Occurrence Of Low Birth Weight Research Articles

Determinants of Low Birth Weight among Deliveries at a Referral Hospital in Northern Ethiopia.

Background Low birth weight is the leading cause of infant and child mortality and contributes to several poor health outcomes. Proper knowledge of risk factors of low birth weight is important for identifying those mothers at risk and thereby for planning and taking appropriate actions. This study investigates factors predicting occurrence of low birth weight among deliveries at Debreberhan Referral Hospital. Methods Facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among deliveries that took place at Debreberhan Referral Hospital. Birth records and mothers' ANC files were reviewed from April to June 2016. The study participants were selected by consecutive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of low birth weight. Result A total of 147 birth records of babies with low birth weight (cases) and 294 birth records of babies with normal birth weight (controls) were reviewed. The birth weight of low birth weight babies (cases) ranged from 1000 grams to 2400 grams with median (±IQR) of 2200 grams (±300 grams), whereas it ranged from 2500 grams to 4500 grams with median (±IQR) of 3100 grams (±525 grams) among controls. Preterm birth (AOR = 5.32; CI = 2.959–9.567), history of any physical trauma experienced during pregnancy (AOR = 13.714; CI = 2.382–78.941), and history of any pregnancy complication (AOR = 2.708; CI = 1.634–4.487) were predictors of low birth weight. On the other hand, cesarean delivery (AOR = 0.415; CI = 0.183–0.941) and instrumental (AOR = 0.574; CI = 0.333–0.987) modes of delivery as well as maternal history of chronic diabetes (AOR = 0.275; CI = 0.090–0.836) had preventive effect of low birth weight. Conclusion Preterm birth, history of experiencing any physical trauma during pregnancy, and history of any pregnancy complication were predictors of low birth weight, whereas cesarean and instrumental delivery had positive effect to preventing low birth weight.

Relationship Of Mother Factors With Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants Which Are Treated In DR.M. Djamil Central Public Hospital Padang

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is an infant born with a weight less than 2500 grams. LBW is one of the causes of the high rate of morbidity and infant mortality, and the low quality of human resources. The occurrence of LBW is related to the condition of the mother during pregnancy. This study was aimed to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of LBW.This was a qualitative study with case control study design. The subject of the study was the mother of the LBW infant being treated at Dr. M. DjamilCentral Public Hospital Padang as many as 36 respondents (cases), and mothers of infants who were treated with other diseases as much as 36 respondents (control) from July to mid September 2017 taken by Consecutive Sampling. Data collection was done by filling out questionnaires, observation of medical record data, and measurement of upper arm circumference. Data were analyzed univariate by using frequency distribution and bivariate using chi square test with the degree of meaning 5% (p-value=<0,05).The result of the analysis showed that there was a correlation between maternal age at risk with LBW infants, there was a relationship of poor mother's nutritional status with LBW infants, there was a parity relationship of primiparous mother with LBW infant, there was a relationship of mother who suffered one or more medical illness with LBW infant, there was no relationship of gestational distance to LBW infants, and there was a tendency for the relationship between gemelli gestation and LBW infants.Maternal age, maternal nutritional status, parity, and maternal medical illness are associated with LBW infants treated in Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Regular and periodic monitoring and examination of pregnancy is important to prevent the baby from being born with LBW.

Relationship Between Prenatal and Perinatal Factors with the Incidence of Mental Retardation Among Children in Padang City 2017

Mental retardation is a condition of intellectual function that is below the average before the age of 18 years. Almost 83 million people around the world are estimated to have mental retardation. With 41 million have long term mental disability. Although the main cause of mental retardation is still fully unknown, prenatal and perinatal factors are suspected to be the risk factors for this. This study aims to determine the relationship between prenatal and perinatal factors with the incidence of mental retardation among children in Padang City.This was an observational analytic study with case control design. Population of this study divided into two, the case population ( all mothers of mentally retarded child) and control population (all mothers of normal children). The sample was 49 people taken by cluster sampling with the comparison case : control (1:1). Data collected by questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Chi Square.The result of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between prenatal and perinatal factors such as maternal age (OR=8.4; 95% CI 2.8-24.9; P=<0.001), father’s age (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.6; P=<0.043), parity (OR=4.01; 95% CI 1.7-9.4; P=<0.002), asphyxia (OR=23.2; 95% CI 2.9-184.1; P=<0.001) and birth weight (OR=9.3; 95% CI 1.1-78.04; P=<0.031) with the incidence of mental retardation. Factors which does not have a significant relationship in this study are hypertension in pregnancy (P=0.617), prematurity (P=0.111) and type of labor (P=0.132).Parents < 20 years old or ≥35 years old and having parity ≥3 would be more at risk to have mentally retarded child. New born with asphyxia and born weight < 2500 grams are also at risk for mental retardationTherefore it is advisable forpeople to avoid the risk of pregnancy by age and medical attention during pregnancy to avoid the occurrence of low birth weight and asphyxia at birth.

Relación entre la ausencia de soporte social adecuado durante el embarazo y el bajo peso al nacer

IntroductionLow birth weight is defined as the infant weighing less than 2500 grams; its origins are multifactorial and its prevalence at the global and national levels is between 4.8% and 9% respectively. Lack of social support has been emphasised as one of the risk factors that may have a high correlation with the occurrence of low birth weight. ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between the absence of social support during pregnancy and low birth weight. MethodsCase-control study in a population of 420 selected mothers in a tertiary hospital from November 2015 to July 2017. In these mothers, an instrument was applied that included sociodemographic variables and validated scales that evaluate social support and coping strategies. For the data analysis, logistic, psychological, biological and social regression models were developed, with variables for a history of vaginosis, living in rural areas, nulliparity, and inadequate social support; which were identified as having the greatest relationship with low birth weight. ResultsIn the final logistic regression model we found that the absence of social support increases the chance of low birth weight by 3.59 fold (OR=4.59; 95%CI, 2.27-9.27; P<.01). Another significant variable was nulliparity. ConclusionsThe findings support the hypothesis that the absence of adequate social support during gestation is related to low birth weight.

Literature Review Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah

Indonesia is one of the developing countries with the highest maternal mortality and infant. The infant mortality cases in 2015 asmany as 33,278 cases decreased compared to the year 2015 of 32,007 and in 2017 in the first semester as many as 10,294 cases.One of the causes is the incidence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) of 38.85%. LBW is the birth weight less than 2,500 grams. The reviewof LBW is done by literature review from DOAJ, Pubmed, Scholar and Garuda portal. The literature search using several keywords is"Low Birth Weight ", "risk factors" with four literature publications from 2007-2017. LBW incidence is influenced from maternaldemography status, maternal health status, condition of pregnancy and baby. The four journals DOAJ, Pubmed, Scholar andGaruda portal described risk factors of LBW occurrence include sociodemography (maternal age &lt;18 years and&gt; 34 years,education level, occupation type, family income, kin), maternal health status obstetric history, parity, birth spacing, anemia, history ofdiabetes, malaria, baby malpresentation history, Premature Rupture Of The Membrane, maternal nutritional status, infections,diseases and complications of pregnancy), status of ANC (frequency and quality of care, health worker, site of pregnancyexamination, history of unchecked pregnancy, irregular ANC).

Prenatal Heavy Metal Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Myanmar: A Birth-Cohort Study.

Arsenic, cadmium and lead are well-known environmental contaminants, and their toxicity at low concentration is the target of scientific concern. In this study, we aimed to identify the potential effects of prenatal heavy metal exposure on the birth outcomes among the Myanmar population. This study is part of a birth-cohort study conducted with 419 pregnant women in the Ayeyarwady Division, Myanmar. Face-to-face interviews were performed using a questionnaire, and maternal spot urine samples were collected at the third trimester. Birth outcomes were evaluated at delivery during the follow up. The median values of adjusted urinary arsenic, cadmium, selenium and lead concentration were 74.2, 0.9, 22.6 and 1.8 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that prenatal cadmium exposure (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.21; p = 0.043), gestational age (adjusted OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72–0.95; p = 0.009) and primigravida mothers (adjusted OR = 4.23; 95% CI: 1.31–13.65; p = 0.016) were the predictors of low birth weight. The present study identified that Myanmar mothers were highly exposed to cadmium. Prenatal maternal cadmium exposure was associated with an occurrence of low birth weight.

Effect of intra-pregnancy nonsurgical periodontal therapy on inflammatory biomarkers and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis

BackgroundThe aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to analyze the effects of intra-pregnancy nonsurgical periodontal therapy on periodontal inflammatory biomarkers and adverse pregnancy outcomes.MethodsOn June 5, 2017, we searched PubMed, Cochrane, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, ProQuest, Open Grey, and Google Scholar databases. Randomized clinical trials in which pregnant women with chronic periodontitis underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy, compared with an untreated group, tested for inflammatory biomarkers, and followed till delivery were included. Primary outcomes were preterm birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia. Meta-analysis was performed with 5.3.5 version of Review Manager software.ResultsWe found 565 references in the databases, 326 after duplicates removal, 28 met criteria for full text reading, and 4 met eligibility criteria for quantitative and qualitative synthesis. Intra-pregnancy nonsurgical periodontal therapy improved periodontal clinical parameters (periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing) and reduced biomarker level from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and some from blood serum; however, it did not influence biomarker level from umbilical cord blood. Meta-analysis showed tendency for reduction of the risk of preterm birth before 37 weeks for treated group (risk ratio (RR) = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38–0.77; p = 0.0007; inconsistency indexes (I2) 32%) but did not show any difference for low birth weight occurrence (RR = 0.78, 95%CI 0.50–1.21; p = 0.27; I2 41%). No included study considered preeclampsia as a gestational outcome.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that the intra-pregnancy nonsurgical periodontal therapy decreased periodontal inflammatory biomarker levels from gingival crevicular fluid and some from serum blood, with no influence on inflammatory biomarker level from cord blood, and it did not consistently reduce adverse gestational adverse outcome occurrence.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42015027750

Clinical Complications In Pregnancy And The Relationship With Low Birth Weight And Prematurity Of The Newborn

Study in order to know the results of prenatal care related to clinical complications of pregnancy, newborn’s low birth weight and prematurity in the context of the users of the service. Descriptive, exploratory research with quantitative approach developed with 305 users who underwent prenatal care in primary care in the city of Mossoró-RN. The data collection occurred from the application of a validated questionnaire, the IPR-PRENATAL index. The results indicate that over 50% of pregnant women had some type of complication during their pregnancy process, among intercurrent diseases in pregnancy, and experienced by users, the urinary tract infection was the most prevalent (28.0%), followed by anemia (19.3%) and hypertension (15.7%). Hypertension and anemia were the only events that interfere with the newborn’s weight, which showed that the existence of complications contributes in three times to the occurrence of low birth weight. In this sense, the quality of prenatal care can minimize that type of complication.

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK IBU DAN PELAYANAN ANTENATAL CARE TERHADAP KEJADIAN BAYI BERAT LAHIR RENDAH DI KLINIK PRATAMA BERTA TAHUN 2015

Babies born with low birth weight (LBW) are babies born with weight ≤ 2500 grams. The causes of LBW are age, birth spacing, education, antenatal care. Goals : This study aims to analyze the influence of mother characteristics (education, maternal age, age of pregnancy, parity and distance between births) and antenatal care service (ANC) (number of visits and 7T examination components) to events at Primary Maternity Clinic Berta. Methods : This type of research is an observational research using cross sectional design approach. The population is all mothers giving birth at Maternity Clinic Pratama Berta 172 people. The sample amounted to 153 people with simple random sampling technique. Analysis of data with Chi Square and Multiple Logistic Regression (multiple logistic regression). Result : The results showed that the incidence of BBLR of 11.1%. Multiple logistic regression results stated the distance between births (p = 0.027) and the number of visits (p = 0.042) had an effect on the occurrence of LBW. The Exp value (B) of the birth distance is 3.386, so it can be concluded that pregnant women whose birth distance &lt;24 months have 3 times greater probability of baby experiencing LBW and Exp (B) ANC service amounted to 8,496, so it can be concluded that pregnant women His ANC service is not good has a probability 8,496 times larger the baby has LBW. Conclution : For Employees at the Maternity Clinic, Berta provides easy access to ANC services and conducts reproductive health education for pregnant women about the health of pregnant women, the importance of ANC testing during pregnancy and the importance of using long-term contraceptives to regulate birth spacing.

Follow-up and evaluation of the pregnancy outcome in women of reproductive age with Graves' disease after 131Iodine treatment.

The aims of the present study were to analyze the outcomes of pregnancy, after 131I treatment, in patients of reproductive age with Graves’ hyperthyroidism and to investigate the effects, if any, of the 131I treatment on the mothers and newborns. From 2009 to 2014, 257 pregnant female patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism in the outpatients at the Department of Nuclear Medicine and 166 healthy pregnant women from the Department of Obstetrics at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital were included in our study. They were divided into a 131I therapy group (n = 130) and an anti-thyroid drug (ATD) group (n = 127) according to their therapy before conception. The neonatal gender, rate of preterm birth, body weight ratio and occurrence of low birth weight [except for higher rates of abortion (odds ratio; OR = 2.023) and cesarean delivery (OR = 1.552) in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism] showed no statistically significant differences from those of the healthy group (P > 0.05). The level of intrauterine growth restriction did not differ between the Graves’ hyperthyroidism group and the healthy group (8 vs 2, 3.0% vs 1.2%). The outcomes of pregnancy among the 131I therapy group, ATD group and healthy group also showed no significant differences. Of the patients treated with 131I, no significant differences were observed in the outcomes of their pregnancies, whether they received propylthiouracil (PTU), levothyroxine or no additional drug treatment during pregnancy. Women with hyperthyroidism who were treated with 131I therapy could have normal delivery if they ceased 131I treatment for at least six months prior to conception and if their thyroid function was reasonably controlled and maintained using the medication: anti-thyroid drug and levothyroxine before and during pregnancy.

The association between frequency of blood donation and the occurrence of low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirth: a retrospective cohort study.

Women who donate blood on a regular basis are at high risk of becoming iron depleted. Iron deficiency anemia has been shown to increase the risk of low birthweight and possibly preterm birth. Therefore, there is a concern that regular blood donation by female donors might adversely impact the well-being of their offspring. This retrospective cohort study examined the association between blood donation and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study sample included 18,483 female blood donors in their childbearing years (age 18 to 45years) who delivered during the period 2001 to 2011 in the province of Québec (Canada). The occurrence of low birthweight (<2500 g), preterm delivery (<37 weeks of gestation), and stillbirth was ascertained by linking the donor information with provincial birth and stillbirth registries. There was no association between the frequency of donation in the 2-year period before pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes; compared to women who did not donate during that period, those who donated three or more donations (mean, 3.9 donations) had a relative risk of 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-1.06) for low birthweight, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.75-1.11) for preterm birth, and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.18-2.12) for stillbirth. These associations remained unchanged after adjusting for baseline characteristics. Women who donate blood on a regular but moderate basis do not appear to be at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings, while reassuring, will need to be replicated in different settings.

LBW and IUGR temporal trend in 4 population-based birth cohorts: the role of economic inequality.

BackgroundLow/medium income countries, with health inequalities present high rates of neonates having low birthweight and/or are small for the gestational age. This study aims to analyze the absolute and relative income inequality in the occurrence of low birthweight and small size for gestational age among neonates in four birth cohorts from southern Brazil in 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2011.MethodsThe main exhibit was monthly family income. The outcomes were birth with low birthweight or small for the gestational age. The inequalities were calculated using the Slope Index of Inequality and the Relative Index of Inequality adjusted for maternal skin color, schooling, age, and marital status.ResultsIn all birth cohorts, poorer mothers were at greater odds of having neonates with low birthweight or small for the gestational age. There was a tendency to decrease the prevalence of small for gestational age in poorer families associated with the reduction of inequalities over the past decades, which was not observed regarding low birthweight.ConclusionsEconomic inequalities occurred in neonates with low birthweight and with intrauterine growth restriction in the four studies, with a higher incidence of inadequate neonatal outcomes in the poorer families.

Prevalence of low birth weight and its associated factors: a community based cross sectional study in a rural area of Rohtak, Haryana, India

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health issue in developing countries like India. LBW leads to an impaired growth of the infant resulting in a higher mortality rate and increased morbidity. LBW is also an important indicator of maternal and child health. Objective is to find the prevalence of low birth weight in a rural area and to study maternal factors associated with occurrence of low birth weight. Methods: This community based cross sectional study was undertaken in block Chiri, a rural field practice area attached to PGIMS, Rohtak. All the births which had occurred during the period from 1 st January to 31 st December, 2012 under one Primary health care center were included in the study. The list of deliveries during the study period was prepared with the help of ANMs, anganwadi workers and ASHAs. Details regarding antenatal, intranatal and post natal events were collected from the mothers using a pre-tested semistructured questionnaire after obtaining written informed consent. The data obtained were analysed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The prevalence of low birth weight was found to be 18% in the study area. In the present study nearly 70% of the mothers with low birth weight babies were less than 19 years of age at the time of delivery, 80% of them were educated up to class 12, 78% were house wife’s, 40% of them belonged to class 3 socio economic status, only 40% of them had got 3 or more antenatal checkup. Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight was 18% in the present study. Majority of them were aged <19years, educated up to 12th class, majority of them were house wives belonging to class 3 SES and had less than two antenatal checkup.

Perinatal Complications of Twin Deliveries at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A Facility-based Cohort Study

Twin pregnancy carries higher foetal and neonatal complications. This situation is worse in Sub-Saharan Africa due to lack of well-equipped facilities. Studies on twin pregnancy and its perinatal complications are limited in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to fill this gap. A hospital-based cohort study was conducted in Jimma University Specialized Hospital on 144 twin deliveries and 288 singleton deliveries from December 2012 to November 2013 in obstetrics ward of Jimma university specialized hospital. Data were collected through face-to- face interview by using structured-questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS V.20.0. The relative risks of twin deliveries were higher for the occurrence of low birth weight, need for neonatal intensive care unit admissions, early neonatal deaths and preterm births as compared with singleton deliveries. Unique foetal complications like both twin deaths, co-twin deaths, discordant twin and gross congenital malformation were common in twin deliveries. In conclusion, women with twin pregnancy were at a higher risk of ante-partum and intrapartum foetal and neonatal complications. Therefore, care providers should give special attention for the mother during pregnancy, labour and delivery, and both for the mother and her new born during postpartum period.

Obstetric outcomes of human herpes virus-2 infection among pregnant women in Benin, Nigeria.

This study investigated the obstetric outcomes of herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) infection among pregnant women. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 674 consenting pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital and Central Hospital Benin were recruited between November 2011 and December, 2012. The women were screened for HSV-1, and HSV-2 using glycoprotein-G-based type-specific Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay on archived blood samples; and were followed up to the delivery period and postnatal clinic. The HSV-2-seronegative participants underwent second blood sampling for HSV-2 IgG and IgM assay during the delivery period. The patients were thus categorized into "HSV-2 seropositive", "HSV-2-seronegative," and "incident HSV-2 infection" cohorts. The pregnancy outcomes were assessed by review of hospital records. Data analysis was with SPSS version 16 software. Of 674 pregnant women surveyed, 312 (46.3%) were HSV-2 seropositive; while 362 (56.7%) were HSV-2 seronegative. Comparing the "HSV-2 seropositive" and "HSV-seronegative" groups, there were no significant differences in occurrence of low birth weight (LBW), prematurity, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirth events (P=0.96; 0.95; 1.0; and 0.77, respectively). Comparing the "incident HSV-2 infection" with the "HSV-2 seronegative" groups, the relative risks of occurrence of LBW deliveries, preterm deliveries, and stillbirths were 12.6, 25.1, and 4.5, respectively. First episode HSV-2 infection among pregnant women in Benin, Nigeria is associated with an increased risk of occurrence of spontaneous abortion, LBW delivery, stillbirths, and preterm delivery.

Periodontal Disease of Pregnant Women and Low Weight Newborn in Senegal: A Case-Control Study

The aim of this work was to study the connection between periodontal diseas of women during their pregnancy and the weight of newborn infants the women gave birth to. Method: It was a case-control study and carried out on the outskirts of Dakar (Senegal). The sample consisted of 129 mothers with infants of weight < 2500 g (case) and 258 mothers with infants of weight ≥ 2500 g (control). The socio-demographic variables, patterns of life, history and outcome of pregnancy were collected. The variables relating to periodontal status included the plaque index, inflammation, bleeding, loss of clinical attachment and pocket depth. Data were analyzed by the R software. Logistic regression had identified associations on the threshold of 5%. Results: The proportions of mothers with periodontitis were 70.6% among cases versus 33% in controls. Periodontitis was significantly associated with low weight (OR = 4 [2.3 - 5.7] 4) adjusted on age, BMI and other periodontal indices. Conclusion: periodontal disease appears to be involved in the occurrence of low birth weight in the African context. The introduction of an oral component in prenatal consultations is therefore necessary for the health of mothers and their children.

Low birth weight at term and the presence of fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in the Brazilian Amazon: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

BackgroundAlthough studies have shown an association between air pollutants from anthropogenic sources and pregnancy outcomes, little is known regarding the association between low birth weight (LBW) and exposure to emissions of biomass burning.MethodsThis population-based retrospective cohort study assessed the effect of exposure to particulate matter and carbon monoxide (CO) from biomass burning in the Amazon and cerrado (Brazilian savanna) biomes on term LBW (<2500 g) in cities of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data on births were obtained from the Information System on Live Births of the Ministry of Health. The exclusion criteria were a twin pregnancy, gestational age of less than 37 weeks, and congenital malformation diagnosed at birth. For exposure variables, we used a historical series of daily average concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and CO provided by Coupled Aerosol and Trace Gases Transport Model for the Brazilian Development of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System developed at the National Institute for Space National Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, National Institute for Space Research. Maternal exposure was estimated by the average amount of pollutants for each trimester and for the entire period of gestation. The association between air pollutants and LBW was analyzed by multiple logistic regression, adjusting for the newborn’s sex, mother’s age and education, and prenatal care.ResultsA total of 6147 full-term singleton live births were included in the study and 193 (3.1%) were LBW. In adjusted analysis, the number of prenatal visits and maternal education with 8 years or more were associated with LBW. The association between exposure to air pollutants and the risk of LBW was significant for the 4th quartile of PM2.5 concentrations in the 2nd trimester (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.17) and in the 3rd trimester, and for the 4th quartile of CO concentrations in the 2nd trimester only, in adjusted analysis.ConclusionsThis study provides further evidence of the effect of smoke from biomass burning on the occurrence of LBW in cities of the Brazilian Amazon.

VIOLÊNCIA ENTRE PARCEIROS ÍNTIMOS E BAIXO PESO AO NASCER

Children with low birth weight (LBW) have higher risk of illness and death throughout life. Recentstudies on risk factors for LBW relates specifically to the role of maternal psychosocial factors such asstress, lack of social support and partner, a time for unity and conflict between the couple. Investigationson the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and LBW are relatively scarce and reportingcontroversial results. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between IPV and the occurrenceof LBW. This is a cross-sectional study with 626 infants born to women who attended the four health facilitiesin the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, between June 2005 and December 2009. Information regardingthe VPI were obtained by the Portuguese version of the instrument CTS-1 (Conflict-tatics Scales Form R)(Hasselmann &amp; REICHENHEIM, 2003) in the first month of life of the child. The IPV was analyzed asdichotomous and cumulative. Two outcomes were studied: low birth weight (weighing less than 2500 g) andterm LBW (weight less than 2500 g born at 37 weeks gestation or more). Associations were verified via logisticregression models, using estimates of odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals of 95% (95%). In multivariateanalysis, associations between IPV and the outcomes of interest (LBW and term LBW) were adjusted by thecovariates whose associations with the outcome had a significance level less than or equal to 10% in crudeanalysis (p-value ≤ 0.1). Low birth weight and LBW at term 7.2% and 4.8% of children respectively and33.5% of the women studied were exposed to IPV. In multivariate analysis, the presence of physical violencebetween intimate partners was significantly associated with LBW [OR = 4.26; (95%) = 1.69 to 10.68] andterm LBW [OR = 5.90 ; (95%) = 1.65 to 21.02]. It is noteworthy that as the severity of violence continuesto grow, the chances of low birth weight [OR = 3.61; (95%) = 1.19 to 10.97] and [OR = 4.99 ; (95%) =1.70 to 14.65], regardless of maternal age and education, smoking, parity, weight gain during pregnancy,hypertension, social networking, social support, environmental conditions and sex of the child As for lowbirth weight at term, although the association with cumulative violence is significant, did not show thisbehavior. Conclusion: These findings call attention to the consequences of intimate partner violence forchild’s health, and highlight the need to support pregnant women exposed to violence, as well as greaterattention during prenatal care in order to reduce births low birth weight. DOI 10.12957/demetra.2014.10830

A prospective study of maternal risk factors for low birth weight babies in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria

Background/Aim: Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with a higher risk of mortality and long term consequences for the survivors. This study determines the incidence and risk factors for LBW babies in Maiduguri. Context/Setting: This study was done in the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study involving 854 pregnant women and their babies between 2 nd February 2009 and 29 th July 2009. Socio-demographic, obstetric, medical factors, obstetrics interventions and foetal birth weights were obtained and recorded. Association between variables were examined using student's t-test and Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression analysis a P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The incidence of LBW was 16.9%. The risk factors for LBW were non-use of haematinics index pregnancy (OR = 13.04; 95% CI = 12-36; P value 0.000); previous history of stillbirth (OR = 8.11; 95% CI = 6-19; P value 0.000); hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (OR = 6.12; 95% CI = 5-14; P value 0.000); ante-partum haemorrhage (OR = 5.85; 95% CI = 4-9; P value 0.000); less than 4 ANC visitsn (OR = 4.94; 95% CI = 3-12; P value 0.000); previous history of premature delivery (OR = 4.39; 95% CI = 4-11; P value 0.000); previous history of LBW (OR = 3.65; 95% CI = 2-21; P value 0.000) and non-use of intermittent preventive therapy in the index pregnancy (OR = 3.24; 95% CI = 1-16; P value 0.001); and teenage mother (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 2-27; P value 0.006). Conclusion: This study showed high incidence of LBW. Obstetric factors (problems and intervention of the current pregnancy) and previous obstetric performances played crucial role in the occurrence of LBW in our study. Qualitative antenatal care should be made available and provided to pregnant women at all levels of care.

Radiation dose in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Does the operator experience really matter?

s / Physica Medica 30 (2014) e45ee74 e57 the 20 mSv/y as a dose limit for radiation workers. It has been previously indicated that the risk of low birth weight (LBW) is enhanced due to maternal medical exposures during pregnancy Objectives: The main aim of this study was to find out whether there is a relationship between long term exposure to background radiation levels above the normal amount and the risk of low birth weight. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in high background radiation areas (HBRAs) of Ramsar and neighboring areas with normal levels of background radiation (NBRAs). An interview was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 320 women from HBRAs and 280 women from NBRAs by an expert radiation biologist. Screening and stratified random sampling were used for selection of the subjects (vaginal or caesarian). Results: The mean birth weight of the newborns to mothers from HBRAs was 2820.3 ± 654.2 g. and that of the newborns to themothers fromNBRAs was 2925.2 ± 543.2 g. The difference between the mean weight of the newborns of the mothers from HBRAs and NBRAs was statistically significant (P1⁄40.034). Conclusions: In this study, it was revealed that the birth weight may be associated with the level of background radiation in the mothers’ living area before and during pregnancy. However, the results of the present study question the reports given by previous studies revealing that pregnant mothers exposure to ionizing radiation enhanced the occurrence of low birth weight.