Occurrence Of Fusarium Mycotoxins Research Articles

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars.

Forage maize is often infected by mycotoxin-producing Fusarium fungi during plant growth, which represent a serious health risk to exposed animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important Fusarium mycotoxins, but little is known about the occurrence of their modified forms in forage maize. To assess the mycotoxin contamination in Northern Germany, 120 natural contaminated forage maize samples of four cultivars from several locations were analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for DON and ZEN and their modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the sum of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3+15-AcDON), α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL). DON and ZEN occurred with high incidences (100 and 96%) and a wide range of concentrations, reaching levels up to 10,972 and 3910 µg/kg, respectively. Almost half of the samples (46%) exceeded the guidance value in complementary and complete feeding stuffs for ZEN (500 µg/kg), and 9% for DON (5000 µg/kg). The DON related mycotoxins DON3G and 3+15-AcDON were also present in almost all samples (100 and 97%) with amounts of up to 3038 and 2237 µg/kg and a wide range of concentrations. For the ZEN metabolites α- and β-ZEL lower incidences were detected (59 and 32%) with concentrations of up to 423 and 203 µg/kg, respectively. Forage maize samples were contaminated with at least three co-occurring mycotoxins, whereby 95% of all samples contained four or more mycotoxins with DON, DON3G, 3+15-AcDON, and ZEN co-occurring in 93%, together with α-ZEL in 57% of all samples. Positive correlations were established between concentrations of the co-occurring mycotoxins, especially between DON and its modified forms. Averaged over all samples, ratios of DON3G/DON and 3+15-AcDON/DON were similar, 20.2 and 20.5 mol%; cultivar-specific mean ratios ranged from 14.6 to 24.3 mol% and 15.8 to 24.0 mol%, respectively. In total, 40.7 mol% of the measured DON concentration was present in the modified forms DON3G and 3+15-AcDON. The α-ZEL/ZEN ratio was 6.2 mol%, ranging from 5.2 to 8.6 mol% between cultivars. These results demonstrate that modified mycotoxins contribute substantially to the overall mycotoxin contamination in forage maize. To avoid a considerable underestimation, it is necessary to analyse modified mycotoxins in future mycotoxin monitoring programs together with their parent forms.

Occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins and toxigenicFusarium species in freshly harvested rice in Jiangsu, China

In 2017, 236 rice samples were collected from 42 counties in Jiangsu province, China, and analysed forFusarium mycotoxins. Mycotoxin analyses showed that deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone X (FUS-X), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (including FB1, FB2, and FB3), and beauvericin (BEA) were present in unhusked rice samples. Regional differences in mycotoxin contamination of unhusked rice were attributed to differences in precipitation during rice anthesis and agricultural practices among the three study regions. Importantly, the mean concentrations of DON, NIV, ZEA, and fumonisins in white rice were significantly lower than those in unhusked rice, and the relative proportion of the toxins in rice by-products exceeded 84%.Fusarium isolates were then obtained from the unhusked rice samples;Fusarium asiaticum was the most common, followed byFusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, andFusarium commune. Genotype and chemical analyses of mycotoxins showed that mostF. asiaticum isolates (71%) were 3-ADON chemotypes; the remainder were NIV producers. All of theF. proliferatum andF. verticillioides isolates, and most of theF. fujikuroi isolates produce fumonisins, and most of the three species coproduced BEA. The present study is the first to evaluateFusarium mycotoxins and toxigenicFusarium species from rice freshly harvested in Jiangsu province, China. The results of this study improve our understanding the population dynamics ofFusarium species in rice and the development of effective control measures.

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops and Processed Products (Ogi) from Nigeria.

In Nigeria, maize, sorghum, and millet are very important cash crops. They are consumed on a daily basis in different processed forms in diverse cultural backgrounds. These crops are prone to fungi infestation, and subsequently may be contaminated with mycotoxins. A total of 363 samples comprising of maize (136), sorghum (110), millet (87), and ogi (30) were collected from randomly selected markets in four agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Samples were assessed for Fusarium mycotoxins contamination using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Subsequently, some selected samples were analysed for the occurrence of hidden fumonisins. Overall, 64% of the samples were contaminated with at least one toxin, at the rate of 77%, 44%, 59%, and 97% for maize, sorghum, millet, and ogi, respectively. Fumonisins were the most dominant, especially in maize and ogi, occurring at the rate of 65% and 93% with mean values of 935 and 1128 μg/kg, respectively. The prevalence of diacetoxyscirpenol was observed in maize (13%), sorghum (18%), and millet (29%), irrespective of the agro-ecological zone. Other mycotoxins detected were deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and their metabolites, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, HT-2 toxin, and hidden fumonisins. About 43% of the samples were contaminated with more than one toxin. This study suggests that consumption of cereals and cereal-based products, ogi particularly by infants may be a source of exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins.

Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and their dietary intake through beer consumption by the European population

Since cereals are raw materials for production of beer and beer-based drinks, the occurrence mycotoxins in 154 beer samples was topic of investigation in this study. The analyses were conducted using QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination. The analytical method showed recoveries for vast majority of analytes ranged from 70% to 110%, relative standard deviations lower than 15% and limits of detection from 0.05 to 8μg/L. A significant incidence of HT-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) were found in 9.1% and 59.7% of total samples, respectively. The exposure of European population to mycotoxins through beer consumption was assessed. No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for average beer consumers. Despite that, for heavy beer drinkers, the contribution of this commodity to the daily intake is not negligible, approaching or even exceeding the safety levels.

Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Italian cereal and cereal products from organic farming

In the present study, the occurrence of eighteen mycotoxins, nine trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin), three zearalenones (zearalenone, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol), and six emergent mycotoxins, beauvericin and five enniatins (A, A1, B, B1 and B4), was monitored in different Italian organic cereals and cereal products by using a liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method. A total of 93 organic cereal samples (wheat, barley, rye and oat) were collected from Italy. Limits of quantification ranged from 5 to 15μg/kg. 80% of analyzed samples contained mycotoxins. The occurrence was 33%, 6.5%, 2%, 27%, 7%, 10% and 43% for deoxynivalenol, HT-2, T-2, nivalenol, zearalenone, beauvericin and enniatins, respectively. The major mycotoxin found was enniatin B4; it was detected in 40% of all analyzed samples and its levels ranged from 5.7 to 284.2μg/kg. Risk assessment was evaluated by EDI calculations which were lower than TDI for all legislated Fusarium mycotoxins.

Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice and its milling by-products in Korea.

A total of 201 samples of brown rice, polished rice, and two types of by-products, blue-tinged rice and discolored rice, were collected from rice stores maintained at 51 rice processing complexes in Korea. These samples were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA). Contaminants (and their ranges) found in discolored rice samples were DON (59 to 1,355 ng g(-1)), NIV (66 to 4,180 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (25 to 3,305 ng g(-1)); those found in blue-tinged (less-ripe) rice were DON (86 to 630 ng g(-1)), NIV (50 to 3,607 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (26 to 3,156 ng g(-1)). Brown rice samples were contaminated mostly with NIV and ZEA (52 to 569 ng g(-1) and 47 to 235 ng g(-1), respectively). Polished rice samples were largely free from mycotoxins, although one sample was contaminated with NIV (77 ng g(-1)). When the fungal flora associated with each rice sample was investigated, blue-tinged rice was the most often contaminated with Fusarium graminearum (3.8%), followed by the discolored rice (2.4%) and brown rice (1.6%) samples. Using PCR, toxin genotyping of 266 isolates of F. graminearum revealed that most isolates (96%) were NIV producers. In conclusion, this survey is the first report of the cocontamination of Korean rice and its by-products with trichothecenes and ZEA. Importantly, it also provides new information on the natural contamination of rice by Fusarium mycotoxins.

Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize imported into the UK, 2004–2007

This study examined a total of 82 consignments of French and Argentinean raw maize as received at maize mills in the UK between 2004 and 2007. Samples were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), other trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZON), and fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 (FB1, FB2, and FB3) using fully validated analytical methods with limits of quantification of 10 µg kg−1 for DON, NIV, and each fumonisin mycotoxin and 3 µg kg−1 for ZON. All samples except two containing fumonisins met the European Commission statutory maximum permissible levels for DON, ZON, and FB1 + FB2 as operating in 2007. The maximum concentrations found for DON, NIV, ZON, and FB1 + FB2 were 444, 496, 165 and 5002 µg kg−1, respectively. Fumonisins were detected in almost every sample with 65% of Argentinean maize containing more than 1000 µg kg−1 of FB1 + FB2. In contrast, ZON was not detectable in almost 50% of consignments. During this period there was a distinct difference in mycotoxin concentrations between harvests and geographic origin. Flint maize from Argentina usually contained lower concentrations of DON and related trichothecenes and higher levels of fumonisins than maize from France, although concentrations of fumonisins up to 2000 µg kg−1 or greater occurred in samples from both regions. The incidence and concentrations of fumonisins were similar to those in a similar previous survey, while zearalenone concentrations were lower. The distribution of mycotoxins in multi-hold ships was also investigated showing that fumonisins were much more evenly distributed than DON, thus indicating their general level in the ship as a whole. The effect of cleaning regimes was found to be very variable, especially for DON, ranging from no removal of mycotoxins to greater than 50% in some instances, but was not related to concentration. Evidence here suggests that while cleaning is essential for removing foreign bodies before milling, it cannot be used as a reliable tool for reducing mycotoxins.

Survey of maize from south-western Nigeria for zearalenone, α - and β -zearalenols, fumonisin B1 and enniatins produced by Fusarium species

A survey for the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize for human consumption in four south-western states of Nigeria using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (HPLC/MS) showed that 93.4% of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone (ZON), α- and β-zearalenols (α- and β-ZOL), fumonisin B1 (FB1) or enniatins (ENNs). The fractions of contaminated samples were 73% for FB1 (mean:117 µg kg−1, range:10–760 µg kg−1); 57% for ZON (mean:49 µg kg−1, range:115–779 µg kg−1) and 13% for α-ZOL (mean: 63.6 µg kg−1, range:32–181 µg kg−1), while ENNs A1, B and B1 were present in 3, 7 and 3% of the samples respectively. There was no β-ZOL present above the quantification limits of 50 µg kg−1. Only the FB1 content was significantly different at the 95% confidence level among the four states. The Fusarium species most frequently isolated from maize seeds were F. verticillioides (70%), followed by F. sporotrichioides (42%), F. graminearum (30%), F. pallidoroseum (15%), F. compactum (12%), F. proliferatum (12%), F. equiseti (9%), F. acuminatum (8%) and F. subglutinans (4%). This is the first report of the occurrence of α-zearalenol and enniatins in Nigerian maize.

Mycoflora and mycotoxins natural occurrence in corn from entre rios province, Argentina.

Corn samples were collected in 1999 from three departments of Entre Réos province, Argentina, and were surveyed for mould contamination and natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent fungal species recorded at all departments. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were not found in any samples. Only one of the 52 corn samples analysed was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (17 μg/kg). Fumonisin B1 was found in 58 % of samples (range of positive samples: 47- 3,347 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 in 33.0 % (range of positive samples: 23-537 μg/kg) and fumonisin B3 in 25.0 % (range of positive samples: 24-287 μg/kg) of them. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in corn from Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Levels of fumonisins were lower than detected in other Argentinian provinces.

Mycoflora and mycotoxins natural occurrence in corn from entre rios province, Argentina.

Corn samples were collected in 1999 from three departments of Entre Réos province, Argentina, and were surveyed for mould contamination and natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent fungal species recorded at all departments. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were not found in any samples. Only one of the 52 corn samples analysed was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (17 μg/kg). Fumonisin B1 was found in 58 % of samples (range of positive samples: 47- 3,347 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 in 33.0 % (range of positive samples: 23-537 μg/kg) and fumonisin B3 in 25.0 % (range of positive samples: 24-287 μg/kg) of them. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in corn from Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Levels of fumonisins were lower than detected in other Argentinian provinces.

Natural Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Polish Cereals

About 200 field samples of naturally contaminated wheat, barley and oats were collected during two years (1994, 1995) and analyzed on trichothecene mycotoxins presence. Wheat kernels were contaminated at the average contamination level (μg/kg): DON - 51 (65% of positive samples); NIV - 55 (43%); 3-AcDON - 15 (38%); T-2 - 17 (7%) and HT-2 - 16 ( 4%). All wheat kernels with visible symptoms of scab (average 17 % of kernels infected with Fusarium) the following amounts (μg/kg) of toxic metabolites were found: DON 9628; NIV 57; 3-AcDON 457; 15-AcDON 265, T-2 33; HT-2 49 (50%). Barley kernels exhibited contamination with trichothecene mycotoxins: DON 120 (91%); NIV 53 (72%); 3-AcDON 20 (19%); 15-AcDON 16 (22%); T-2 38 (62%); HT-2 49 (50%), while oats with: DON 69 (79%); NIV 56 (93%); 3-AcDON 19 (50%); 15-AcDON 15 (57%); FUS-X 52 (36%); T-2 110 (50%); HT-2 192 (42%). The above result indicate on wide presence of group B trichothecenes in kernels of cereals (mainly oats) in Poland.

Evaluation of Natural Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat Fields of Northern Iran

During 1996, 35 samples of fresh harvested wheat from the Northern Iran (Gonbad & Gorgan regions) were collected. The mycotoxins including nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenone-x, diacetoxyscirpenol, ueosolaniol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone were simultaneously detected. Wheat samples were extracted with aqueous methanol and purified by a 2-step chromatographic procedure using Amberlite XAD-4 and Florisil columns. Mycotoxins were detected by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector. The data revealed that 34, 27, and 35 out of 35 wheat samples were positive for nivalenol, neosolaniol, and zearalenone with average levels being 577.6, 476.2, and 3464.3 ppm, respectively. Deoxynivalenol, fusarenone-x, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin were not detected in any of wheat samples.

Natural occurrence of trichothecenes and zearalenone in Korean and imported beers

In order to survey the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) in beers consumed in Korea, a total of 54 extracts of Korean and imported beers were derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and analysed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring mode. DON was detected in 14 samples (26%) and NIV was detected in 43 samples (80%). ZEN was not detected in any of the samples tested. The incidence of DON was 19% for Korean beers and 50% for imported beers, whereas the incidence of NIV was 85% for Korean beers and 58% for imported beers. This is the first report that the beers consumed in Korea are contaminated with DON and NIV.

A survey of the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fusarochromanone) in corn and wheat samples from Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces, China

A survey of the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fusarochromanone) in corn and wheat samples from Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces, China

1987年および1989年に収穫された韓国産大麦試料のFusariumマイコトキシン自然汚染

1987年および1989年に収穫された韓国産大麦試料のFusariumマイコトキシン自然汚染

A survey on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bavarian cereals from the 1987 harvest

Bavarian cereals and wheat flour from the 1987 harvest were analysed for nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA) by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study included 190 field samples of wheat, barley, rye and oat with visibly damaged ears, 45 samples of wheat intended for feed production and two series of wheat flour (type 550) and whole wheat flour collected in October 1987 and June 1988. The field samples examined showed a high DON contamination of wheat (87%) with an average of 3.96 mg/kg and a maximum of 43.8 mg/kg. Mean levels between 0.33 mg/kg and 0.27 mg/kg DON could be detected in barley, rye and oat. Of the wheat samples, 58% contained ZEA with a maximum of 1.560 mg/kg. The highest levels of ZEA were detected in samples which also showed high concentrations of DON. The NIV and T-2 toxin levels were comparatively low. Thirty percent of the samples showed NIV concentrations between 0.04 mg/kg and 0.29 mg/kg and 38% contained between 0.005 and 0.60 mg/kg of T-2. In the wheat samples for feed production, only DON was detected with an average of 0.190 mg/kg and a maximum of 0.75 mg/kg. The highest DON levels (0.58 mg/kg) from October 1987 were found in the wheat flour samples which were lower than the highest DON concentration (3.24 mg/kg) detected in the samples collected during June 1988. This fact was probably due to a substantial amount of non-contaminated wheat from 1986. The toxin concentrations in the whole wheat flour were not higher than in the type 550 flour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

穀類のフザリウ厶マイコトキシン汚染と食晶加工工程における除去

穀類のフザリウ厶マイコトキシン汚染と食晶加工工程における除去

Fusarium mycotoxinsによる世界各地の穀類汚染(第1報)

Fusarium mycotoxinsによる世界各地の穀類汚染(第1報)