acid. The oligosaccharide part is a carrier of serologic properties. Gangliosides are characteristic lipid components of some neuronal membranes in the central nervous system, and can be localized on the synaptic apparatus of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. Their site of occurrence and physiological action point to their participation in the transmission of impulses. It was in the brains of the mentally ill that gangliosides were first discoverd, and indeed their pathologic accumulation can possibly be attributed to congenital defect of enzymes involved in their synthesis or metabolism. Gangliosides are produced from their components by acceptor‐specific transferases.