Occurrence Of Temporomandibular Disorders Research Articles

Impact of Fear of COVID-19, Depression, Anxiety and Stress on Temporomandibular Disorders in Peruvian Dental Students in the Post-Pandemic Period: A Multivariable Regression Analysis.

Background: Dentists, who frequently encounter potentially infected patients, have experienced significant changes worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety and stress on the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), taking into account possible confounding variables, in Peruvian dental students during the post-pandemic period. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study assessed 607 Peruvian dental students from two regions of Peru. The study utilized the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the Short Form of the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (SFAI). Possible confounding variables were sex, age, year of study, marital status, place of origin, area of residence, history of mental illness and living with people vulnerable to COVID-19. For the multivariable analysis, we utilized a Poisson regression model with an adjusted robust variance. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The rates of depression, anxiety, stress, fear of COVID-19 and temporomandibular disorders were 47.0%, 50.4%, 35.9%, 30.6% and 54.2%, respectively. Moreover, the study revealed that students with depression and anxiety were 38% and 75% more likely to have temporomandibular disorders compared to those without depression (APR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15-1.66) and anxiety (APR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.44-2.13), respectively. Similarly, the likelihood of presenting temporomandibular disorders was 55% higher in women than in men (APR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.28-1.87). Furthermore, we found that stress and fear of COVID-19 did not determine the development of temporomandibular disorders (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Almost half of the dental students experienced depression, anxiety and TMD in the post-pandemic period. In addition, depression and anxiety were influential factors in the occurrence of TMDs, with the female gender being a risk factor. However, factors such as fear of COVID-19, stress, age, year of study, marital status, place of origin, area of residence, history of mental illness or living with people vulnerable to COVID-19 were not significant.

Evaluation of the effect of COMT gene polymorphism in rs4680 on the occurrence of concomitant head, neck and back pain in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) include a number of clinical conditions involving the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and adjacent structures. The main feature of TMD is pain. According to past studies, TMD can have genetic causes. One of the genes that seems to be important in this regard is COMT. This study aims to compare the effect of COMT gene polymorphism rs4680 on the occurrence of simultaneous head, neck and back pain in patients with TMD.&#x0D; Methods: This study was conducted as a case-control study on patients aged between 18 and 65 with TMD disorder. After meeting the conditions for entering the study, a written informed consent was obtained from the people participating in this project. Then a blood sample of 5cc was prepared from each person and poured into tubes containing EDTA anticoagulant and used for DNA extraction and identification. The COMT gene was sent to the genetics laboratory and was compared in terms of the polymorphism of the COMT gene using the PCRARMS technique.&#x0D; Results: The sample size was 100 people aged 18 to 65 years. Variables with normal distribution were analyzed with Chi-Square test and variables with non-normal distribution with Mann-Whitney test. After genetic analysis in terms of rs4680 gene polymorphism, 18 people (18%) were identified with AA, 80 people (80%) with GA and 2 people (2%) with GG. "temporal headache in the last 30 days", "temporal headache change with chewing hard foods", "temporal headache change with opening the mouth or moving the jaw forward or to the sides", " Temporal headache changes with jaw habits such as teeth touching, pressing or grinding teeth together, chewing gum ", " Temporal headache changes with jaw activities such as talking, kissing or yawning ", " having Back pain during the last 4 weeks", having pain in the arm, leg, joints (neck) during the last 4 weeks", “headache during 4 last weeks” and "time of onset of headache in the temporal region" did not have significant relationships with COMT gene polymorphism rs4680 in patients with TMD.(repectively, p value=0.873، p value=0.658، p value=0.518 p value=0.685، p value=0.884،p value=0.654، p value=0.723، p value=0.831، p value=0.692 ).&#x0D; Conclusion: According to previous studies, there is a significant relationship between rs4680 polymorphism in the COMT gene and the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), although in our study, no significant relationship was found between headache and neck and back pain with this polymorphism.

Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders Among Dental Students of College of Dentistry-Hawler Medical University.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of conditions affecting the jaw joint and the muscles that control jaw movement, can cause pain and discomfort in the jaw, face, and neck, and affect a person's ability to speak, chew, and swallow. Aim: The present study aims to specify the prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorder among dental students of Hawler Medical University. Method: The research conducted involved a group of 120 dental students, with an equal number of males and females from Hawler Medical University. The required data were collected by developing a particular questionnaire by modifying Fonseca's questionnaire. The study was performed during a period of one month from January to February. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to determine the severity of the pain and dysfunction in the participant's muscles. Results: More than 75% of the participants had no deviation. In 65.8% of the students, class 1 occlusion was observed. Trauma was observed in just 12.5% of the participants. Bite and bruxism habits were observed in 24.2% and 10% of the students respectively. Moreover, 30% of students had disturbed sleep. Severe TMJ pain was reported in 4.2% and 0.8% of females and males respectively. Conclusions: The occurrence of TMD among males was less than among females. Most of the participants had mild TMJ pain. There was a significant association between symptoms of TMD and para-functional habits. Keywords: Temporomandibular disorder, Temporomandibular joint, Fonseca's questionnaire.

Frequency and Severity of Temporomandibular Disorders Among Weightlifters at Fitness Centers in a Subset Population of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Background Teeth clenching in weightlifters is a common finding that may result in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). This study aimed to evaluate the severity and frequency of TMDs among weightlifters at fitness centers in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed to collect data from weightlifters at fitness centers. A non-probability convenient sampling technique was applied using a valid and reliable Fonseca's questionnaire on a Google Sheet (Google, Mountain View, CA) to collect participant data. The survey was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023. Epi Info software (CDC,Atlanta, Georgia) was used to calculate the sample size, and a minimum sample of 278 was required. The data underwent analysis using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Data analyzed from 375 participants revealed that 192 (51.2%) had mild signs of TMD, whereas 128 (34.13%) of the respondents had no symptoms of TMD. A significant difference was observed among female participants in all the temporomandibular joint severity categories. A statistically significant difference was observed between both genders concerning frequent headaches, earache, and nervousness. Conclusion The prevalence of TMD is high worldwide. Unsupervised athletic activity may result in the occurrence of TMD. Fonseca's questionnaire findings reveal a mild prevalence of TMD in weightlifters.

Occurrence of Temporomandibular Disorders among patients undergoing treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) using Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD): A Systematic Review conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.

Patients undergoing mandibular advancement device (MAD) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may experience changes in jaw position and altered occlusion. This could potentially contribute to the development or exacerbation of TMD symptoms. The literature on the long-term impact of MAD treated for OSA on TMD is scarce. Hence, this review was undertaken to ascertain the occurrence of TMD in MAD users. A comprehensive search protocol was implemented across several online databases using MeSH keywords and Boolean operators. A standardised data extraction form was developed specifically for this review. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. RoB-2 was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. A total of 13 clinical studies were selected for this review. Some studies reported a significant reduction in the severity and frequency of TMD symptoms following MAD treatment. However, other studies did not observe significant changes in TMD symptoms or TMJ-related parameters from baseline to follow-up intervals. Temporary increases in TMJ-related pain or symptoms at the beginning of the follow-up period, which later subsided, were reported in some studies. Overall, MAD was not discontinued in any OSA patient due to TMDs. The findings reveal that different outcomes associated with TMD are affected differently by MAD treatment for OSAS. According to a few studies, MAD therapy significantly reduced the severity and frequency of TMD symptoms. Other research, however, found no appreciable modifications in TMD symptoms or TMJ-related indicators. Although the overall results point to no significant effect of MAD treatment on TMD symptoms, the disparity in results between studies highlights the need for additional studies using standardised approaches.

Causal association between body mass index and temporomandibular disorders: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

BackgroundObservational studies have shown that body mass index (BMI) is highly correlated with the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, these studies failed to present a causal relationship. Thus, we aimed to performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate causality between BMI and TMDs.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional MR analysis using large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Data were obtained from a large-scale BMI dataset (N = 322,154), TMDs dataset (N = 134,280). The causal effects were estimated with inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, MR Egger, weighted median. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis and the funnel plot.ResultsIn the forward MR analysis, a genetic prediction of low BMI was causally associated with a higher risk of TMDs (IVW OR: 0.575, 95% CI: 0.415–0.798, p: 0.001). Similar results were obtained using other complementary methods (MR Egger OR: 0.270, 95% CI: 0.104–0.698, p: 0.009; weighted median OR: 0.496, 95% CI: 0.298–0.826, p: 0.007). In the reverse MR results, TMDs was shown to have no significant effect on BMI (all p > 0.05). No pleiotropy and heterogeneity were detected in the bidirectional analysis (p > 0.05).ConclusionA lower BMI might be causally associated with increased risk of TMDs, supporting the importance of weight control for the prevention of TMDs. Clinicians should pay more attention to the low-BMI patients among those seeking medical advice due to temporomandibular joint discomfort.

Effect of Personality Type on the Occurrence of Temporomandibular Disorders-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Personality traits are one of the major factors influencing the behavior and functioning of an individual, and they play a crucial role in the development of psychosomatic disorders and diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the importance of personality traits in temporomandibular disorder (TMDs) development using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (the Five-Factor Model of Personality, known as the Big Five). Moreover, the relationship between personality type and the intensity of dysfunctional changes in the stomatognathic system was assessed using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (the Five-Factor Model of Personality, known as the Big Five). The study included a group of 75 adult participants (aged 19-52) with TMD diagnosed according to DC/TMD criteria and a control group of 75 participants without symptoms of dysfunction. The study consisted of a questionnaire and clinical study; the questionnaire included the NEO-FFI psychological questionnaire and a self-authored one. The clinical part consisted of extra- and intraoral dental examinations. Participants who clenched their teeth showed a greater degree of conscientiousness than those who did not exhibit this symptom (p = 0.048). Presence of headaches was correlated with greater severity of neuroticism (p = 0.001). Moreover, participants with enamel cracks showed a lower intensity of extraversion (p = 0.039), and those with worn hard dental tissues showed a higher intensity of neuroticism (p = 0.03), a lower intensity of conscientiousness (p = 0.01), and a lower intensity of extroversion (p = 0.046). Acoustic symptoms during mandibular movements were found to be linked with a higher level of neuroticism (p = 0.020), a lower level of extraversion (p = 0.035), and a lower level of conscientiousness, whereas pain upon mandibular movements were linked to a lower level of conscientiousness (p = 0.025). Participants with pain upon palpation of the masticatory muscles showed a lower level of conscientiousness (p = 0.01) compared to those without pain symptoms. Episodes of mandibular blockage or problems with its adduction depend on the intensity of conscientiousness (p = 0.007). Moreover, people from the study group with high levels of neuroticism showed lower protrusion values (p = 0.016). The intensity of individual personality traits was found to be associated with some TMDs in comparison to healthy controls.

Assessment of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint according to the concentration of salivary cytokines in patients with spondyloarthritis

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases that affects the spine and peripheral joints. Involvement of the cervical spine correlates with occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17A, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are significantly involved in the immunopathogenesis of SpA, and inflammation is one of the causes of TMDs. We hypothesised that internal derangement (ID) of temporomandibular joints (TMJs), as the most frequent TMDs in patients with SpA, could be associated with salivary pro-inflammatory markers and clinical activity of axial SpA, measured with laboratory methods or rheumatological indexes. If a statistically significant difference in the concentration of salivary IL-23, IL-17A or TNF-α exists between patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic ID and patients without TMDs, the diagnostic accuracy of certain cytokine(s) for ID can be calculated. The diagnostic accuracy of the cytokine(s) could emphasise the inflammatory background of ID and possibly broaden therapeutic approaches for symptomatic ID in patients with SpA with biological drugs in addition to the routine application of occlusal splint and/or physical therapy.

Evaluation the relationship between polymorphism of galactose mutarotase gene by creating jaw sound in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD)

Objective: One of the concerns of dentists is the referral of patients with temporomandibular prob- lems. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) is a complex multifactorial clinical problem that involves masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint and related structures. This complication is one of the three common chronic pains after headache and low back pain, which can manifest as pain in the temporoman- dibular region and limitation in joint movements, or even as clicking, crepitus, and popping sounds during temporomandibular joint movements. For the first time, the american association for oral pain (AAOP) proposed the role of genetic factors in the development of TMD. It is thought that a complex disorder such as TMD is multidimensional and can be subjected to environmental conditions as well as multiple gene polymorphisms. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome can play an important role in clinical setting for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic interventions in various diseases including TMD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between polymorphism of galactose mutarotase gene by creating jaw sound in patients with temporomandibular disorder in a population with high similarity to the whole Iranian population and using the results in prevention and targeted treatment of affected patients.&#x0D; Study Design: 101 patients with TMD using DC/TMD criteria among those referred to Tehran University School of Dentistry and 103 healthy subjects for TMD that have age and gender matched were selected to control groupfrom those referring to the Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Oral and Maxillo- facial Pain departments. Blood samples were taken in 5cc and DNA extracted from the blood of both groups by applying the technique PCRARMS in terms of polymorphism rs4776783 in Galm gene were Compared.&#x0D; Results: 101 patients with TMD along with 103 healthy individuals without a history of TMD were evaluated to investigate rs4776783 polymorphism in GALM gene. The average age of the patients was 35.92, and 21 were men and 80 were women. According to the questionnaire, 61 people felt the sound in their jaw while moving. On the other hand, according to the TMD/DC criterion, the number of people who have crepitus in the right and left jaws is equal. The average age of the patients was 35.92, and 21 were men and 80 were women. According to the questionnaire, 61 people felt the sound in their jaw while moving. On the other hand, according to the TMD/DC criterion, the number of people who have crepitus in the right and left jaws is equal. The low prevalence of crepitation with p=0.734 has a significant relationship with the genotype of people.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study showed that there is a significant relationship between the rs4776783 poly- morphism in Galm gene and the occurrence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), jaw sound and pain in many masticatory muscles such as lateral pterygoid and temporal. Therefore, it can be concluded that TMD has a genetic basis.

Association between orthodontic treatment and the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are related to a series of clinical manifestations that appear in the form of pain. Currently, there is controversy about the appearance of TMDs after orthodontic treatment. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the association between orthodontic treatment and the occurrence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD). A bibliographic search was carried out until April 2022, in the following electronic databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar and Web of Science. We included studies that were case-control and cohort studies, dealing with the association between orthodontic treatment and TMD, in English and Spanish, and with no time limit. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess risk in the included studies. In addition, RevMan 5.3 was considered for meta-analysis, using as a measure the ODDS ratio in a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval. The preliminary search yielded a total of 686 articles, discarding those that did not meet the selection criteria, leaving only 6 articles. These studies reported that there is a significant association between orthodontic treatment and the occurrence of TMD, equivalent to an ODDS ratio of 1.84 with a confidence interval of 1.19-2.83. It is concluded that there is an association between orthodontic treatment and the occurrence of TMD, therefore, a person undergoing orthodontic treatment is up to 1.84 times more likely to develop TMD. Key words:Orthodontic treatment, temporomandibular disorders, orthodontics, cases and controls, cohorts, review, Meta-Analysis.

TNF-α levels and presence of SNP-308G/A of TNF-α gene in temporomandibular disorder patients.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to a group of conditions that compromise the harmonious movement and function of the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and associated structures. The etiopathogenesis of TMD is multifactorial but not well-understood, with the role of genetic factors still being unclear. Objective: This review aims to summarize the results of studies that evaluated TNF-α levels and the -308G/A TNF-α polymorphism in TMD patients. This study emphasizes the importance of a more selective treatment involving TNF-α inhibitors that can potentially reduce inflammation and pain, and improve quality of life.Methods: The MEDLINE/PubMed database, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science database were searched for case-control studies published until September 2020 that compared levels of TNF-α or presence of its -308G/A polymorphism in TMD patients and healthy individuals. Results: Six case-control studies were identified with a total of 398 TMD patients, aged between 12 and 78 years. The control group consisted of 149 subjects, aged between 18 and 47 years. The occurrence of TMD was predominant in females. Majority of studies found high TNF-α levels in TMD patients, compared to the control group. One of these studies found a positive correlation between the GA genotype and the development of TMD.Conclusion: Majority of the TMD patients showed elevated TNF-α levels, and a possible explanation for this could be the presence of the -308G/A polymorphism.

DEVIASI MASATU SISINDIBULA PADA KEBIASAAN MENGUNYAH

ntroduction: The mandibular movement pattern was used to evaluate the presence of a dysfunction. Impaired TMJ function is called temporomandibular disorder (TMD). One of the causes that are often associated with TMD is a bad habit of chewing one side. This habit is often done without realizing it, causing an imbalance in the distribution of the chewing load and can result in deviation or displacement. The occurrence of TMD can be characterized by limited mouth opening of less than 40 mm. Objective: This study aims to determine the presence of abnormalities in the pattern of mandibular movement in the bad habit of chewing on one side. Methods: The research method used is descriptive observational research with saturated sampling technique with a sample of 25 students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Mahasaraswati University Denpasar, class of 2017. Data collection was carried out by observing through videos of mandibular movement patterns. Results and conclusions: The results showed the pattern of mandibular movement with the habit of chewing on one side, in men who deviated 28%, in women 32%, while in men who did not deviate 12% and in women as much as 28%

The effect of unilateral chewing habit on interincisal distance of maximum mouth opening

One of the causes of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), which is a bad habit of chewing on one side. The occurrence of TMD can be characterized by limited mouth opening of less than 40 mm. Maximum mouth opening distance can be influenced by gender, age, weight, and height. This study is intended to determine the interincisal distance of maximum mouth opening in unilateral chewing habit. By using descriptive observational study with a purposive sampling technique, it was obtained of 25 subjects, students from the Faculty of Dentistry, Mahasaraswati Denpasar University. Data collection was carried out by using a sliding caliper direct to measure the distance of interincisal when open the mouth. The results showed that 10 men (40%) had an average maximum mouth opening of 42.6 mm, 15 women (60%) had an average maximum mouth opening of 39.6 mm, 5 people (20%) with a body weight of 41-50 kg had the lowest average maximum mouth opening of 37.4 mm, 4 people (16%) with a body weight of 81-90 kg had the highest maximum mouth opening of 45.5 mm, 2 people (8%) with a body height of 151-160 cm had the lowest maximum mouth opening of 36.5 mm, 8 people (32%) with a body height of 171-180 cm had the highest maximum mouth opening of 42.3 mm and 25 people (100%) had a maximum mouth opening of 40.8 mm. It was con-cluded that there are 48% (12 people) subjects have an average maximum mouth opening distance with a limited category of 36.3 mm and 52% (13 people) subjects have an average maximum mouth opening distance with a normal category of 45 mm.

The Prevalence and Overlaps of Temporomandibular Disorders in Patients with Myofascial Pain with Referral-A Pilot Study.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the temporomandibular joint, the prevalence of single and multiple diagnosis and potential sided domination of temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with temporomandibular disorder—myofascial pain with referral. The study group enrolled 50 people—37 females and 13 males between 18 and 25 years old with an average age of 23.36 ± 2.14. The patients underwent joint vibration analysis. Sixty seven percent of all examined tem-poromandibular joints were classified as group I according to Mark Piper’s classification. Class IIIA appeared in 17% of joints. Eight percent of temporomandibular joints were classified as class IVA. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder with respect to gender (p = 0.838639). The relatively high prevalence of multiple diagnoses proved the overlapping nature of muscle and intraarticular disorders. Twenty eight percent of the subjects suffered from a combination of myofascial pain with referral and bilateral temporoman-dibular dysfunction. In 62% of the patients a lack of intraarticular disorders was reported. The suggestion that there exists sided domination in the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders has not been confirmed. Due to the small sample size, such differences cannot be excluded. Fur-ther research is needed.

Relationship between temporomandibular disorders and malocclusions

Regarding the relationship between malocclusions and temporomandibular disorders (TMD), from the leading cause to one of the local biological factors, the change in the understanding of the academic community since the 1980s has affected the clinical diagnosis, treatment behavior, and the direction of scientific research. At present, it is believed that the etiology of TMD is multifactor. The occlusal factors and the occurrence of TMD are weakly related, but there are some common malocclusions such as occlusal interference on non-working side, excessive sliding between maximum intercuspid position (MIP) and retruded contact position (RCP), unstable MIP and so on, may be risk factors that promote the disease. The occurrence of TMD symptoms is promoted under the combined action of behavior, biology, environment, social cognition, mentality and other comprehensive factors. In student education and clinical work, the risk of iatrogenic occlusal trauma in promoting the occurrence of TMD cannot be ignored. The impact of the patient's social and psychological environment on the TMD should be paid attention, and comprehensive treatment strategies is advocated.

The Effect of Orthognathic Surgery on Temporomandibular Joint Function and Symptoms: What are the Risk Factors? A Longitudinal Analysis of 375 Patients

The effects of orthognathic surgery (OGS) on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are still controversial. Based on a high-volume uniform collective, the function and clinical symptoms of the TMJ and the dysfunction index (Di) by Helkimo were evaluated prior and up to 2years after OGS. A longitudinal cohort study was performed between 2006 and 2016. A comprehensive examination focusing on TMJ function, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms, and the Di had been performed preopertaively (T0) and postoperatively at 6weeks (T1), 6months (T2), 1 year (T3), and 2years (T4). The predictor variables used were sex, age, skeletal class, type of surgery, and amount of dysfunction or number of TMD complaints before treatment. The outcome of this study was TMD symptoms and the Di. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and the significance level was set at P<.05. The sample consisted of 375 patients (247 women, 128 men, mean age 28.1±9.4years), 269 with skeletal Class II (71.7%) and 106 with skeletal Class III (28.3%) treated with sagittal split osteotomy bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (n=173) or Le Fort I and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (n=202). Severe signs of dysfunction (Di 2/3) were seen in 5.9% of the patients before OGS and in 2.1% of the patients 2years after OGS. The difference in Di (Di0/1 and Di2/3) between T0 and T1/T2 was statistically significant (P=.028; P=.011, respectively). TMD symptoms were significantly reduced 2years after OGS (P=.028). Female gender (P=.013), skeletal Class II (P<.001), and counterclockwise rotation (P<.001) were the only risk factors significantly associated with the occurrence of TMD at T1. The results of this study suggest that in most cases TMD symptoms can be significantly reduced and only a few can be induced with OGS. No risk factors were found for long-term effects on the TMJ.

Research progress in psychological factors in the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is one of the most common diseases in the orofacial region. The occurrence, development and outcome of TMD are affected by many factors. Among various risk factors, the psychological factors, especially anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms, are getting more and more attention in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of TMD. Psychological factors are associated with the occurrence of TMD, and the accurate diagnostic criteria is conducive to the assessment of the patient's psychological state. If necessary, an appropriate psychological treatment according to a patient's psychological status can effectively improve the effect of clinical treatment. This article, based on domestic and international literatures, reviews the research progress of the correlation between the psychological factors and the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of TMD, in order to provide new ideas for clinicians to diagnose and treat TMD.

Correlation between temporomandibular joint dysfunction and Eichner classification

Introduction: The Dental Prosthetics Department's most common patients are elderly who have lost their teeth. Dental deficiencies not only impair the functions of the stomatognathic system but can also be the cause of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Deficiencies in the lateral sections lead to a decrease in the occlusion height in patients, which negatively affects the aesthetics of the face by shortening the lower floor and overloading the remaining teeth, eventually leading to their pathological wear. Loss of occlusion height changes the spatial arrangement of the lower jaw to the upper jaw, which can lead to changes in the temporomandibular joint. The loss of a tooth or group of teeth is an indication for proper prosthetic treatment. The dentist should be able to take into account, evaluate and, if necessary, cure TMD, but this is not a common skill among dentists. Such treatment requires an appropriate comprehensive approach. There are currently no standards for such treatment. We presented one of the methods as part of our study.Purpose of work:The aim of the study was to check the correlation between the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders and missing teeth and used prosthetic restorations. Material and methods:Medical history records of 58 patients under the care of the Department of Dental Prosthetics at Medical University of Lublin were analyzed. Factors such as age and gender, occlusion height, distribution of missing teeth according to the Eichner classification and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders, i.e. crackling, pain, limited and excessive abduction of the jaw were checked. Before starting prosthetic treatment, every patient underwent comprehensive conservative, surgical and periodontics treatment in accordance with existing needs. Results:The study group consisted of 38 women and 20 men. The average age of all patients was 69.6 years; - average for men - 70.45 years, women 68.16 years. The oldest patient was an 88-year-old man, and the youngest was a 43-year-old woman. 31% of patients were toothless. 25.9% of patients had pain within the stomatognathic system, of which 86.7% were women and 13.3% men. Relaxation splint was made in 24.1% of patients.Summary:The study showed that the ailments associated with the stomatognathic system are correlated with a reduction in occlusion height. Larger dental deficits are more common in older people. Pain symptoms are the most common cause of making relaxation splints. Women more often than men complain of pain. The correct treatment scheme for patients with missing teeth and long-term loss of support zones is staggered treatment - two-stage. The first stage of treatment is to restore the correct occlusion height by using the occlusal splint. Then, after the adaptation period, there is a transition to the second stage of treatment - the use of proper prosthetic restoration maintaining the correct height of occlusion

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors of temporomandibular disorder in undergraduates of Xinjiang Medical University

To investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in undergraduates of Xinjiang Medical University and analyse its possible risk factors. A sample of 700 medical students included 244 males and 456 females was selected from Xinjiang Medical University and underwent examination of temporomandibular joint, questionnaire survey. Their average age was 20.08±1.457 years. Prevalence of TMD was analyzed, and the possible risk factors associated with the disease were identified by logistic regression analysis with SPSS17.0 software package. The prevalence of TMD was 42.40% in this population. There was no difference between different ethnics. Chewing-side preference, bruxism，orthodontic treatment，tooth extraction，psychological factors，anterior overjet, posterior scissors-bite were the main risk factors which increased the occurrence of TMD. Poor oral habits, psychological factors and malocclusion were related to the development of TMD.

Evaluation of occlusion types, pain severity, and onset of complaints in 127 patients with temporomandibular disorders: A retrospective study

ABSTRACTObjective: The aims of this study are to evaluate if occlusal types affect the type of temporomandibular disorders and if the onset of complaints are related to the type of internal derangements.Methods: One hundred thirty-four patients were evaluated. Occlusion types were grouped as Angle Class I, II, and III. The temporomandibular disorders were classified as masticatory muscle disorders, anterior disc dislocation with reduction, and anterior disc dislocation without reduction.Results: No significant relationships were found between the occlusion types, pain severity, the onset of the complaints, and the temporomandibular disorders. Premature contacts were found to be significantly higher in Class II and Class III patients, but no significant relations were found between premature contacts and temporomandibular disorders.Discussion: Occlusal features are not discriminant factors in the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders. Also, it cannot be concluded that the longer the patients have temporomandibular disorders, the higher their pain scores will be.