Occurrence Of Nivalenol Research Articles

ニバレノールによる食品汚染

ニバレノールによる食品汚染

Occurrence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in imported cereals in Papua, New Guinea.

A preliminary survey for the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins--nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN)--in cereals imported mostly from Australia to Papua, New Guinea (PNG) in 1991 was carried out by TLC, GLC, and HPLC analysis. The data have revealed various kinds of cereals and cereal flours, such as wholemeal flour, millet meal, corn flour, brown trukai rice, and others, were significantly contaminated with these mycotoxins in various concentrations. Among these Fusarium mycotoxins, the level of ZEN was surprisingly high. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in PNG cereals.

Chemotaxonomic observations on zearalenone and trichotecenes production byGibberella zeae from cereals in Southern Italy

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the imperfect stage of Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch, is a toxigenic fungus often associated with feed refusal and emesis in animals fed with infected grains (3, 16, 17). Detailed studies on natural outbreaks ofF. graminearum toxicosis led to the identification of various mycotoxins, including zearalenones and trichothecenes (9). Based on the production of the different trichothecenes, Ichinoe et al. (5) reported the occurrence of two chemotypes of isolates of G. zeae from rice in Japan. The 'NIV-type' produces nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenone-X (FUS) while the 'DON-type' produces deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON). A chemotype is defined by Pitt and Hawksworth (13) as a chemically characterized strain of morphologically indistinguishable fungi. It appears that there are geographical differences in the natural distribution of the toxigenic isolates as well as of their corresponding trichothecenes. Deoxynivalenol is found worldwide in cereals infected by Fusarium graminearum, often together with its monoacetates 15-ADON or 3-ADON (8, 10, 19). The occurrence of NIV has been reported in Japan, Korea, France, Austria and the U.K. (1, 6, 7, 15, 20), and FUS together with NIV only in Japan and in Austria (1, 20). This paper reports some preliminary data on the occurrence of both chemotypes of G. zeae on cereals in southern Italy.

A limited survey of Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in 1984 UK harvested wheat and barley.

A limited survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in 1984 UK-grown cereals (31 samples) have been carried out using a new procedure, which is a rapid and sensitive method for Fusarium mycotoxins. NIV, DON and ZEN were detected in 17 (55%), 20 (65%) and 4 (13%) out of 31 samples, and average levels in positive samples were 101 micrograms/kg, 31 micrograms/kg and 1 microgram/kg, respectively. Additional surveys on two wheat and eight barley samples harvested in Scotland have shown that 30%, 60% and 100% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively. The contents averaged 391 micrograms/kg of NIV, 39 micrograms/kg of DON and 9 micrograms/kg of ZEN. The results of this survey show that UK-grown cereals were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN in a similar way to that observed in Japan, Korea and China. This is the first evidence of the natural occurrence of NIV in UK cereals.

A survey of the occurrence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in food stuffs and health foods in Japan.

By adopting a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), the natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in Japan in retail marked cereal flours, popcorn and health foods (totalling 76 samples) was surveyed. Significant contamination by NIV and DON was observed in commercial wheat and barley flours, and partially milled grains which are consumed as rice ingredients. Of particular interest was the presence of DON in popcorn imported from the United States, and the high-level contamination of NIV and ZEN in job's-tears (Hatomugi in Japanese), a widely marketed health food.