Occurrence Of Negative Consequences Research Articles

Brain imaging studies in Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and problematic social network site use

Abstract Gaming disorder is characterized by ICD 11 as persistent or recurrent gaming behavior manifested by impaired control over gaming, increasing priority given to gaming over other life interests and daily activities; and continuation or escalation of gaming despite the occurrence of negative consequences. IGD shares to a large extent neurobiological alterations seen in other addictions, such as activation in brain regions associated with reward, reduced activity in impulse control areas and impaired decision-making; and reduced functional connectivity in brain networks that are involved in cognitive control, executive function, motivation and reward. Moreover, there were structural changes, mainly reduction in gray matter volume and white matter density. Comorbidity studies indicate that executive control networks in ADHD may increase the susceptibility to develop IGD. Problematic SNS use has been associated with an increased rate of depression, anxiety, stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and propensity to excessive alcohol use. It may also lead to vulnerability to aggression, cyberbullying and fear of missing out (FOMO). There is little evidence for cognitive impairments, but there is some preliminary event-related potentials (ERPs) evidence for inefficiency in allocating and monitoring resources and inhibitory control. There is evidence for reduced sleep quality and quantity, longer sleeping latency and more sleep disturbance. Brain imaging studies showed impaired inhibitory-control mechanism, reduced gray matter volumes in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and the insula, suggesting rewarding effects of SNS use on the brain.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Changes in affect and alcohol craving during naturally occurring drinking episodes: The role of day-level drinking motives.

Day-level drinking motives are associated with intensity of drinking and occurrence of negative consequences. However, little is known about how day-level drinking motives relate to alcohol craving, an approach-oriented motivational state proximal to continued drinking. This study tested whether day-level (and between-person) drinking motives were associated with craving during drinking episodes and whether this effect varied by drinking-induced changes in negative/positive affect (PA). Emerging adults (N = 114) took part in up to two waves of 21-day ecological momentary assessments. Participants reported positive/negative affect (NA) prior to and during drinking episodes, drinking motives at beginning of episodes, and craving during all drink reports. Analyses tested whether day-level and between-person (aggregated) drinking motives were associated with heightened craving and whether any effects on craving were moderated by drinking-induced changes in affect. A significant interaction emerged for day-level coping by negative affect, such that higher-than-average coping was associated with less drinking-induced craving when negative affect decreased relative to predrinking levels. However, interactions of between-person coping by negative and positive affect also emerged, such that higher person-level coping was associated with more drinking-induced craving when negative affect and positive affect increased. Day-level and between-person conformity motives by negative affect interactions were also detected, such that higher day-level and between-person conformity motives were associated with more drinking-induced craving when negative affect decreased. Relations between day-level motivation and craving may be sensitive to changes in negative/positive affect while drinking. Future research is needed to differentiate mechanisms through which person-level versus day-level motives relate to craving. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Neuroimaging in Internet gaming disorder comorbid with Attention-deficit disorder

IntroductionInternet gaming disorder (IGD) refers to a pattern of persistent gambling behaviour or recurring gambling, on the Internet, with impaired control, increased priority, and continuation or escalation of gambling despite the occurrence of negative consequences. Currently, online gambling - more frequent among men - represents a very important, constantly growing economic activity. Since the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to conduct classes online, there has been an increase in the rate of IGD in children and youth (7-25 years old). Comorbidities, namely attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), have been associated with a higher prevalence of IGD. They share core traits, such as impulsiveness, seeking immediate reward, deficient motivation, and hostility, which may translate into neuroimaging similarities.ObjectivesNon-systematic review of the literature about neuroimaging of IGD comorbid with ADHD.MethodsA search was conducted on PubMed and other databases, using the MeSH terms “Internet Addiction Disorder”, “Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity” and {“MRI” OR “fMRI” OR “functional connectivity” OR “neuroimaging OR neural alteration OR neuronal alteration OR neural change"}.ResultsIGD and ADHD have shared and disorder specific patterns of structural and functional abnormalities, particularly in reward function. For instance, IGD has been associated with lower putamen grey matter volume (GMV), while ADHD patients have lower GMV in the orbitofrontal cortex. Disorder-specific fMRI activation has been observed in the precuneus in IGD; in ADHD, there is special activation in the fusiform gyrus. Finally, shared structural and functional alterations between IGD and ADHD seem to converge in the prefrontal-striatum circuit, especially the anterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionsADHD has been suggested as the most significant predictor of IGD in cross-sectional and prospective studies, however there is no study that clarifies their relationship. It is unclear whether IGD causes ADHD symptoms or whether a problem with gambling is a prodromal sign of the development of full ADHD. Studies revealing common neurobiological foundations between these disorders are pivotal to understand their basic mechanisms, while alerting to the necessity to screen for both pathologies when one is present. They may also point to an overlapping target (the reward circuit) for behavioural and pharmacological treatment.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

How Different Gaming Genres Can Be Described by Required Skills and Motives for Playing.

With the drastic expansion of the games industry, psychological research is concerned with the question as to why certain genres might be more addictive than others. Besides specific games characteristics and motivational profiles of gamers, skills that are relevant to play certain games and genres might provide more insights for answering this question. An exploratory online survey was designed, asking for played genres, subjective relevance of required skills to play the game, gaming motives, and symptom severity. The analyses aimed at investigating which genres are associated with higher and lower symptoms of their players and the relationship between the relevance of skills required for certain genres and the symptom severity of players. In total, 727 data sets were collected. Descriptive results indicated that the most pronounced difference between genres associated with low and high symptom severity appeared among the indicated relevance of communicating with others, the social motive for gaming, and among the relevance of required executive function skills such as attentional vigilance. The communication skill is discussed as a vulnerability factor for maintaining problematic gaming behaviors despite the occurrence of negative consequences, whereas certain executive functions could be constitutional factors of the experience of a flow state. The association between flow and addictive gaming tendencies is a topic yet to be investigated in future research.

Can slogans prevent gambling harm?

Can slogans prevent gambling harm?

Gaming Disorder Symptom Questionnaire: The Development and Validation of a Screening Tool for ICD-11 Gaming Disorder in Adolescents.

BackgroundGaming disorder (GD) has been recognized as an official diagnostic entity in the latest revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the majority of previous studies used different instruments, which are not fully consistent with the concept of GD in ICD-11. The development of a screening assessment instrument based on ICD-11 for this new disease entity is very urgent and important.MethodsThe ICD-11 Gaming Disorder Symptom Questionnaire (GDSQ), based on the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD, was developed by a team of GD experts. A total of 7,790 adolescents were included in this study. Criterion validity was assessed by GDSQ, Video Gaming Dependency Scale (VGDS), weekly game playing time, weekly game video viewing time, and monthly money spent on games. Item structure was measured by factorial analysis. Discrimination between GD and non-GD was examined based on the receiver characteristic curve (ROC).ResultsThe GDSQ was very well described by three symptoms of GD (i.e., impaired control, increasing priority to gaming, and continued use despite the occurrence of negative consequences). The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.964) with good criterion validity and good discriminatory power. The optimal cutoff point for determining the profile of gamers was found to be ≥62 points. The GDSQ revealed that the prevalence of GD was 2.27% in this adolescent sample.ConclusionThe ICD-11–based GDSQ is a successfully validated measurement scale for GD among adolescents. This study provides a new tool (GDSQ) for us to effectively identify individuals with risk of GD in medical and non-medical settings.

МЕХАНИЗМ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ РЕНТАБЕЛЬНОСТИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СУБЪЕКТА И ОЦЕНИВАНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ЕЕ РОСТА

The authors argue that profitability is one of the fundamental parameters for assessing the efficiency of an economic entity, and the growth of profitability contributes to improving financial stability, analyze this indicator through the prism of the parameters for assessing the return on equity, invested capital, sales, assets, as well as profitability calculated on the basis of cash flow. In addition, the authors present a comparative analysis of the consolidated system of profitability indicators, at the same time, a factor analysis of the return on equity using the DuPont model is considered through the parameters of profitability of commercial activity, the productivity of asset management and the use of loans using the effect of financial leverage. The results of factor analysis using the Dupont model revealed that the decrease in return on equity was affected by the turnover of assets by a decrease of 6,26. The increase in the return on sales had a positive impact on the return on fixed capital. The fact is substantiated that the assessment of the return on capital according to this model contributes to the creation of an information resource, the prevention of the occurrence of negative consequences of activities in the future, as well as the rational use of reserves aimed at the development of the company. In the course of the analysis, the authors found that changes in business processes are necessary, a complete restructuring of approaches to sales – an economic entity needs reengineering, the concept of reengineering is defined and the possibility of its application is evaluated. At the same time, the primary purpose of the transformation is the reengineering of business processes, which makes it possible to improve the main effective coefficients, as well as the criteria of work, that is, the amount of income, the quality of service, the effectiveness of the management staff, quality. In this regard, a method of testing business processes by various criteria parameters was proposed and described. The authors analyzed the costs of implementing the project, and also presented the dynamics of net discounted income in the context of using this approach for the period 2020-2027. The study is conducted on the basis of data from the limited liability company «Sportmaster».

ЛОЖЬ СТОРОНЫ В АРБИТРАЖНОМ СУДЕ КАК ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНЫЙ ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЙ ФАКТ

The study puts forward the idea that the development of the principle of good faith in civil law should seriously affect the arbitration process and should make it unprofitable to lie in court. Among other things, we believe that it is possible to raise the question of using the legislator’s approach without the culpable occurrence of negative consequences of false assurances about circumstances in the conduct of entrepreneurial activity. The author also argues that there should be no deception of the court, because any decision based on a lie is not justice and is contrary to the rule of law. In a situation where deception does occur, there must be a mechanism to rectify the situation and level out the consequences of the deception. As a kind of substantiation of the above ideas, the author uses a reference to the principle of direct examination of evidence, which is enshrined in Articles 10 and 71 of the APC RF and obligates the court to directly examine and perceive all evidence in the case, including hearing explanations of persons involved in the case, testimony of witnesses, expert opinions, review written evidence, examine the physical evidence. Compliance with this principle guarantees the personal perception of the judges of the arbitration court of all evidence, which is probably one of the most significant guarantees of justice.

On Determining the Concept of “Disciplinary Liability of Police Officers”

The essence of legal liability in labor law has been clarified. Scientific approaches to the definition of “disciplinary liability” have been studied. The purpose of disciplinary liability of employees has been defined. The author has studied the norms of the Law of Ukraine “On the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine” regarding the procedure for applying disciplinary liability to police officers.
 Features of disciplinary liability of police officers have been determined. First of all, disciplinary liability of police officers is a type of special disciplinary liability. Secondly, only a police officer is subject to disciplinary action. Thirdly, disciplinary sanctions are applied by managers at various levels to the relevant regulatory defined range of police officers. Fourth, the purpose of disciplinary liability of police officers is to ensure the compliance with police service discipline, to prevent from committing disciplinary offenses by police officers, to educate police officers’ conscious attitude to the service, to create the necessary conditions for effective operation of police units. Fifth, disciplinary offense is the basis for applying disciplinary liability to police officers. Sixth, the occurrence of negative consequences, which are manifested in the imposition of disciplinary sanctions provided by the Law of Ukraine “On the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine”.
 The author has suggested own definition of the term of “disciplinary liability of police officers”, which means the application of disciplinary sanctions under the Law of Ukraine “On the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine” to a police officer who has committed a disciplinary offense.

On Causal Relationship in Crimes under Art. 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

The specifics of the causal relationship between road accidents and the resulting negative consequences (serious harm to health, death of a person) have long remained debatable. Doctrinal approaches to the disclosure of causality in transport crimes seem in some cases too theorized or appear to be fragmentary special cases that are not part of a certain system. This situation is due to objective reasons, a variety of types of transport accidents associated with violation of traffic rules. Violations of security requirements by several persons are of increased interest. The law enforcement officer needs clear and applicable rules for assessing the causality of an accident. The analysis of law enforcement practice made it possible to assess the behavior of road users from the moment the danger occurred until the onset of an emergency, to determine the objective and subjective parameters of traffic that are causally related to the consequences that entail the onset of liability under Art. 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. When classifying the act in accordance with this regulatory provision, the analysis shall include not only the actions of the subjects who created a danger to traffic, but also those who have ignored the legal obligation to prevent the occurrence of negative consequences.

Фінансові ризики банку: оцінка та механізм нейтралізації

Abstract. Introduction. The issue of financial risk management of commercial banks is quite relevant today, because the activity of banks is the most risky of all. The presence of risks in banking can lead to unexpected losses, namely the loss of own resources. That’s why for the stable operation of the bank without loss the priority is to assess the financial risks, which is the basis for their further neutralization. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop conceptual provisions for assessment financial risks and justifying the need to neutralize them. Results. The article analyzes the impact of risks on the financial stability of a banking institution. The main methods of bank risk assessment are considered. All these include the statistical method, the analytical method, the expert method, the analogue method and the combined method. The necessity of neutralization of financial risks in order to avoid negative consequences is substantiated. Also the methods of bank risks neutralization are considered. It should be noted that these methods of neutralization can not only be used, but also supplement the list with new methods must be done, which in the future will protect the bank from the influence of undesirable factors. A conceptual approach to the assessment and neutralization of financial risks is proposed. This conceptual approach aims to ensure effective assessment of the level of risk with their subsequent neutralization Conclusions. Use of a conceptual approach will allow an effective risk assessment and decision-making to avoid or accept risk. Thanks to using this approach, the banking institution will be able to react swiftly to the presence of financial risks and to prevent the occurrence of negative consequences, which may lead to a violation of the financial stability of the bank.

Negatywne i pozytywne konsekwencje ekspozycji na traumę u studentów obcokrajowców studiujących na Uniwersytecie Łódzkim

Introduction: Many people, including students, are exposed to various types of traumatic events. The experience of such events usually results in the occurrence of negative consequences, primarily symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Exposure to trauma can also be the cause of the positive consequences revealed in the form of Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The aim of the study was to check whether there is a relationship between experiencing traumatic events and the negative (PTSD) and positive (PTG) consequences of trauma in a group of foreign students, and to determine whether PTSD and PTG are related. Material and methods: The study involved 85 foreign students studying at the University of Lodz, originating in Iraq, Syria, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, of which 80 admitted that they had experienced at least one traumatic event. The subjects’ age ranged from 18–33 years (M = 23.2, SD = 3.64). Men constituted 57.5%, women 42.5%. The following measurement tools were used in the study: The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Results: The most frequently experienced event by examined students turned out to be combat or exposure to warfare (32.5%). Three-quarters of the surveyed students (75%) showed a high risk of PTSD. At the same time, over half of the respondents were characterized by at least moderate intensity of posttraumatic growth. Positive correlations were found between PTSD and PTG symptoms. Among the symptoms of PTSD, intrusion played a predictive role for PTG. Conclusions: Interventions to reduce the risk of PTSD in young people who have been exposed to traumatic events are required.

Perceived social stigmatisation of gambling disorders and coping with stigma.

Aim:This study concerns perceived social stigmatisation of gambling disorder and its determinants, the self-perceptions of people with gambling disorder (self-stigma) and how they cope with stigma.Design:In total, 30 interviews with persons with gambling disorder and 60 with professionals were conducted. Selective sampling procedures were employed in the recruitment phase. In the case of professionals, the inclusion criteria were employment in facilities where treatment of gambling disorder is offered, and profession. For people with gambling disorder, the criterion was a diagnosis confirmed by a psychiatrist.Results:Elements revealed in past research on stigma-creation processes were reflected in respondents’ statements. The type of gambling, the occurrence of negative consequences, the possibility of hiding, personal responsibility, social status and contact with stigmatised populations are perceived determinants of problem gamblers’ stigmatisation. Gambling disorder sufferers experience anxiety associated with the possibility of rejection and a fear related to their condition being revealed to others. Various manifestations of cognitive distancing and hiding were coping mechanisms identified in the study.Conclusions:People with gambling disorder experience anxiety associated with the possibility of rejection, and they often conceal their disorder, which may hinder their treatment. Therefore the issue of stigma should be addressed in therapy.

MANAGING THE TRANSITION TO A REMOTE WAY OF IMPLEMENTING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS: THE EXPERIENCE OF KALUGA STATE UNIVERSITY

The authors aim at comprehending the experience of managing the transition of KalugaStateUniversityto the remote way of implementing the educational process in the context of the 2020 pandemic. The article presents a conceptual vision of management tasks at the initial and subsequent stages of fundamental changes within the educational organization and the mechanisms used. The article shows that managing the university in the conditions of extreme changes implied the feedback technology from the subjects of the educational process (students and teachers), which allowed the management team to receive information on the estimates of intermediate results and make timely adjustments for making adequate management decisions when moving to subsequent stages. Online surveys of students (10 days after the transition to distance learning) and teachers (during the fourth week of the quarantine) were organized as a feedback tool. The authors suppose that the experience of the transition to a remote way of implementing the educational process in the spring of 2020 is of value to all subjects of the university space. The experience gained is useful to the management team for understanding the factors and mechanisms of extreme changes operational management, which made it possible to ensure a successful short-time solution of the task in the situation of uncertainty. For teachers and students, an important result was a sharp qualitative increase in the competence of using distance technologies in the educational process. The article might be of use to leaders and management teams of educational organizations for reflection and comparative analysis of such changes in their universities. A conceptual vision of management tasks at the initial and subsequent stages of fundamental changes in an educational organization, evaluating the effectiveness of the mechanisms used and decisions made, as well as working out feedback, including online polls, should help prevent the occurrence of negative consequences and work for the further development of the organization even in globally unfavorable conditions.

Lipidomic profiles disturbed by the internet gaming disorder in young Korean males

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is characterized by uncontrollable and persistent playing of internet games despite the occurrence of negative consequences. Although there is a worldwide treatment demand, IGD still doesn't have an explicit biomarker.The primary goal of the study is to characterize lipidomic profiles specific to internet gaming disorder (IGD) based on liquid-chromatography Orbitrap mass-spectrometry (LC Orbitrap MS). Primarily, a total of 19 lipids were significantly dys-regulated in the IGD group compared to healthy controls. The lipidomic feature was mainly characterized by various types of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and lyso-phosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs). Subsequent multivariate statistical model and linear regression model prioritized two LysoPCs (C16:0 and C18:0) for potential biomarker. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated excellent performance of the combined lipid set for discriminating the IGD group from healthy controls (AUC: 0.981, 95% confidence interval: 0.958–1.000). Additional evaluation with potential confounders and clinical parameters suggested robustness and potential applicability of the outcome as biomarkers which may aid diagnosis.

Causes and Types of External Stigma that Result in Discrimination of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is not only a serious medical problem all over the world but it is also accompanied with a range of social problems, among which the most complicated for patients is stigmatization and discrimination. Main causes of occurrence of such notion are the lack of understanding of peculiarities of the disease and a great number of myths about the ways of transmission of this disease. Therefore, a chain of negative consequences occur, which results in decreased self-esteem, complexes, depression of such kind of patients and considerably worsen the quality of life of a patient with CHC. The purpose of this work was to investigate the prevalence of external stigma and to determine with which its species are most commonly found in patients with HCG. Identify the most common causes of its occurrence, establish a link between stigma and duration of the disease, and analyze possible ways to overcome this phenomenon in order to improve the quality of life of patients with CSF. The article introduces the results of the research on the spread of external stigma and definition of its types in 316 patients with CHC, among them males 178 (56.32%), females 138 (43.67%), aged 18 to 65, before the beginning of treatment of patients with medications of direct antiviral action. It was set, that 168 out of 316 patients with CHC confirmed the fact of stigma from the side of surrounding people, what made up (53.16%). Direct dependence between CHC and frequency of stigmatization was found out. It was set that most often patients with stigma occurred in such fields as social (39%), family life (31%), medical aid services (21%) and other types of stigma (8%). Therefore, stigmatization and discrimination of patients with CHC is not only extremely negative social notion but also serious human rights violation. In the opinion of the authors current issue can be overcome only by means of cardinal change of attitude of the society towards it. Thus, it is necessary to create a single algorithm of treatment of CHC patients which will include large scale educational projects aiming to deepen understanding of epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of this disease. These projects have to involve patients and their family members, as well as those who provide medical services and society members on the whole. Consequently, it will lead to a reduction of stigmatization of CHC patients, improvement the quality of their life, decrease of the morbidity level and occurrence of negative consequences.