Occurrence Of Spots Research Articles

A New Record and Characterization of Asparagus Purple Spot Caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Korea

In 2017, small, elliptical, brownish purple spots on spears and ferns of asparagus were found in fields of Gangwon-do. The isolated fungal species was identified as an ascomycete Stemphylium vesicarium based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenic analyses including nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and cytochrome b (cytb). A pathogenicity test revealed that S. vesicarium was the causal agent of purple spot disease on asparagus. The occurrence of purple spots caused by S. vesicarium on asparagus is the first report in Korea.

Assessments and Dosimatric Evaluation of Matching Fields Technique in the Treatment Cranio-Spinal Cancers

Radiotherapy is one of the main methods of cancer treatment (often with chemotherapy and surgery) and is generally assumed to be 50 to 60% of cancer patients will benefit from radiotherapy, where radiation therapy is done using the Linear accelerator device. medulloblastoma, a primitive tumor growing in the cerebellum, is one of the most sensitive tumors in the childhood brain to radiotherapy. The most common malignant tumor in children is cancerous tumor with an overall infection among children aged 0-19 from 16 to 20 percent of all brain tumors in hospitals. Radiotherapy is an essential means of treating these tumors and, after surgery, radiation therapy has a significant impact, This study was conducted to understand the impact of the possibilities that could occur during the process of radiotherapy through systemic and irregular errors when set-up the patient for treatment on the occurrence of cold spots and hot spots and the risk of dose at both the craniospinal at treatment. Objectives: Aim of The Work To evaluate the dosimetry homogeneity abutting junction between photon-photon fields in treatment cranio-spinal cancers. Methodology: The study included ten of patients with medulloblastoma cancer, where the radiation treatment planning do for the medulloblastoma using two adjacent beams photon-photon and take the possibility of error (0, + 1, + 2,-1,-2 mm) in area between the fields which can Occur during the treatment process and caused of overlap or gap between this beams (hot and cold areas), Statistical analysis was performed on; maximum dose percentage received by the planning target volume (PTV max dose %) and matching beams dose percentage and mean volume of the hot area and the cold area. Results and Discussion: Disclose results of radiotherapy planning technique that two matching beams Photon-Photon, the overlap by 1 mm has been causing significant change in dosage in matching area more increase than the dose prescribed by oncologist this increase up to 10% of the prescribed dose and the volume of this hot area more than 8 cubic cm, with increased fields by 2 mm in the dose has increased by 20% of the dose prescribed. The opposite happens when the fields is reduced to (-1, -2 mm) where we find that dose decrease occurring in the region and there didn’t complete coverage of the area to be treated, causing what is called a gap (the region receives a dose of less than 95%). It reveals the result of adjacent of two beams photon-electron in radiation treatment planning for patients with nasopharynx, that an electron might enable us to reduce the dose to organ at risk (OAR) such as the spinal cord but the overlap between the photon and electron by (1, 2 mm) may cause an increase Hot spot in a dose up to 130% and the volume of hot spot is big relative to the size of the PTV. As to reduce the area by (-1, -2 mm) may result in reduced hot area or may cause a gap or cause a gap with stayed the hot area while because of the use of two adjacent photon and electron

Impact of various housing conditions on the occurrence of pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs

Introduction. This study assessed the effect of farming system, feeding system, floor type, housing density and gender on the occurrence of pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on 400 pigs from four farms with different housing conditions. The plucks of 100 slaughtered pigs from each farm were examined for pneumonia, pleurisy, pericarditis and milk spots. Results and Conclusions. Pigs housed in a large-scale indoor farm had the lowest incidence of pneumonia. The highest occurrence of pneumonia was recorded in pigs fattened in a small-scale farm in pens with outdoor access. Pigs reared on farms in pens with outdoor access had the highest incidence of milk spots. Pigs from farms using pellet feeding systems had higher incidences of pneumonia, pleurisy and milk spots than those from a farm using a liquid feeding system. A rearing system comprising concrete floors without bedding resulted in the highest incidence of pneumonia in pigs. Pigs from a farm using a concrete floor with bedding had the highest occurrence of milk spots. The lowest incidence of milk spots was recorded in pigs from farms using fully-slatted floors. Compared to low housing density, high housing density resulted in higher incidences of pneumonia, pericarditis and milk spots in pigs. A higher prevalence of lung lesions was detected in barrows than in gilts. This study showed the most significant risk factors for the occurrence of pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs are pens with outdoor access, pellet feeding system, concrete floor, high housing density and gender.

Occurrence of leaf spot of oat caused by Alternaria alternata in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

Oat (Avena stiva L.) is a fast growing and high yielding winter fodder crop. It is highly palatable, nutritious and energy rich fodder. Recently, the oat plantation at different locations of Multan was found to be suffered with a new type of leaf spot disease. Isolation from affected portions revealed consistent association of Alternaria alternata with this disease. In order to confirm the etiology of this disease, pathogenicity test was conducted on oat plants in greenhouse conditions with four different isolates of Alternaria alternata, which produced the similar symptoms, hence satisfied the Koch,s postulates. Survey results showed that the maximum disease incidence of 51.99% was recorded from Band Bosan, followed by 43.33, 31.33 and 27.66% incidences at Raza Abad, Basti No and Lutfa Abad, respectively. Maximum severity of disease was recorded at Band Bosan (31.99%), followed by Raza Abad (21.66%), Basti No (11.33%) and Lutfa Abad (7.33%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot of oat.

Relationship of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Gastric Black Spots Shown by Endoscopy.

Objective The recently reported endoscopic finding of black spots is defined as black pigmentation in gastric mucosa. We attempted to clarify the relationship between the Helicobacter pylori infection status and black spot occurrence. Methods The study subjects were 1,600 individuals who underwent an annual medical checkup and whose H. pylori status could be determined. Upper endoscopic examinations were performed in all, and the presence of black spots in the stomach as well as the degree of gastric mucosal atrophy were determined. Results Among the 1,600 enrolled subjects, 784 underwent eradication for H. pylori, of whom 144 were originally H. pylori-positive and 672 H. pylori-negative. Black spots in the stomach were observed in 156 (9.8%). The rate of prevalence of black spots in the H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative subjects was 2.1% and 1.5%, respectively, while that in subjects after undergoing eradication of H. pylori was 18.2%. A multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that an older age and post-eradication status were significant factors for black spot occurrence, while proton pump inhibitor treatment showed a tendency to be a risk factor. In subjects with post-eradication status, a higher grade of gastric mucosal atrophy was a significant risk factor for the occurrence of black spots. Conclusion H. pylori post-eradication status and an older age were significant factors related to the appearance of black spots, and a higher grade of gastric mucosal atrophy was also a significant risk factor in subjects who had undergone successful eradication.

Effects of a Reduced Torque on Heating of Electrical Contacts in Plugs and Receptacles

Thermal effects of poor electrical contacts caused by a reduced torque on the wire screw terminal connections in plugs and receptacles were experimentally investigated. By changing the torque, poor connections caused by environmental vibrations or negligence by the installer were simulated. Various types and cross-sectional areas of the copper wires, as well as loads and their duration, were tested. The influence of these parameters on the contact temperature and electrical resistance, the occurrence of a hot spot, and the establishment of a series electric arc were analyzed in detail. It was shown that the poor contact degradation was caused by a constant rise of the contact resistance (caused by a growth of oxides on the contact area). It was also shown that a significant decrease in the contact temperature only slightly influences the contact resistance. However, each repetition of the heating process causes a rise of both the contact resistance and contact temperature. The research results represent an important step in developing a method for detecting poor contacts in low-voltage electrical installations by measuring the earth fault loop impedance.

Occurrence of purslane leaf spot caused by Dichotomophthora lutea in Iran

Since 2015, a leaf disease showing necrotic, oval to irregular, pale brown spots with darker border had been observed on purslane in Khuzestan province, Iran. Symptomatic plants were collected and conducted to laboratory where five isolates were obtained. Based on a phylogenetic analyses using ITS and rpb2 regions, in combination with morphological characterization, the pathogen was identified as Dichotomophthora lutea. Pathogenicity of this fungus was confirmed by the inoculation of health leaves of purslane. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen on purslane in Iran.

Experimental characterization of critical high-electric field spots in power semiconductors by planar and scanning collimated alpha sources

The occurrence of critical spots, where carriers' multiplication occurs due to the local high-electric field can be very detrimental for the robustness and the reliability of power devices, since catastrophic failure mechanisms like Single Event Burnout can be initiated at these locations. Traditional analytical techniques like DC analysis, photoemission microscopy, electron, and optical probing are not the first choice to detect the presence and in particular to locate such critical spots because they either lack in sensitivity, or they suffer from relevant penalties due to the thick metallization layers at the surface of the devices. In recent years, successful attempts have been made by finely focused high-energy ion beams. However, such nuclear probing techniques require advanced complex facilities like particle accelerators, operate under high vacuum conditions, and are not immune to radiation damage effects. In this paper, we propose the use of planar and collimated alpha sources to assess the presence and to locate critical high-field spots in power semiconductors. It is shown, that the proposed technique just requires basic spectrometry equipment and provides sufficient sensitivity and space resolution to fulfill all analytical requirements.

Effect of different levels of nitrogen and potassium against leaf spots disease of groundnut in different fertility gradient soil in field

The occurrence of early and late leaf spots of groundnut under influence of variable soil fertility states with further interaction to different levels of nitrogen and potassium was measured and the same was correlated with the yield attributing parameters. Two different nitrogen and potassium combinations (20; 40 kg ha-1) applied on four different fertility gradient soil (low ,S1; medium ,S2 ; moderate ,S3 and high ,S4) showed minimum leaf spot disease severity and maximum diseases reduction in (S1) N40K20 (AUDPC 34.48 and 16.06% reduction); (S2) N40K40 (AUDPC- 32.88 and 13.68% reduction ); (S3) N20K40 (AUDPC 31.51 and 11.44% reduction) and (S4) N20K20 (AUDPC-25.40 and 11.58% reduction). The yield attributes like kernel number and weight per plant and kernel yield were also high in above combinations and fertility gradient soil. The linear regression value between disease severity and yield parameters showed a high co-relation regression and negatively significant at all fertility gradient soil and more responsive at low, medium and high fertility gradient soil irrespective of different N and K levels.

Influence of reminder therapy for controlling bacterial plaque in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To assess the scientific evidence regarding the influence of reminder therapy on plaque index, gingival index, and white spots in patients subjected to orthodontic treatment. Randomized clinical trials were searched in the electronic databases LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LIVIVO, and Cochrane Library. The databases OpenThesis and OpenGrey were used to capture the "gray literature," preventing selection and publication biases. The risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials tool. The software Review Manager was used for the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity among studies was assessed through the I 2 statistic. A summary of the overall strength of evidence available was assessed using the Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. A total of 332 records were found, from which only 7 articles met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to analysis. Reminder therapy showed improved scores for the plaque index (standardized mean difference = -1.22; 95% confidence interval = -2.03 to -0.42; P = .003) and the gingival index (standardized mean difference = 1.49; 95% confidence interval = -2.61 to 0.37; P = .009). Moreover, there was lower occurrence of white spots (relative risk = 0.53; 95% confidence interval = 0.38 to 0.74; P < .001) when reminder therapy was implemented. According to the existing high-quality evidence, reminder therapy is a valuable strategy and may contribute to the reduction of plaque and gingival indices as well as to the lower occurrence of white spots in patients subjected to orthodontic treatment.

Effects of crude toxin from Alternaria alternata on the growth and physiological metabolism of chrysanthemum 'Jinba' seedlings

The chrysanthemum black spot caused by Alternaria alternata significantly reduced the quality and yield of chrysanthemum. The crude toxin secreted by A. alternata in the metabolic process have elopathic effects on plants, which is the main pathogenic factor for the occurrence of chrysanthemum black spot. The pathogenic fungi A. alternate was isolated from chrysanthemum black spot leaves, The effects of crude toxin on plant height, stem diameter, root length, resistant material content, membrane relative permeability, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in different treatments of chrysanthemum 'Jinba' seedlings were investigated. The results showed that the crude toxin of A. alternata had an inhibition effect on plant height, stem diameter and root length. The toxin concentration was positively correlated with the inhibitory effect. 14 days after crude toxin treatment, plant height, stem diameter and root length were significantly inhibited, with an reduction of 28.9%, 21.4% and 23.3%, respectively. The cell membrane permeability of leaf increased with the toxin concentration. Under the same toxin concentration, the cell membrane permeability first increased and then decreased with the treatment duration. The contents of soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline in leaves were significantly increased after treatment with the toxin solution. The increases of PAL, POD and PPO were the most significant in 10 times A. alternatacrude toxin treatment. The pathogenicity of A. alternate crude toxin to the chrysanthemum 'Jinba' seedlings was mainly through inhibi-ting the normal growth of roots and stems, destructing the root cell membrane permeability and increasing the contents of MDA, normal soluble sugar and proline, and promoting the activities of PAL, POD, PPO in leaf tissues.

Investigating Agglomeration Behaviors in High Temperature Gas–Solid Fluidized Beds with Liquid Injection

An induction heating fluidized bed with liquid injection was designed to mimic the exothermic process of particles in industrial olefin polymerization fluidized beds. The effects of liquid injection flow rate on agglomeration behaviors were investigated through the characterization of agglomerate size and mass. Agglomeration mechanisms were proposed based on the experimental data of bed pressure drop, axial temperature distribution, and microscale visualization. Results have revealed that, with the increase of liquid injection flow rate, the agglomeration mechanism was controlled by the solid bridge force, the liquid bridge force, and the cooperative action of them, respectively. Wet agglomerates caused by the liquid bridge force induced local dead zones and provided a good environment for the occurrence of a hot spot and growth of solid bridge, and thus the formation of solid agglomerates. Besides, elevating the liquid injection position and increasing the induction heating power can widen the operation ...

Chromosomal inversions as a hidden disease-modifying factor for somatic recombination phenotypes

Heterozygous chromosomal inversions suppress recombination. Therefore, they may potentially influence recombination-associated phenotypes of human diseases, but no studies have verified this hypothesis. Here, we describe a 35-year-old man with severe congenital ichthyosis. Mutation analysis revealed a heterozygous splice-site mutation, c.1374-2A>G (p.Ser458Argfs*120), in KRT10 on 17q21.2. This mutation was previously reported in patients with ichthyosis with confetti type I (IWC-I), a prominent skin disease characterized by the frequent occurrence of recombination-induced reversion of pathogenic mutations. Intriguingly, the number of revertant skin areas in this patient is considerably reduced compared with typical IWC-I cases. G-banded karyotyping revealed that the patient harbors a heterozygous nonpathogenic inversion, inv(17)(p13q12), whose long-arm breakpoint was subsequently refined to chromosomal positions (chr17: 36,544,407-36,639,830) via FISH. Collectively, the only chance of revertant mosaicism through somatic recombination appears to involve recombination between the KRT10 mutation and the inversion breakpoint. Indeed, in the examined revertant spot, the KRT10 mutation was diminished by somatic recombination starting from chromosomal positions (chr17: 36,915,505-37,060,285) on 17q12. This study provides the first evidence to our knowledge implicating chromosomal inversions as a potential modifier of clinical phenotypes. Furthermore, the reduced occurrence of revertant spots in the recombination-suppressed patient suggests that somatic recombination is the main mechanism of revertant mosaicism in IWC-I.

REACTION OF PAPAYA GENOTYPES TO TARGET SPOT AND ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND Bacillus spp. ON Corynespora cassiicola

ABSTRACT Papaya target-spot, caused by fungus Corynespora cassiicola presents a wide geographic distribution, causing leaf spots in several hosts. The aim of this research was to evaluate the behavior of papaya varieties and/or selections to the natural occurrence of target spot, and test the fungi toxic effect of neem, citronella and eucalyptus extracts, and fungi static effects of Bacillus isolates on the fungus C. cassiicola in vitro. To evaluate the natural occurrence of the disease in field, symptoms on leaves of 11 papaya varieties and/or selections have been assessed. The pathogenicity of isolates was verified by inoculation of plants in greenhouse. Neem, citronella and eucalyptus extracts were prepared at concentrations of 10, 15 and 20% and poured into Petri dishes containing C. cassiicola mycelium discs. For , Bacillusnine isolates were used, and the antagonistic potential was evaluated by the pairing of pathogen and isolate colonies by the circle method. Papaya varieties and/or selections presented all leaves with injury, and Canaan Sunrise Solo and Canaan Golden selections showed the greatest number of injuries per leaf, showing that papaya varieties and/or selections respond differently to the phytopathogen. All plant extracts tested showed inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of C. cassiicola in vitro. Bacillus isolates showed an antagonistic potential on the mycelial growth of the fungus, with B. methylotrophicus (Iso 31 and Iso 41) being the most promising as a biological control agent. The results indicate that forms of alternative control of diseases are promising in the management of papaya target-spot.

Analysis of gabor filter based features with PCA and GA for the detection of drusen in fundus images

Human eye can be affected by different types of diseases. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is one of the such diseases, and it mainly occurs after 50 years of age. This disease is characterized by the occurrence of yellow spots called as Drusen. In this work, an automated method for the detection of drusen in Fundus image has been developed, and it has been tested on 70 images consisting of 30 normal images and 40 images with drusen. Performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier has been evaluated using Data's reduction using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Data's selection using Genetic Algorithm (GA).Performance evaluation has been done in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, misclassification rate, positive predictive rate, negative predictive rate and Youden’s Index. The proposed method has achieved highest accuracy of 98.7% when data selection using Genetic Algorithm has been applied.

山形県におけるAcidovorax valerianellaeによるアケビ斑点細菌病(新称)の発生と数種植物に対する病原性

山形県におけるAcidovorax valerianellaeによるアケビ斑点細菌病(新称)の発生と数種植物に対する病原性

Occurrence of Bipolaris oryzae Causing Leaf Spot on Brachypodium distachyon in Brazil

Occurrence of <i>Bipolaris oryzae</i> Causing Leaf Spot on <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> in Brazil

Survey of Fungal Foliar and Panicle Diseases of Sorghum in Important Agroecological Zones of Tanzania and Uganda

A survey was conducted in 2014 to determine the prevalence of fungal diseases on sorghum across different agroecological zones in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, 37 sorghum fields were sampled in Dodoma and Singida Provinces, representing the central drier areas, and in Simiyu, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, representing the lake-zone region. In Uganda, 134 fields were sampled across four agroecological zones of Teso, Western, Northern, and West Nile. Farmers were purposively selected, and at least 30 plants per field along two diagonal transects were visually assessed for disease. Ten and 14 diseases were identified in Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. Among the major diseases identified, those more prevalent in Tanzania than in Uganda were leaf blight caused by Setosphaeria turcica (P = 0.0031) and rust caused by Puccinia purpurea (P &lt; 0.0001). Major diseases more prevalent in Uganda than in Tanzania were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineola (P = 0.0207) and zonate leaf spot caused by Gloeocercospora sorghi (P = 0.0312). We report for the first time the occurrence of ladder leaf spot caused by Cercospora fusimaculans in Uganda and confirm its occurrence in Tanzania. This is the first comprehensive sorghum disease survey report in over 15 years in both countries.

Short communication: Occurrence of angular leaf spot caused by Pseudocercospora griseola in Phaseolus vulgaris in Asturias, Spain

Angular leaf spot (ALS) symptoms were observed in 2015 in common bean fields at four locations in Asturias, NW Spain. This disease is frequent in tropical areas and we have no record of its presence in our region, at least in the last 30 years. However, since its detection its presence in the crops has been increasing. Symptoms were necrotic spots on leaves and reddish-brown to black circular spots on pods, stems, branches and petioles. The damage observed in the mentioned crops was highly variable (between 60% and 100% affected leaves), being most severe in crops where no agrochemical treatment were applied. Three strains were selected and identified based in morphological features as Pseudocercospora griseola. The ITS region was amplified by PCR obtaining a sequence that was identical for the three isolates (Acc. No. LT222499). This sequence showed 99-100% similarity with those deposited in databases corresponding to P. griseola. To fulfill Koch's postulates, a pathogenicity test was carried out in two common bean cultivars (‘Andecha’ and ‘Maruxina’). P. griseola was re-isolated from inoculated plants and not from control plants. In cv. ‘Andecha’, chlorosis was observed in all the inoculated plants, before the appearance of spots. Consequently this is the first confirmed report of this pathogen in our region.

Termites (Insecta: Blattodea) buildings in urban located in the municipality of Seropédica, RJ

The Termites (Blattodea) are insects found between latitudes 52° N e 45° S in temperate climate places, such as in tropical areas. In Brazil, about 300 species were recorded belonging to four families: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae and Termitidae. Considered eusocial, they form colonies of individuals with overlapping generations, cooperative care of offspring and labor division. They develop by paurometabolism and are classified in caste with specific tasks within the colony. The staple food of termites is cellulose, but its source varies according to the species. In natural vegetation areas, termites have got an important ecological role, participating actively in recycling and decomposition of nutrients in ecosystems they inhabit. Besides of the positive contribution in changing soil porosity and aeration. In urban areas, 10% of the species are taken as plagues, causing enormous losses, explicit in cost with prevention, control and repair. Damage caused by termites in urban areas are mainly attributed to the species: Cryptotermes brevis (Walker, 1853), Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann, 1896) and Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1896). Therefore, identifying termites species that colonize urban households in the municipality of Seropedica, RJ, has been the objective of this study. Three urban neighbourhoods: Fazenda Caxias, Boa Esperanca and Ecologia, were sampled. Building were inspectied and owners interviewed, totalling twelve residents per block in fifteen blocks per neighbourhood. Proportion of infested buildings with each species was made suing the χ 2 test and the probability level, from which a comparison was considered significant, was equal to the risk probability at 5% divided by the number of comparisons. Of the total 540 inspections, 30% of the households had occurrence of termites of which 50% C. brevis, 42% C. gestroi and 8% N. corniger. Coexistence of species within a residence was found in only 3% of the inspected households. The occurrence of moisture spots in residences was found in 34% of the most infested households (44%) over the moisture spotless (22%). Infestation history in the past five years was recorded in 31% of the households and in general, residences with previous history, were more infested (58%) than the residences without history (17%). Generally, the infestation by termites takes place via exotic and native species, being the exotic species more relevant in colonization of the municipality residences. Occurrence of N. corniger has not been identified at Ecologia neighbourhood, which had greatest occurrence of C. gestroi in attacked residences. Buildings without moisture spots are predominantly infested by C. brevis. The species C. gestroi and C. brevis are the most seen in residences with infestation history, whilst residences without infestation are predominantly damaged by the species C. brevis.