Occurrence Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Quantify Fat and Steatosis in the Pancreas in Patients after Bariatric Surgery: a Retrospective Study.

Pancreatic steatosis (PS) has both metabolic consequences and local effects on the pancreas itself. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most reliable non-invasive method for diagnosing PS. We investigated the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on the presence of PS, differences in individuals with and without PS, and the metabolic effects of bariatric procedures. Changes in anthropometric and basic biochemistry values and MS occurrence were evaluated in 34 patients with obesity who underwent a bariatric procedure. After the procedure, patients underwent MRI with manual 3D segmentation mask creation to determine the pancreatic fat content (PFC). We compared the differences in the PFC and the presence of PS in individuals with and without MS and compared patients with and without PS. We found no significant difference in the PFC between the groups with and without MS or in the occurrence of PS. There were significant differences in patients with and without PS, especially in body mass index (BMI), fat mass, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), select adipocytokines, and lipid spectrum with no difference in glycemia levels. Significant metabolic effects of bariatric procedures were observed. Bariatric procedures can be considered effective in the treatment of obesity, MS, and some of its components. Measuring PFC using MRI did not show any difference in relation to MS, but patients who lost weight to BMI < 30 did not suffer from PS and had lower overall fat mass and VAT. Glycemia levels did not have an impact on the presence of PS.

Edukasi Tentang Faktor Risiko, Serta Bahaya Obesitas pada Pandemi Covid 19 di Poli Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Akademik Universitas Mataram

The impact of obesity is quite wide on various chronic degenerative diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and type 2 diabetes and bone disorders. Due to the many diseases that can be caused by obesity, the morbidity and mortality rates of obese people are quite high. So that obesity has an impact on health costs both directly and indirectly. The prolonged pandemic causes people to be lazy to do sports and tend to work from home. Not regulating healthy eating and living patterns, which can lead to Obesity Nutritional status which can affect various diseases, so it is necessary to educate about the risk factors and dangers of obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach steps taken in this program are counseling or providing education to visitors to the Internal Medicine Poly at Mataram University Hospital. Community service is carried out at the UNRAM Hospital Poly and also in the UNRAM Hospital hall. Attended by 35 participants and 1 speaker as well as 4 young doctors and 1 lab employee from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram who distributed questionnaires and flyers about obesity. From the analysis of the questionnaire distributed, 32 people scored less than 50 in answering questions about risk factors and the dangers of obesity and there was a change in the score to 29 respondents who scored 80 after being given education. From these results, it is important to conduct regular education to reduce the severity and prevent the occurrence of metabolic syndrome due to obesity.

Estimation of some biomarkers in obese men and their adoption as early risk predictors of metabolic syndrome

This study aimed to estimate the levels of the biomarkers ADP, IL-6, IGF-1 and MCP-1 in the serum of obese men and adopt them as early predictors of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. A total of (88) samples from men, (and 60) samples from obese men, were divided according to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) into two groups. The first group had BMI values between 35-40 kg/m2 and WC 110-125 cm., while the 2nd group had BMI &gt;40 kg/m2 and WC &gt;125 cm. A (28) samples were collected from healthy, with BMI values between 18.5-24.5 kg/m2 and WC was &lt; 102 cm. The results show that there is a significant increase level IL-6 at P ≤ 0.01 in the obese group compared with the healthy, and it was significantly higher in the group with WC &gt; 125 cm. There was a significant decrease in the concentration biomarker IGF-1 in the obesity group, and it was significantly higher in the BMI ≥40 and WC 110-125 cm groups.

The Association Between Pancreatic Steatosis and Metabolic Syndrome: A 5-Year Follow-up Study Among a General Chinese Population.

To date, the complete natural history of pancreatic steatosis is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association of fatty pancreas (FP) in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components among Chinese patients with a 5-year follow-up. Three independent cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2013, 2015, and 2018. Fatty pancreas was diagnosed via transabdominal sonography. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the correlation between FP and metabolic syndrome. New cases of metabolic syndrome and its components were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. At baseline, 12,551 individuals classified into FP (n = 1010) and non-FP (n = 11,541) groups were finally enrolled. In cross-sectional analyses, odds ratio of FP was 2.378 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.085-2.713; P < 0.001). In longitudinal analyses, FP was associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio [HR], 3.179; 95% CI, 2.197-4.6; P < 0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (HR, 13.99; 95% CI, 7.865-24.883; P < 0.001), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (HR, 31.843; 95% CI, 7.73-131.171; P < 0.001), and hypertension (HR, 12.801; 95% CI, 7.323-22.38; P < 0.001). Pancreatic steatosis is strongly associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components such as hypertension and diabetes.

ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO SINDROM METABOLIK PADA PEKERJA UNIT PEMBANGKITAN PRIOK PT. X TAHUN 2021

Occupational Health is one of the efforts to promote and maintain the highest level of physical, mental and social health of workers in all occupations, prevention of problems related to workers due to their working conditions, protection of workers in their work from risks caused by factors detrimental to health, placement and maintenance of workers in a work environment that is adapted to their physiological and psychological abilities. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for metabolic syndrome of workers at the Priok Generation Unit PT. X. 2021. This study used a cross sectional method, with a sample of 100 respondents to workers at the Priok Generation Unit PT. X. Data analysis was carried out univariate, bivariate using chi square test and multivariat with logistic regression method using SPSS software version 23. The research instrument has been tested for validity and reliability in accordance with the rules and obtained a certificate of passing the ethical review with Number: Ket-552 /UN2.F10.D11/PPM.00.02/2021 issued by the research ethics committee of the Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia. The components of the metabolic syndrome most experienced by research respondents were an increase in fasting blood sugar, hypertension, an increase in triglycerides, the occurrence of central obesity and a decrease in HDL fat levels in the blood. This study shows that the risk factors that are significantly related to the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in workers are age, education level, smoking status and physical activity. Based on multivariate modeling with 11 modeling test stages, it was found that the personal education factor is one of the most dominant factors in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. The level of education is one of the dimensions that describes a person's level of knowledge and insight, so the higher the level of knowledge education to carry out a healthy lifestyle to prevent the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, the better.

Association of the Human Leptin Receptor Gene (rs1137101; Gln223Arg) Polymorphism and Circulating Leptin in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in the Indian Population.

Phenotypic expression of metabolic syndrome is precipitated by environmental variables along with the individual genetic susceptibility to the obesogenic environment and growing body of evidence suggest a paramount role of adipocytokines. Therefore, identifying the genetic influence on circulation leptin levels and clarifying genotype-phenotype correlation of rs1137101 {Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G)} in metabolic syndrome were the primary objective of this study. A total of 447 adult participants, including 214 metabolic syndrome patients and 233 healthy controls, were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to unravel the effects of genetic risk loci {Leptin receptor gene; Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G); rs1137101} on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in consort with circulation leptin levels. Suitable descriptive statistics was used for different variables. The genotype frequencies were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both cases (p > 0.2722) as well as in controls (p > 0.2331). However, genotype (x2: 11.26, 2 d.f. p = 0.0036) and allele distribution (x2: 10.51, 2 d.f. p: 0.0012) of the LEPR Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G) differed significantly between cases and controls. Gln/Arg genotype (OR = 1.6099; 95% CI = 1.0847-2.3893; p value = 0.0181), Arg/Arg genotype (OR = 2.8121; 95% CI = 1.4103-5.6074; p value = 0.0033) and R allele (OR = 1.5875; 95% CI = 1.1996-2.1008; p value = 0.0012) were significantly associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in univariate analysis. Further a multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders showed that Arg/Arg genotype (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.271-2.639; p-value < 0.05) and Gln/Arg (OR: 1.3; 95% CI = 0.873-2.034; p value < 0.05) have a significant risk for the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome. A progressive increase in the serum leptin levels from major homozygous alleles to minor homozygous alleles were observed indicating that rs1137101 modify the serum leptin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome. These findings provide enough evidence of a significant association of LEPR Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G) polymorphism in the LepR gene in Indian patients with increased risk of metabolic syndrome for R allele and Arg/Arg homozygote. Thus, rs1137101 might be a pleiotropic locus for metabolic syndrome and its components in studied population.

The Association of Cholesterol Transport ABCG1 Polymorphism towards the Susceptibility of Metabolic Syndrome risk factor in Thai Adolescents

Asian countries now suffers from a double burden issue that involves metabolic syndrome (MetS) even in the adolescent age. Many factors have been considered to explain this situation including genetic variation contribution to the susceptibility of said metabolic syndrome. ATP-Binding Cassette G1 (ABCG1) is known in its role in cholesterol efflux that is strongly related in lipid accumulation and insulin performance. In addition to this gene modulation work in reverse cholesterol transport that is also connected with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. However, the effect of polymorphism in rs1044317 remains unclear. A total of 434 subjects in adolescent age were genotyped for ABCG1 rs1044317 by restricted fragmented length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction method. All the anthropometric and laboratory date was extracted by an approved protocol. The correlation of each variables was detected using SPSS ver.21. Frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the ABCG1 polymorphism were similar in both sexes. A significant correlation detected between adjusted males’ group with an increased level of interleukin-6 in wide genotype and an increased fasting blood sugar level in adjusted females’ group in variant genotype. The existence of rs1044317 ABCG1 SNP affected the susceptibility of specific criteria of MetS in Thai adolescence population. Additionally, there is a gender difference in the incidence of MetS, indicating a possible gene–gender interaction of the ABCG1 polymorphism in MetS among Thai adolescents.

Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Introduction: The frequent cause of liver disease in the whole world is due to Hepatitis C virus. According to the estimate the worldwide infection due to hepatitis C virus ranges from 150 to 200 million cases. Amongst these cases the chronic infection are found in about 85% cases. In the globe the most important cause of mortality and morbidity is Hepatitis C virus. In the whole world Chronic Liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma of about 25% is due to hepatitis C virus. Objective: To find out the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Materials and Methods: This study was Descriptive cross sectional research study, which was directed at Department of Medicine, Hayat Abad Medical complex, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The time duration for our study was 8 month. In our study about 147 patient were observed to find out the frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection Results: According to the results of our study, among 147 patients the analysis of age wise distribution was as follow; n= 20-25 Years 6(4.1%), 26-30 Years 26(17.7%), 31-35 Years 51(34.7%), 36-40 Years 28(19.0%), 41-50 Years 22(15.0%) and in 51-60 Years it was 14(9.5%). 49.12 years having standard deviation of ±2.142 was the mean age in our study. In our study gender wise distribution, amongst 147 patients 108(73.5%) were male while 39(26.5%) were female. 131(89.1%) patients were observed to have metabolic syndrome with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is no uncommon occurrence of metabolic syndrome in cases with HCV infection. There is significant association of metabolic syndrome with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) when HCV infection have more than 3 year’s duration. Keywords: Frequency; Metabolic Syndrome; Chronic hepatitis C virus infection; Mortality; Morbidity

Chemotactic cytokines secreted from Kupffer cells contribute to the sex-dependent susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice

AimsThe global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has rapidly increased over the last decade due to an elevated occurrence of metabolic syndromes. Importantly, the prevalence and severity of NAFLD is higher in men than in women. Therefore, in the present study we endeavored to identify the mechanistic disparity between male and female mice. Main methodsGlobal gene transcriptomics analysis was done with the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD model of male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. The expression of CCL2, CXCL2, and CXCL10 in mRNA level and serum protein level was done by qPCR and ELISA each. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to observe hepatic immune cell infiltration. To analyzing portion of immune cells, flow cytometry was done with isolated liver cells from HFD-fed male and female mice. Primary mouse liver cells were isolated from male and female mice for in vitro studies. Key findingsWe identified sex differences in inflammatory chemokines, CCL2, CXCL2, and CXCL10, with the expression of these chemokines enhanced in male and OVX, but not in female, mice after HFD feeding. Resident Kupffer cells (KCs) were identified as the major source of production of CCL2, CXCL2, and CXCL10 in the mouse NAFLD model. Notably, KCs obtained from male mice expressed higher levels of chemokines than those from female mice, indicating that KCs may mediate the sex discrepancy in NAFLD progression. SignificanceOur findings offer new insights into the pathology of sex-specific differences in NAFLD, involving chemokines and KCs.

Dietary Patterns Derived from Reduced Rank Regression Are Associated with the 5-Year Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome: Aichi Workers' Cohort Study.

The aim of the present study was to derive dietary patterns to explain variation in a set of nutrient intakes or in the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to prospectively investigate these patterns in relation to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components during the follow-up. The study participants were comprised of 2944 government employees aged 30–59 years without MetS. RRR was applied with 38 food groups as predictors and with two sets of response variables. The first set included intake of putatively beneficial nutrients, and the first factor retained was named the Healthy Dietary Pattern (HDP). The second one included baseline WC and FBG, and the first factor was named the Unhealthy Dietary Pattern (UHDP). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals with adjustments for age, sex, total energy consumption and other potential confounders. During the 5-year median follow-up, we ascertained 374 cases of MetS. The HDP score was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS (p-trend = 0.009) and hypertension (p-trend = 0.002) and marginally significantly associated with elevated triglyceride and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p-trend = 0.08). The UHDP score was linearly positively associated with the incidence of MetS and all its components (all p-trend < 0.05). Both the HDP and UHDP predicted the development of MetS and its components.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Vitiligo Patients in Comparison With the Control Group

Background: Vitiligo is an autoimmune pigmentary skin disease. Recently, the association of chronic inflammatory conditions with metabolic syndrome (MS) and oxidative stress has been demonstrated in skin diseases such as lichen planus and psoriasis. In this study, the prevalence of MS in patients with vitiligo was compared to the control group. Methods: This case-control study included 65 patients with vitiligo and 65 healthy participants in the control group who have referred to the dermatologic clinic in the Afzalipour Hospital of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Demographic features and laboratory data of participants were collected and analyzed by SPSS 16 using chi-square and independent t tests. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). The mean values of MS parameters were not significant between the two groups. Systolic hypertension (HTN) was significantly higher in the vitiligo group than in the control group (P=0.03). Increasing the length of the disease by one year increased the chance of MS occurrence by 7%. Conclusion: In the current study, systolic HTN was significantly higher in vitiligo patients compared to the control group. MS was also more common in vitiligo patients than in the control group, but the result was not statistically significant.

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Substance Dependence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kenya

Metabolic syndrome and its defining components remain an understudied area of human health research in Kenya and Africa. Understanding the relationship between substance dependence and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome is critical in prevention and clinical management of the related complications. This was a cross-sectional study in 6 rehabilitative centers in 3 counties in Kenya with a conveniently selected sample size of 166 participants. A signed informed consent was obtained from each participant following which anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the relationship of the defining criteria with the substance of dependence. A quarter of the respondents were overweight and 6% obese. Fasting blood glucose was elevated in 62% of the sampled population with triglycerides having a significant variation with a mean of 216.95mg/ dL and a standard deviation of 151.107. A prevalence rate of 4.8% was established based on the Harmonized Joint Scientific Statement on Metabolic syndrome for the African region. 87.34% of the population showed at least one elevated defining criteria with alcohol as the most prevalent substance of dependence. There was statistical difference of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides with alcohol use. The findings indicate that alcohol use resulted to elevated levels of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides. There is need for emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to substance dependence and metabolic syndrome management integrating physical activity interventions, dietary modifications and psychotherapeutic approaches.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Dietary Factors among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

The occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly affects the course of diabetes mellitus (DM), resulting in deterioration of insulin sensitivity and metabolic control, as well as many cardiometabolic complications. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between cardiovascular biomarkers, nutritional status, dietary factors and the occurrence of MetS among 120 participants from northeast Poland (adolescents with type 1 DM and healthy peers). MetS was assessed using several criteria: nutritional status by anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance, and diet using a food diary and questionnaire. MetS was diagnosed in every third diabetic. Compared to healthy peers, MetS patients had higher total body fat (26% vs. 14%, p < 0.001) and visceral fat (77 cm2 vs. 35 cm2, p < 0.001), and lower total antioxidant status (1.249 mmol/L vs. 1.579 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Additionally, their diet was rich in saturated fatty acids, but low in dietary fiber as well as mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The group of diabetics reported many inappropriate eating behaviors. The combination of those with the presence of an excessive content of visceral fat tissue and abnormal values of MetS components may negatively affect metabolic control, thus accelerating the development of cardiometabolic complications.

Adipose tissue distribution is associated with cardio-metabolic alterations in adult patients with juvenile-onset dermatomyositis.

Primary aims were to compare adipose tissue distribution in adult patients with juvenile-onset DM (JDM), with matched controls. Secondary aims were to explore how adipose tissue distribution is associated with cardio-metabolic status (cardiac dysfunction and metabolic syndrome) in patients. Thirty-nine JDM patients (all aged ≥18 y, mean age 31.7 y and 51% female) were examined mean 22.7 y (s.d. 8.9 y) after disease onset and compared with 39 age/sex-matched controls. In patients, disease activity and lipodystrophy were assessed by validated tools and use of prednisolone noted. In all participants, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and echocardiography were used to measure visceral adipose tissue (VAT)(g) and cardiac function, respectively. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome were measured and associations with adipose tissue distribution explored. For primary and secondary aims, respectively, P-values ≤0.05 and ≤0.01 were considered significant. Patients exhibited a 2.4-fold increase in VAT, and reduced HDL-cholesterol values compared with controls (P-values ≤ 0.05). Metabolic syndrome was found in 25.7% of the patients and none of the controls. Cardiac dysfunction (systolic and/or diastolic) was found in 23.7% of patients and 8.1% of controls (P = 0.07). In patients, VAT levels were correlated with age, disease duration and occurrence of metabolic syndrome and cardiac dysfunction. Occurrence of lipodystrophy (P = 0.02) and male sex (P = 0.04) tended to be independently associated with cardiac dysfunction. Adults with JDM showed more central adiposity and cardio-metabolic alterations than controls. Further, VAT was found increased with disease duration, which was associated with development of cardio-metabolic syndrome.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Patients with Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

Background: The metabolic syndrome is linked to several conventional and rising pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory cardiac risks. Most patients with cardiovascular disease have metabolic syndrome; however, the occurrence and connection of its various elements aren't obvious. There isn't any research regarding the occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome in young patients with acute STEMI. Objective: The purpose of this study was to figure out the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in young patients shown ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Material and Methods: The research was conducted on 170 patients with STEMI. Body mass index was measured. Smoking level, metabolic syndrome (MS), and aspects of the metabolic syndrome (BMI &gt;23 kg meter per square, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low-plasma HDLc, and affected fasting plasma glucose) were noted. Descriptive statistics were used, and stratification was done in the study. Fisher exact test and post-stratification by square test were used during the research study. P-value ≤0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: There were 42.2% women and 57.6% men with a mean age of 29.84±7.96 years. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was positive in 64.7 per cent of sufferers. BMI &gt;23 kg meter per square was noticed in 97.1 per cent of patients. High blood pressure in 72.4 per cent of patients. Hypertriglyceridemia in 77.65 per cent of patients, Low plasma HDLc in 44.1 per cent of individuals, and affected fasting plasma glucose in 47.1 per cent of patients. Conclusion: It had been determined by research findings that the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in young patients having STEMI was higher. The common element was BMI &gt;23 kg/m2, Hypertension, and Hypertriglyceridemia. Keywords: Prevalence, Young Patients, Metabolic Syndrome (MS), STEMI, Aspects of MS

Uncontrolled Thyroid during Pregnancy Alters the Circulative and Exerted Metabolome.

Normal levels of thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for a normal pregnancy outcome, fetal growth and the normal function of the central nervous system. Hypothyroidism, a common endocrine disorder during pregnancy, is a significant metabolic factor leading to cognitive impairments. It is essential to investigate whether patients with thyroid dysfunction may present an altered circulative and excreted metabolic profile, even after receiving treatment with thyroxine supplements. NMR metabolomics was employed to analyze 90 serum and corresponding colostrum samples. Parallel analyses of the two biological specimens provided a snapshot of the maternal metabolism through the excretive and circulating characteristics of mothers. The metabolomics data were analyzed by performing multivariate statistical, biomarker and pathway analyses. Our results highlight the impact of hypothyroidism on metabolites’ composition during pregnancy and lactation. Thyroid disorder causing metabolite fluctuations may lead to impaired lipid and glucose metabolic pathways as well as aberrant prenatal neurodevelopment, thus posing a background for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome or neurogenerative diseases later in life. This risk applies to not only untreated but also hypothyroid women under replacement therapy since our findings in both biofluids framed a different metabolic phenotype for the latter group, thus emphasizing the need to monitor women adequately after treatment initiation.

Perilipin Genetic Variation Correlated with Obesity and Lipid Profile in Metabolic Syndrome

BACKGROUND: Perilipin is very important for the regulation of the deposition and mobilization of fats. The human perilipin gene (PLIN) is near the locus for risk of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. The PLIN gene is thought to be involved in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. AIM: The aim of this research is to determine the role of variations of the PLIN gene (PLN4 11482 G&gt;A) as a risk factor for component of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This study involved a total of 160 subjects consisting of 80 with metabolic syndrome and 80 controls. Genotype analysis was done with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The data were analyzed with t-tests to compare the subjects’ characteristics between metabolic syndrome groups and controls. Risk factors of PLIN genotypes were calculated with odds ratio and multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the role of the PLIN gene with each biochemical characteristic. RESULTS: The result was significant differences between the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome subjects with controls (p &lt; 0.05). There was no difference in genotypes between patients with metabolic syndrome and controls. The multivariate analysis of the genetic role with biochemical components showed the PLIN gene in AA carriers as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome compare GA+GG, risk of obesity, and hypercholesterolemia with p &lt; 0.05. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that PLIN variation has a role in the incidence of metabolic syndrome, especially in relation to obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Further study is needed to determine the role of other gene variations as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.

Prevalence of alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among different occupations and associated metabolic changes: A hospital-based study

The fatty liver disease (FLD) considered as major health problem worldwide but its prevalence related to occupation and lifestyle habits is seldom assessed. This research study was conduct to find out the occurrence of FLD among occupation and associated metabolic changes.In this hospital-based study total 328 patients were enrolled. The anthropometric measurement, radiological &amp; clinical examination and biochemical estimation were carried out in all enrolled subjects. On the basis of abdominal sonography; the patients were categorized into three groups such as Normal (without liver disease), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). For comparison of continuous variables, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means of study groups. A p-value &lt;0·05 was considered as statistically significant. Mean BMI of NAFLD, AFLD and Normal subjects were 25.39±0.38, 20.13±0.3 and 19.47±0.25 respectively. AFLD group were found significantly higher (p&lt;0.0001) level of liver enzymes markers such as AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin compared to Normal and NAFLD groups. Majority of labour belongs to AFLD (58.2%); whereas, highest frequency of NAFLD was observed in salaried group occupation (49.5%). Based on physical work activity, highest frequency (54.3%) of NAFLD patients were observed in sedentary workers group followed by AFLD (48.3%) patients were heavy workers. The occurrence of metabolic syndrome was statistically significant in NAFLD patients compared to AFLD (40% vs 29%, p=0.001). The occupation especially salaried &amp; business class with sedentary lifestyle habits was increased risk to develop NAFLD; whereas, AFLD patients were majorly belongs to laborer occupation. Keywords: Fatty liver disease, Alcoholic fatty liver disease, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Occupation, Physical work activity.

An observational study of incidence of metabolic syndrome among patients with controlled Grave’s disease

BackgroundGraves disease is one of the most common autoimmune diseases affecting Indians, accounting for 50–80% of hyperthyroidism cases. The major morbidities associated with Graves' disease are universally acknowledged. Thus, preventing metabolic syndrome could lead to a reduction in the country's disease burden. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to determine the detection of metabolic syndrome in patients who have achieved clinical and biochemical euthyroid status after treatment, as well as to evaluate the clinical and biochemical parameters that lead to metabolic syndrome in Graves' disease patients. Materials and methodsThis is a prospective observational study of 96 Graves' disease patients in a tertiary care hospital in rural Kolkata. The study participants were chosen using systemic random sampling. The clinical and biochemical parameters of the participants in the study were evaluated. The paired t tests were used. A P value of 0.05 is regarded as significant. ResultsAfter achieving euthyroid status, 36% of the study population developed metabolic syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria.93.5% of those who developed metabolic syndrome had a normal BMI at the time of Graves' disease diagnosis. ConclusionFollowing a healthy lifestyle, which includes healthy eating habits, proper drug compliance, and follow-up, may help to prevent the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. By lowering the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, patients may be able to live a healthier lifestyle by keeping the disease under control.

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance Targeting Molecular and Metabolic Pathways: Fighting a Losing Battle?

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is amongst the most notable causes of years of life lost worldwide and its prevalence increases perpetually. The disease is characterized as multisystemic dysfunctions attributed to hyperglycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance (IR), inadequate insulin secretion, or enormous glucagon secretion. Insulin is a highly anabolic peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by hastening cellular glucose uptake as well as controlling carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. In the course of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for nearly 90% of all cases of diabetes, the insulin response is inadequate, and this condition is defined as Insulin Resistance. IR sequela include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular system impairment, chronic inflammation, disbalance in oxidative stress status, and metabolic syndrome occurrence. Despite the substantial progress in understanding the molecular and metabolic pathways accounting for injurious effects of IR towards multiple body organs, IR still is recognized as a ferocious enigma. The number of widely available therapeutic approaches is growing, however, the demand for precise, safe, and effective therapy is also increasing. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and Clinical Trials Registry databases with a combination of keywords and MeSH terms, and papers published from February 2021 to March 2022 were selected as recently published papers. This review paper aims to provide critical, concise, but comprehensive insights into the advances in the treatment of IR that were achieved in the last months.