Occurrence Of Non-communicable Diseases Research Articles

Risk factors for non-communicable diseases in villages of Tamil Nadu - A survey

Background: Non-communicable diseases are among the leading causes of death in India, the rapid epidemiological transition as a consequence of economic and social changes is a major factor in the rise of patients suffering from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Objectives: The objectives of the study were (1) to find out the prevalence of common risk factors among adults for NCDs, (2) to study the determinants of NCDs, and (3) to assess health-care seeking behavior and treatment adherence to NCDs. Material and Methods: The present study was undertaken in the field practice area of the Rural Health Training Center of the Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry. It was a community-based cross-sectional study. A representative sample of 590 respondents was selected by two-stage cluster sampling. Chi-square tests were applied to find proportions. Confidence intervals values were constructed around the prevalence ratio values. Multivariate analysis (negative binomial regression) was done to get the adjusted prevalence ratio and to select the variables that best predict the risk of development of at least one NCD among the study sample. Results: The prevalence of at least one NCD (hypertension and or diabetes) among respondents was 18.1%. Most of the patients with hypertension and or diabetes received treatment from a public health facility (68.2%) followed by private health-care services (31.8%) at village/ town level. The major perceived reasons for non-compliance to treatment among patients were related to the high cost of treatment (28%) from private services and sense of wellbeing without medication (28%). In multivariate analysis, two variables emerged as significant predictors for developing at least one NCD were alcohol consumption and obesity. Conclusions: Obesity was found be an independent risk factor for developing NCD. Hence, preventive measures should be applied to reducing BMI in obese individuals. Special efforts must be made to improve physical activity and dietary habits of these individuals from an early age so that the occurrence of NCD can be prevented. Awareness regarding physical activity and a healthy diet can be given in schools and colleges as it may have a better impact on the community. Opportunistic screening for NCD should be done for all adults in the outpatient department irrespective of their symptoms for early diagnosis of NCD.

Prevalence and predictors of physical inactivity levels among Kenyan adults (18\u201369\xa0years): an analysis of STEPS survey 2015

BackgroundPhysical inactivity accounts for more than 3 million deaths worldwide, and is implicated in causing 6% of coronary heart diseases, 7% of diabetes, and 10% of colon or breast cancer. Globally, research has shown that modifying four commonly shared risky behaviours, including poor nutrition, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, and physical inactivity, can reduce occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Risk factor surveillance through population-based periodic surveys, has been identified as an effective strategy to inform public health interventions in NCD control. The stepwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey is one such initiative, and Kenya carried out its first survey in 2015. This study sought to describe the physical inactivity risk factors from the findings of the Kenya STEPS survey.MethodsThis study employed countrywide representative survey administered between April and June 2015. A three stage cluster sampling design was used to select clusters, households and eligible individuals. All adults between 18 and 69 years in selected households were eligible. Data on demographic, behavioural, and biochemical characteristics were collected. Prevalence of physical inactivity was computed. Logistic regression used to explore factors associated with physical inactivity.ResultsA total of 4500 individuals consented to participate from eligible 6000 households. The mean age was 40.5 (39.9–41.1) years, with 51.3% of the respondents being female. Overall 346 (7.7%) of respondents were classified as physically inactive. Physical inactivity was associated with female gender, middle age (30–49 years), and increasing level of education, increasing wealth index and low levels of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL).ConclusionA modest prevalence of physical inactivity slightly higher than in neighbouring countries was found in this study. Gender, age, education level and wealth index are evident areas that predict physical inactivity which can be focused on to develop programs that would work towards reducing physical inactivity among adults in Kenya.

Le tabagisme actif : un facteur de risque majeur des maladies non transmissibles humaines dans une enquête hospitalière

Tobacco is the main preventable cause of death worldwide. Our study aimed to determine the role of tobacco in the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We conducted a retrospective study including all NCDs patients during 2015-2016. NCDs include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), cancers (CS) and diabetes mellitus (DM). We identified 3643 cases of NCDs (43%) among 8478 hospitalizations, all diseases combined. Active smoking was found in 1076 cases (29.5%). Among the NCDs groups, CVD was the most common (65%). Tobacco was significantly associated with CVD (P<0.001), CRD (P=0.002), bronchopulmonary CS (P<0.001), haematological malignancy (P=0.023), and DM (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis performing binary logistic regression revealed that tobacco was an independent factor associated with CVD (OR=2.6, P<0.001), CRD (OR=1.5, P<0.001), bronchopulmonary CS (OR=1.8, P=0.013) and DM (OR=3.6, P<0.001). Active smoking was a major risk factor in the occurrence of NCDs. Thus, smoking cessation represents the cornerstone for preventing the spread of these diseases, especially in countries with limited resources.

Behavioral risk factors and non-communicable diseases among adult men in demographically developed states of India: evidence from District Level Household and Facility Survey-4

To examine the association between behavioral habits (alcohol consumption, smoking, and chewing tobacco) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adult males (18 years and above) in demographically developed states of India. The latest round of the District Level Household and Facility Survey (2012–2013) and multivariate logistic regression model was carried out to accomplish the objective. The analysis reveals that alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of the respiratory infection and hypertension. However, smoking and smokeless tobacco do not show a significant association with the set of NCDs included in this analysis. Moreover, the adjusted effect of the regression model shows that alcohol consumption, smoking, chewing tobacco, age and BMI are the major risk factors for the occurrence of NCDs among males in states in India. The findings are vital for national commitments and policy instruments, especially in the context of the existing epidemiological transition, which are burdened with a high occurrence of NCDs. They clearly demand programs and services targeting individuals with increased risk of alcohol consumption, a combination of tobacco and alcohol use, and users of multiple substances. It is worth to mentioning that NCDs are a crude measures that does not reveal the reason for the disease. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and chewing tobacco have the lifetime exposure, but NCDs are recurrent events. Therefore, it is recommended that the relationship between behavioral habits and NCDs should be analyse by using longitudinal data instead of cross-sectional data.

Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases by Balanced Nutrition: Population- specific Effective Public Health Approaches in Developing Countries.

Currently, the developing countries are afflicted with the dual burden of disease - non-communicable diseases (NCDs) becoming a major public health challenge. It is projected that in near future, NCDs will account for nearly 70% of the mortality in developing world. Caused due to lifestyle related factors, there is an upsurge in the incidence of overweight/obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancers, respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. Appropriate dietary practices, increased physical activity, weight management, abstinence from tobacco/substance use and alcohol abuse play an important role in their prevention and management. This narrative review highlights the role of various dietary components - both nutrient and non-nutrient, in the prevention and risk reduction of NCDs. It is a comprehensive overview of various experimental researches, observational studies, clinical trials, epidemiological studies, pooled/meta-analyses and reviews carried out globally, particularly the developing nations. Studies were retrieved by an extensive search of the online PubMed/Medline, SciVerse Scopus databases using individual/combination of several keywords like non-communicable diseases, energy, various nutrients, sugar sweetened beverages, functional foods, tea, coffee, spices/condiments/herbs, animal foods, nuts and oil seeds, physical activity, dietary practices, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, T2DM, respiratory diseases, lifestyle modifications, tobacco, smoking, alcohol and public health approaches. The review also highlights several preventive approaches for curbing NCDs in the developing world with special emphasis on dietary factors. Since the occurrence of NCDs is marked by a cumulative effect of various risk factors, urgent collective actions are needed to avert/prevent the same effectively.

First Occurrence of Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Hypertension Among North American HIV-Infected Adults, 2000-2013.

There remains concern regarding the occurrence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among individuals aging with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but few studies have described whether disparities between demographic subgroups are present among individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with access to care. We assessed the first documented occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and treated hypertension (HTN) by age, sex, and race within the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD). HIV-infected adults (≥18 years) who initiated ART were observed for first NCD occurrence between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2013. Cumulative incidences as of age 70 were estimated accounting for the competing risk of death; Poisson regression was used to compare rates of NCD occurrence by demographic subgroup. We included >50000 persons with >250000 person-years of follow-up. Median follow-up was 4.7 (interquartile range, 2.4–8.1) years. Rates of first occurrence (per 100 person-years) were 1.2 for DM, 0.6 for CKD, and 2.6 for HTN. Relative to non-black women, the cumulative incidences were increased in black women (68% vs 51% for HTN, 52% vs 41% for DM, and 38% vs 35% for CKD; all P < .001); this disparity was also found among men (73% vs 60% for HTN, 44% vs 34% for DM, and 30% vs 25% for CKD; all P < .001). Racial disparities in the occurrence of DM, CKD, and HTN emphasize the need for prevention and treatment options for these HIV populations receiving care in North America.

"Impact of stature on non-communicable diseases: evidence based on Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2011 data".

BackgroundIn this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the relationship between height and occurrence of the non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.MethodsFor the purpose of analysis, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2011 data was used. Bivariate analysis along with a Chi-square test was performed to examine association between height and diseases. To measure the impact of stature on diabetes and hypertension, three different logistic regression models (Model I: considering only quartiles of height, Model II: covariates of model I along with demographic variables and Model III: covariates of model II along with clinical variable) were considered.ResultsOccurrence of diabetes and hypertension was found to be inversely related with the height of participants. This inverse association was statistically significant for all three models. After controlling the demographic and clinical variables simultaneously, the odds ratio for highest quartile compared to the lowest quartile was 0.82 with 95% confidence interval (0.69, 0.98) for diabetes; whereas it was 0.72 with 95% confidence interval (0.55, 0.95) for hypertension.ConclusionsFindings of this paper indicate that persons with shorter stature are substantially more likely to develop diabetes as well as hypertension. The occurrence of non-communicable diseases like diabetes and hypertension can be reduced by controlling genetic and non-genetic (early-life and childhood) factors that may influence the height.

A cross-sectional study to analyze the need of providing services related to noncommunicable diseases under an Urban Health Center of Surat Municipal Corporation

Background: As compared with all other countries India suffers the highest lost in potentially productive years of life, due to deaths from cardiovascular disease in people aged 35-64 years (9.2 million years lost in 2000). Low- and middle-income countries and by any measure, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for a large enough share of the disease burden of the poor to merit a serious policy response. Objectives: (1) To identify the prevalent cases reporting NCD's under urban health center area (UHC). (2) To suggest the need of a few anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic drugs with facilities of an electrocardiogram machine and counseling for life style modifications. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: A few residential societies having around 1000 population were arbitrarily selected from Udhna Center functioning under Surat Municipal Corporation. A house to house survey was conducted by a team of two medical students to materials collect information related to the occurrence of NCDs and other relevant information. Data were analyzed using Epi 6 software. Results: A total of 195 families having a population of 1028 were visited. Mean age of the population was 29.3 ± 17.64 years. 547 (53.3%) persons were males while 480 (46.7%) of the studied population were females. A good number of persons (46) reported having one of the chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension (HT), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and cancer. The proportion of individuals suffering from such kind of illnesses was 8.6% in the adult population over the age of 30 years. Conclusion: In light of rising NCDs, UHCs are required to provide treatment for the cases of HT, diabetes and IHD as part of primary health care.