Occurrence Of Non-communicable Diseases Research Articles

Association of 24-hour movement behaviors and non-communicable diseases among adults of Udupi, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT Optimizing 24-hour movement behaviors (physical activity (PA), sleep and sedentary time (ST)) is crucial for the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, the association of 24-hour movement behaviors with NCD risk remains largely obscured in low-middle-income countries. The present study aimed to explore the association between 24-hour movement behaviors and the occurrence of NCDs. An online survey was administered among 310 community-dwelling adults (age 18–65 years) of coastal Karnataka, enquiring sociodemographic profiles, 24-hour movement behaviors and presence of NCD. While spending 33% of daily time in sleep, the respondents spent 30% in light-intensity PA (LIPA), 19% in sedentary and 18% in moderate–vigorous PA (MVPA). Multivariate regression revealed that higher sleep time was significantly associated with higher odds of NCDs (estimate, β = 0.20, odds ratio = 0.82, p < 0.05). However, no significant associations were found for other 24-hour movement behaviors with NCD risk [ST (β = 0.12, p = 0.122), LIPA (β = −0.01, p = 0.184) and MVPA (β = −0.01, p = 0.357)]. Subgroup analyses showed that age and body mass were positively associated with NCDs, while lower socio-economic status was associated with lower sitting time (β = −3.84, p = 0.009) and lower LIPA (−318.49, p = 0.018). Higher age, body mass index and long sleep hours were associated with higher risk of NCDs. These findings may necessitate the inclusion of optimal sleep hours and body mass in health promotion guidelines to prevent chronic diseases among the regional population of coastal Karnataka.

Анализ социокультурных факторов физической активности населения в различных культурах

This article examines the relationship between the occurrence of non-communicable diseases and the level of physical activity in regions with various cultures. The World Health Organization statistics on diseases such as obesity and hypertension and physical activity data are taken as indicators. Particular attention is given to describing the cultural factors motivating the population to get engaged in sport and physical activity in countries such as Japan, India, China and the USA. The author touches upon the philosophical and religious foundations of the individual’s and society’s attitude to improving physical abilities in Eastern and Western cultures, as well as the special attitude of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism to the interaction between the individual and society. In her reasoning the author relies on the differences in the priority goals of the individual in different cultural spaces. The author highlights the role of the collective-individual in the mass enthusiasm for physical exercise in the East and the development of professional sport in the West. The key factor here is the pronounced individualism of modern culture in Western Europe and North America. Particular attention is paid to educational approaches and the infl uence of the family on the development of positive attitudes towards physical activity. And also how orientation on family values infl uences formation of high level motivation to physical self-improvement. The article briefl y points out the reasons for the decline of physical activity and sports in modern Russia. The author concludes that cultural differences are a key factor that should be taken into account when planning social policy with regard to health and sport.

Pengaruh Aktifitas Fisik terhadap Kejadian Penyakit Tidak Menular pada Lansia

The morbidity rate for the elderly is the proportion of the elderly population who experience health problems that interfere with their daily activities during the past month. According to the 2014 Susenas, the morbidity rate for the elderly population was 25.05%, meaning that out of every 100 elderly people, 25 of them were sick. In Tegal City, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases has a tendency to increase from year to year, this is due to the epidemiological transition, demographic transition and lifestyle transition. This study aims to determine the relationship between physical activity and the incidence of non-communicable diseases in the elderly in Tegal City. This type of analytic observational research uses a cross-sectional design, with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were elderly aged over ≥ 46 years who were in the Tegal City Region. The analytical test used is the chis square test which aims to determine the relationship between physical activity and the occurrence of non-communicable diseases. Data collection was carried out through interviews and filling out questionnaires on the elderly with a sample of 50 people. The results showed that there was a relationship between physical activity and the incidence of non-communicable diseases. The incidence of non-communicable diseases in the elderly can be caused by the high prevalence of risk factors such as lack of physical activity. It is hoped that health workers

Early Introduction of Novel and Less-Studied Food Allergens in the Plant-Based Era: Considerations for US and EU Infant Formula Regulations

Early life feeding practices may affect the long-term health of individuals, particularly in terms of the development of non-communicable diseases, such as metabolic and allergic diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the interplay of breastfeeding and/or formula feeding followed by the introduction of solids plays a role in the occurrence of non-communicable diseases both in the short and long term. International food allergy guidelines recommend that breastfeeding women do not need to avoid food allergens and do not recommend any infant formula for allergy prevention. Guidelines regarding solid food introduction for food allergy prevention recommend the introduction of well-cooked eggs and peanuts around 4–6 months of age, and not to delay the introduction of other food allergens. There is also an increasing trend to feed infants a plant-based or plant-forward diet and have access to infant formulas based on plant-based ingredients. The use of novel plant-based infant formulas raises a few questions reviewed in this paper: (1) Do fortified, plant-based infant formulas, compliant with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (European) guidelines, support adequate infant growth? (2) Are plant-based infant formulas suitable for the management of cow’s milk allergy? (3) Does feeding with novel, plant-based infant formulas increase the risk of food allergies to the food allergens they contain? (4) Does feeding infants plant-based food allergens in early life increase the risk of allergic and severe allergic reactions? The review of the literature indicated that (1) plant-based formulas supplemented with amino acids and micronutrients to comply with FDA regulations and EFSA guidelines, evaluated in sufficiently powered growth studies, can support adequate growth in infants; (2) currently available plant-based infant formulas are suitable for the management of CMA; (3) an early introduction and continuous intake of food allergens are more likely to prevent food allergies than to increase their risk; and (4) an early introduction of food allergens in young infants is safe.

Objectively Assessing the Effect of a Messenger-based Intervention to Reduce Sedentary Behavior in University Students: A Pilot Study

AimSedentary behavior poses a serious health risk. Students in particular are highly affected by prolonged, uninterrupted periods of sitting due to routines in everyday university life, such as attending lectures, self-study periods in the library, etc. Whereas university students are mostly young and therefore appear to be healthy, evidence-based consequences of prolonged sitting may come to pass in prospective times. Therefore, primary prevention must be initiated to shield university students from the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consequently, the study aims to evaluate a messenger-based intervention designed to reduce sedentary time among university students.Subjects and MethodsThe effectiveness of the intervention was assessed in a randomized controlled trial with a convenience sample of thirty-four German university students. ActivPal devices (Pal Technologies Ltd., Glasgow) were applied to measure sedentary behavior objectively before and after a 3-week intervention of messages to interrupt sedentary time. An additional evaluation of the messages was carried out.ResultsSedentary behavior decreased by about one hour in the intervention group. Explorative analysis shows a statistically significant, negative correlation between sedentary time at baseline and the change of sedentary behavior over time in the intervention group (r = − .81) indicating effectiveness of the intervention for the participants with the highest sedentary times at baseline. Additionally, the messages were considered appropriate by the participants.ConclusionA reduction of sedentary time of one hour per day in the intervention group is practically significant. The current investigation had similar findings with prior studies where promising results for the reduction of sedentary behavior were observed through mobile-based interventions. The detected effects of the intervention in this pilot study demonstrate an opportunity for further research in this field.

AW-APSH-2: “MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (MR)-ASSOCIATED HYPERTENSION” IN “GREEDY ORGAN HYPOTHESIS”

Spironolactone has been used for more than 60 years. Eplerenone is MR-specific MRB and esaxerenone possesses non-steroidal structure with high affinity and specificity to MR and exhibits long half-life. We conducted a double-blind phase III study of esaxerenone compared with eplerenone in patients with essential hypertension in 2020. Esaxerenone 2.5 mg elicited comparable hypotensive effect to eplerenone 50 mg and 5 mg exhibited significantly stronger effect than 2.5 mg. We also investigated the efficacy of dosage-escalation of esaxerenone added to a RAS inhibitor in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) (HbA1c:6.8%) and albuminuria (212 mg/gCr). 5 mg esaxerenone induced 20/8mmHg blood pressure reduction and reduced albumin excretion significantly. Interestingly, in these studies, esaxerenone exerted similar hypotensive action in the patients with RAS inhibitors, compared to the groups without them. This observation indicates that MR can be activated being independent of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In 2012, we proposed the concept of “MR-associated hypertension”, hypertension caused by over-activation of MR with wide range of plasma aldosterone level. Primary aldosteronism is the typical example of MR-associated hypertension, but even in low plasma aldosterone concentration state, such as obesity, DM, CKD, MR can be over-activated. There are several postulated mechanisms of over-activation of MR. Increased expression of MR, increased sensitivity of MR and MR protein stabilization. We are interested in the activation of MR by salt and sugar themselves. We focus on MR expressed in the intestine for sodium absorption. Administration of DOCA and high salt induced up-regulation of epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, the target molecule of MR. And intestine specific knock-out of MR mice exhibited blunted increase of blood pressure by DOCA and high salt loading. We also demonstrated that high sugar induces MR protein stabilization by PKC activation, O-GlcNac modification or EGFR-ERK activation. More recently, in relation to excessive salt and sugar intake and occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, we have proposed “Greedy Organ Hypothesis”. Excessive intake of salt and sugar are sensed by the kidney and the intestines, and these organs up-regulate SGLT, sodium-glucose co-transporters and come to absorb salt and sugar greedily. Excessive salt intake through SGLT2 makes the kidney greedy to induce hypertension/CKD. Excessive food intake through SGLT1 make the intestines greedy to induce obesity/DM. Furthermore, there is “crossing” relationships between “greedy organs” and NCDs. Greedy kidney and intestines over-activate MR and induce MR-associated hypertension. Therefore, MRB are effective to alleviate Greedy Organs and to suppress NCDs.

Association of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Iranian population: A systematic review of observational studies.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms have been implicated in various diseases, most notably non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of this study was to review available evidence regarding associations between FTO polymorphisms and NCDs in the Iranian population. A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases up to December 2021, as well as reference lists of pertinent articles and key journals. All observational studies that examined the association between FTO gene polymorphisms and NCDs in the Iranian population were included. There was no limitation on the publication year. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the study's quality. The initial search yielded 95 studies, of which 30 studies were included in the current systematic review. The underlying disorders were obesity, type 2 diabetes, breast and colorectal cancers, depression, and metabolic syndrome. These studies found an association between FTO gene polymorphisms and obesity in the Iranian population, but the relationship with other NCDs was debatable. Even though, other diseases such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are closely related to obesity, may also be associated with FTO gene polymorphisms. FTO gene polymorphism appears to play a role in the occurrence of NCDs. Some of the study results may be misleading due to ethnic differences and the effect of other genetic factors on disease onset, which needs to be investigated further. Finally, FTO gene polymorphisms can be studied as a preventive or therapeutic target. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01139-4.

Pengaruh Pemberian Pendidikan Gizi tentang Gizi Seimbang terhadap Pengetahuan Masyarakat Kampung Kalisusu Kabupaten Nabire

At the present time, nutritional problems in Indonesia have been changed to triple burden of malnutrition. The problem of macronutrient deficiencies such as malnutrition and stunting, macronutrient excess such as obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies such as anemia. Obesity is a major factor in the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). Data in Indonesia based on Riskesdas in 2018 shows that the incidence of PTM that occurs in Indonesian society includes stroke, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension which has increased every year. The prevalence of stroke in the population aged more than 15 years was 7% in 2013 and 10.9% in 2018. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population aged more than 15 years was around 1.2% in 2013 and in 2018 it was 2%. The incidence of obesity with a BMI above 27 kg/m2 in 2007 was 10.5%, in 2013 was 14.8%, and in 2018 was 21.8%. Obesity is a major factor in the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (PTM). Nutrition education is one of the efforts that can be done to improve consumption patterns or healthy behavior of the community. The purpose of this study is to provide nutrition education related to balanced nutrition guideline and evaluate the interventions that have been given. This research is a type of quantitative research with a cross sectional design. With the target of 30 respondents from the Kalisusu Nabire Village. The results of this study indicate that after nutrition education is carried out, respondents' knowledge about balanced nutrition was increases. The conclusion of this study was nutrition education with counseling methods can increasing the nutritional knowledge.

Chronic diseases and emotional disorders are associated with low perception of quality of life in food insecurity/security.

Understanding individual perception of Quality of Life (QoL) can help combat social and health inequalities. We aimed to identify factors associated with Low Perceived Quality of Life (LPQoL) in 295 adults and older adults with food security and food insecurity, in the city of Natal, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2019, with collection of data on socioeconomic demographic status, lifestyle information, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and risk factors, emotional disorders, food (in) security and quality of life. To assess food insecurity, the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity—EBIA was used, and the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. Poisson's Regression was used to verify associations between variables and LPQoL, stratifying the sample into food secure (FS) and food insecure (FI) groups. In the FI group, being overweight, older adult, having no partner, drinking alcoholic beverages twice a week or more, and not having daily availability of water were associated with LPQoL, and in the FS group, having diabetes, monthly family income in the 1st and 2nd tertiles, and never having studied was associated with LPQoL. Reporting emotional disorders and sleeping < 7 h/day were associated with LPQoL in both FI and FS groups. LPQoL was associated with the occurrence of NCDs and risk factors, and emotional disorders, regardless of the food security measure. However, the lack of adequate access to water highlights the social vulnerability of the FI group.

Past, present, and future trends of overweight and obesity in Belgium using Bayesian age-period-cohort models

BackgroundOverweight and obesity are one of the most significant risk factors of the twenty-first century related to an increased risk in the occurrence of non-communicable diseases and associated increased healthcare costs. To estimate the future impact of overweight, the current study aimed to project the prevalence of overweight and obesity to the year 2030 in Belgium using a Bayesian age-period-cohort (APC) model, supporting policy planning.MethodsHeight and weight of 58,369 adults aged 18+ years, collected in six consecutive cross-sectional health interview surveys between 1997 and 2018, were evaluated. Criteria used for overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25, and BMI ≥ 30. Past trends and projections were estimated with a Bayesian hierarchical APC model.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased between 1997 and 2018 in both men and women, whereby the highest prevalence was observed in the middle-aged group. It is likely that a further increase in the prevalence of obesity will be seen by 2030 with a probability of 84.1% for an increase in cases among men and 56.0% for an increase in cases among women. For overweight, it is likely to see an increase in cases in women (57.4%), while a steady state in cases among men is likely. A prevalence of 52.3% [21.2%; 83.2%] for overweight, and 27.6% [9.9%; 57.4%] for obesity will likely be achieved in 2030 among men. Among women, a prevalence of 49,1% [7,3%; 90,9%] for overweight, and 17,2% [2,5%; 61,8%] for obesity is most likely.ConclusionsOur projections show that the WHO target to halt obesity by 2025 will most likely not be achieved. There is an urgent necessity for policy makers to implement effective prevent policies and other strategies in people who are at risk for developing overweight and/or obesity.

Adherence to the Chinese Food Pagoda in the High-Risk Population of Non-communicable Diseases Aged 35–59 in Central China

ObjectivesA healthy dietary habit is essential for preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to assess the adherence to the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) proposed in the Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 in the high-risk population of NCDs in central China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in two large enterprises (totally 3,016 employees) from October to December 2019 in Hubei Province (central China). The high-risk population of NCDs was identified by physical examination, laboratory test and face-to-face questionnaire survey according to the National Norms for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases issued by the Chinese government. We assessed the deviation of real diet from the CFP recommended diet in the high-risk population of NCDs.ResultsA total of 821 participants aged 35–59 years old with at least one high-risk factor of NCDs were enrolled in our study. Of them, 53.8% were daily smokers, 49.6% had elevated blood cholesterol, 31.4% were centrally obese, 23.3% had high normal blood pressure, and 3.5% had impaired fasting glucose. Significant disparity was detected in the high-risk population of NCDs between real food consumption and the CFP's recommendation (P < 0.05), such as the deficient intake of nuts and milk and dairy products, and the over-consumption of cereals, meat and poultry, oil, and salt. Participants with impaired fasting glucose had the highest intake of cereals and vegetables on average. Participants with central obesity were more likely to consume meat and poultry (P < 0.05). The lowest average intake of eggs and the highest average intake of milk and dairy products were found in participants with high blood cholesterol (P < 0.05). The daily smokers were more likely to consume beans and nuts (P < 0.05). The lowest average intake of fruits and the highest average intake of tubers were found in participants with high normal blood pressure (P < 0.05).ConclusionAdherence to CFP in the high-risk population of NCDs appeared to be challenging. It is necessary to adopt dietary education campaign focusing on the high-risk population of NCDs to prevent or delay the occurrence of NCDs.

Disease Pattern of Geriatric People of the Host Community in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

Introduction: Diseases of elder people are a global problem. The prevalence of disease in elderly people is increasing day by day as old people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease, syndromes, injuries, and sickness than younger adults. Objective: This study was conducted to identify the disease pattern of geriatric people of the host community in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Method: A descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted among 381 geriatric persons in 5 selected hospitals of Cox's Bazar. The sample size was calculated in a 95% confidence interval and with a 5% level of significance. Data collection was done by using a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. Data quality was ensured through multiple procedures of review and cross-checking. Results: The findings revealed that a total of 32.0% had heart disease and 31% had arthritis. More than one-fifth (22.0%) of the respondents had diabetes and 18% of the total respondents had different types of communicable diseases. The occurrence of non-communicable diseases in geriatric people is significantly associated with their age and sex. Conclusion: The findings from this study illustrate that non-communicable disease is very much prevalent among the geriatric population as well as a threat to public health. The hospitals and health service providers should emphasize the management and prevention of these diseases. Also, lifestyle modification can play a vital role in preventing non-communicable diseases.

GAMBARAN KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT PADA LANSIA HIPERTENSI MELALUI LITERATUR REVIEW

ABSTRACT &#x0D; xii, 61 pages., 5 Chapters, 1 chart., 2 tables., 3 attachments&#x0D; Increasing human age, degenerative aging occurs which will have an impact on human health, such as the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (PTM), one of which is hypertension. The high incidence rate of elderly who experience hypertension can be controlled in 2 ways namely pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. Pharmacologically the elderly who experience hypertension can control by obediently taking medication based on a prescription given by a doctor. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of medication adherence in elderly hypertension. This type of research is a descriptive study that provides an overview of the variables to be studied. The design used is a systematic literature review or often abbreviated as SLR in Indonesian called a systematic literature review. The data presented are secondary data. The results of the conclusions from the search of 4 journals are the first researcher results of taking medication in elderly hypertension as much as (45.7%), the second researcher as much as (59.6%), the third researcher as much as (45.14%) and the fourth researcher as many as (70%). It is recommended for the elderly to be able to comply with the therapy given by the doctor, the elderly can take counseling to understand the importance of complying with medication and the side effects of stopping medication themselves, the elderly can conduct consultations and recommendations for families to remind the elderly to take medication and provide support so that the elderly do not stop treatment. &#x0D; Key words: Hypertension, compliance, taking hypertension medication, elderly

Awareness among Black British adults in London of the importance of diet and physical activity on the occurrence of non-communicable diseases

Objectives: To investigate the level of awareness of non-communicable diseases (NCD) among first and second-generation migrant Black Africans and Caribbeans residing in London; their perceptions on the link between diet and NCDs; and the challenges they face regarding food choices, dietary change, and physical activity.&#x0D; Design: A mixed methodology study. The quantitative data were collected using a survey questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and awareness of NCD (n= 42). The qualitative phase involved key informant interviews (n=10) and 2 focus group discussions (n=18) and data were thematically analysed.&#x0D; Results: High level of awareness of NCD and factors that increase their risk, as well as how important healthy dietary choices are to reduce the risk of NCDs were observed. Most respondents reported changing their diet in the UK to one that is at times unhealthy. This was particularly due to acculturation and issues related to access and affordability of traditional foods. Some of the challenges expressed in making healthy food choices included the high cost of healthy food and hi of food from their home countries, the time to cook and shop for and eat healthy food, and lack of good quality food that is accessible and affordable.&#x0D; Conclusions: While more needs to be done to identify challenges to healthy eating, physical activity and create enabling environments for ethinic minority families to improve their work-life balance and their ability to adopt a healthy lifestyle, there is a clear need for interventions culturally tailored to the needs of these populations in the UK.

Assessment of Ambient concentrations of Particulates (PM2.5 and PM10) and Occurrence of Non-Communicable Diseases in Ogbomoso Metropolis Southwestern Nigeria

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Air pollution has become a serious threat especially in fast developing urban areas. Significant adverse health effects such as lung cancer, aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are linked to particulate matter. This study assessed the association between particulates and occurrence of non-communicable diseases in Ogbomoso Metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. METHODS: Twenty selected cells from the gridded map of Ogbomoso metropolis were investigated. The concentrations of PM₂.₅ and PM10 were monitored in each cell using Aeroqual gas meter. Meteorological parameters such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, air pressure and wind speed were monitored using wind mate (WM-350). Information on recorded cases of non-communicable diseases was retrieved from the state hospital in the study area. RESULTS:The values of PM₂.₅ and PM10 ranged from 27.79±45.62 to 151.50±188.93 mg/m3 and 109.83±31.98 to 576.67±943.44 µg/m3 respectively during the dry season and from 14.38±3.87 to 72.79±42.46 mg/m3 and 33.67±20.11 µg/m3 to 73.54±34.89 µg/m3 respectively during the wet season. Concentrations of PM₂.₅ and PM10 were relatively high and above the WHO permissible limit in the dry season. The values of PM₂.₅ in cell 1, 2, 5, 8, 16, 18 and 19; and PM10 in cell 1, 5, 6, 8, 19 and 20 were within the WHO permissible limit in wet season while others exceeded it. Wet season, PM₂.₅ concentration shows positive significant (p0.05) associations with chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and high blood pressure (r= 0.559, 0.516, 0.487) while during dry season, there was a positive significant (p0.05) association between PM₂.₅ and chronic respiratory diseases. PM10 showed a positive significant association with hypotension in dry season (r= 0.639; p0.05). CONCLUSIONS:This study concluded that exposure to PM₂.₅ contributes significantly to the occurrence of chronic respiratory disease, diabetes and high blood pressure in both dry and wet seasons while PM10 contributes significantly to only hypotension in the dry season. KEYWORDS: Air pollution, Particulate matter Cardiovasular diseases, Cancer and cancer pre cursors, Temperature

Political economy framework and the occurrence of noncommunicable diseases. “Framing dietary practices in Ghana as the receptacle”

Context: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, hypertension, kidney diseases, and diabetes account for sizeable proportion of global deaths. The proximate causes aside biological and genetics are behavioral risk factors include dietary practices. Unhealthy dietary practice leading to the occurrence of NCDs blamed for the drawback of social and economic development of lower- and middle-income countries. Aims: This research focuses on establishing links among the political economy framework (education, occupation, income, residential place, and mass media), dietary practices, and the occurrence of NCDs in Ghana. Settings and Design: It adopted a mixed method approach using the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2014), with a sample of 4122 and 32 qualitative interviews from four regions. Subjects and Methods: In-depth, key informant interviews, focus groups discussions, and secondary data were used. The qualitative arm was analyzed using the thematic content analysis. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics and probit regression were used to ascertain the influences of the constituents of political economy using individual's dietary intakes. Results: The present study found that, differences in income levels (P &lt; 0.05), residential place of stay (P &lt; 0.05), and access to mass media (P &lt; 0.05) were statistically significant to dietary practices and had major implications for NCDs occurrence. The qualitative outcome revealed that, educational and occupational status of individuals may influence dietary practices. The regression revealed that females are exposed to unhealthy dietary practices by 6.2% points. Moreover, rural dwelling had moderate influence on unhealthy dietary practices (3.3% points) than urban dwelling. Again, professionals, sales, and service categories have 5.8%, 5.7%, and 7.6% points unhealthy practices, respectively.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Disease and Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour Amongst the Adults Residing in a Selected Village, Mao, Manipur

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly becoming the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The objectives of the study were to identify the prevalence of NCDs, risk factors of NCDs and healthcare-seeking behaviour of the persons suffering from NCDs. Two hundred adults were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique. After assessing the prevalence of NCDs through a structured questionnaire, healthcare-seeking behaviour was assessed for those adults suffering from NCDs. The tools were pre-tested and validated before data collection. The findings of the study revealed that 14.50% (95% confidence interval: 9.5–19.5) of the adults were suffering from NCDs. The most important risk factor, hypertension, was highly prevalent (56.5%). The study findings revealed a high prevalence of behavioural and clinical risk factors of NCDs. This study also revealed that only family history of NCDs was significantly associated with the occurrence of NCDs. In this study, 61.9% of the adults suffering from a NCD sought healthcare, and amongst them, 90.5% availed treatment from allopathy. Intervention programmes and creating community awareness are needed to modify risk factors.

Toxic Metals and Non-Communicable Diseases in HIV Population: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: HIV has been a serious global health concern since its discovery, with about 37.9 million people living with HIV worldwide as of 2018. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for 68% of the infection and contributed 74% of the 1.5 million deaths in 2013 despite having only 12% of the total world population residing in the region. This systematic review has attempted to determine the association between heavy metal toxicity and the occurrence of non-communicable diseases in the HIV/AIDS population. Materials and Methods: Three databases were systematically searched: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies written in English and published between 1 April 2000 and 12 April 2020. Studies were excluded if the main outcomes were not measured or did not meet the inclusion criteria. Results: All the six included studies are cross-sectional in design, and therefore were evaluated using the STROBE checklist. The data extraction was done using an extraction table; the ratio of female to male participants included in the study was 1.09:1. Qualitative analysis was used due to the heterogeneity in the heavy metal biomarkers and the outcome measured by the included studies. Two studies compared the concentration of heavy metals in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants while one compared the levels between HAART-naïve and HAART-treated participants, and three determined the association between heavy metal toxicity and non-communicable diseases (liver fibrosis, anaemia, and reproductive parameters, respectively) in HIV-positive patients. Conclusions: Blood lead, cadmium, and mercury levels were higher in HIV-seropositive than -seronegative subjects, whereas serum zinc level was lower in HIV-seropositive than -seronegative subjects, but the causal association between heavy metals and non-communicable diseases in HIV subjects is largely unknown. Interdisciplinary research between nutrition, toxicology, and human health is envisaged for primary and secondary prevention and treatment.

Health Profile of the Bicol University Teaching Workforce

This paper looked into the health profile of the Bicol University (BU) teaching workforce, including their health profile along usual blood pressure (BP) reading, and body mass index (BMI), their health practices in terms of supplements taken, use of over the counter medicines for common ailments, and prescribed medications taken for diagnosed non-communicable diseases. Finally, it determined the specific health preventive measures they practiced in the aspect of consultations with the doctor, laboratory tests, and health insurance owned. This is a descriptive, cross sectional study. It made use of semi-structured survey questionnaire and interview guide. FGD and interview were undertaken to affirm answers given through survey. The findings revealed that in the health profile along usual BP reading, 49 teaching workforce or 28.40% have a BP reading below 120/80 mmHg. In the computed BMI, 73 or 42.44% are overweight, 69 or 40.12% respondents are healthy and only 11 or 6.40% are obese. The teaching workforce are taking supplements like vitamins B, C, and E, and minerals like iron, potassium, magnesium and other multivitamins. In the over the counter medicines taken for common ailments paracetamol is for headache, fever, cough/colds, and body aches/pain, ibuprofen for headache, dysmenorrhea and body aches/pains, and decongestants for cough/colds. For the prescribed medicines for diagnosed non-communicable diseases, respondents mentioned metformin for diabetes, losartan/amlodipine for hypertension, and seretide for asthma. One health preventive measure they practice is, 91 or 52.91% consults with the doctor once a year, only 36 or 20.93% have a health insurance. The paper concludes that the BU teaching workforce considers their health fundamentally essential and they maintain a good type of health profile. They manifest good health practices and work in improving health practices and intensify health preventive measures within the context of healthy lifestyle to avoid the occurrence of non-communicable diseases.

Rehabilitation: Health Research Perspectives And Challenge

Policy drives practice and Health Services Research is at the intersection of policy, practice and patient outcomes. Health Services Research in relation to disability has to reform targets to add value to rehabilitation in a policy relevant context. Medical rehabilitation research is directed towards restoration and improvement of functional capabilities lost due to injury, disease or congenital disorders along with the development of new and improved assisted technologies. Fostering stake holders’ engagement in this regard ensures patient centered focus. The crucial information from all the pertinent fields for rehabilitation generates a hub of innovative strategies leading to commercialization in Health Services Research (HSR). The investigation revolves around current resources available in this field with identification of gaps for capacity building and connectivity between all the stake holders for a meaningful bonding, making health care reforms a reality. Rehabilitation is a vital component of health services. It includes a group of interventions which intend to optimize function in those disabled and suffering from diseases so that they can interact better with their environment by living, working and learning to their best capability.There is a growing need for rehabilitation today as populations age and the occurrence of non communicable diseases and injuries increase1. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported an estimated 15% of the world’s population suffering from mental or physical disabilities[2]. Rehabilitation research being a multidisciplinary venture requires strong collaboration among a good range of fields and specialties including a few such as ergonomics, biomechanics, and physical medicine, biomedical engineering and computer sciences. Rehabilitation researchers are practitioners and investigators in the science of recovery. The level of investigation could be molecular, cellular, tissues, organ systems, the whole body or psychological domains. WHO also recognizes rehabilitation as one of its key priorities in 2017 with focus on research to not only make the cost benefits of rehabilitation known and measuring its impact but also to identify the barriers in accessing rehabilitation facilities and their underutilization along with predicting the need for health professionals required in this area3. Medical rehabilitation deals with a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to disability through a physician directing a management plan of disabling diseases and injuries. The strategy includes skilled rehabilitation nursing care, physical therapy, speech and audiology, prosthetic and orthotic devices, social, recreational and psychological services.For example, in stroke patients, physiotherapists assist in musculoskeletal issues where as speech therapists deal with language and swallowing, and occupational therapists help patients return to their daily activities2.