Occurrence Of Depressive Disorder Research Articles

Geniposide exerts the antidepressant effect by affecting inflammation and glucose metabolism in a mouse model of depression

Depression is a severe mental illness affecting patient's physical and mental health. However, long-term effects of existing therapeutic modalities for depression are not satisfactory. Geniposide is an iridoid compound highly expressed in gardenia jasminoides for removing annoyance. The activity of geniposide against depression has been widely studied while most studies concentrated on the expression levels of gene and protein. Herein, the aim of the present study was to employ non-target metabolomic platform of serum to investigate metabolic changes of depression mice and further verify in hippocampus for analyzing the antidepressant mechanism of geniposide. Then we discovered that 9 metabolites of serum were significantly increased in depressive group (prostaglandin E2, leukotriene C4, arachidonic acid, phosphatidylcholine (PC, 16:0/16:0), LysoPC (18:1 (9Z)/0:0), phosphatidylethanolamine (14:0/16:0), creatine, oleamide and aminomalonic acid) and 6 metabolites were decreased (indoxylsulfuric acid, testosterone, lactic acid, glucose 6-phosphate, leucine and valine). The levels of arachidonic acid, LysoPC, lactic acid and glucose 6-phosphate in hippocampus were consistent change with serum in depression mice. Most of them showed significant tendencies to be normal by geniposide treatment. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that arachidonic acid metabolism and glucose metabolism were the main pathogenesis for the antidepressant effect of geniposide. In addition, the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 were increased in depressive mice and reversed after geniposide treatment. This study revealed that abnormal metabolism of inflammatory response and glucose metabolism of the serum and hippocampus involved in the occurrence of depressive disorder and antidepressant effect of geniposide.

Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of mechanical neuroprotection in reducing the risk of silent brain infarcts associated with percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: study protocol for a LAAC-SBI trial

BackgroundLeft atrial appendage closure (LAAC) procedures prevent cardioembolic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation who have contraindications to oral anticoagulant medications. However, these procedures carry certain risks of peri-procedural complications. One such complication is silent brain infarcts (SBI), which can lead to cognitive impairment and mood disturbances. The implementation of mechanical neuroprotection systems during LAAC procedures may reduce the risk of SBI and associated cognitive and mood disorders.MethodsThe LAAC-SBI trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, and double-blind interventional study. The study aims to enroll a total of 240 patients, with 120 patients allocated to each group. The study group will evaluate the use of the Sentinel CPS during LAAC, while the control group will undergo LAAC procedures without the Sentinel CPS. The primary endpoint of the study is the number of new SBIs or stroke foci detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW MRI). Secondary endpoints include deterioration of cognitive function, development of dementia syndrome, and occurrence of depressive disorders. These endpoints will be assessed using questionnaire tools such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The observational period for patients in the study is 2 years.DiscussionIf the study demonstrates a favorable outcome with reduced incidence of SBI and improved cognitive and mood outcomes in patients receiving cerebral protection devices during LAAC, it will have significant implications for clinical management standards. This would support the use of neuroprotection devices not only for LAAC but also in procedures such as atrial fibrillation ablation or transcatheter mitral valve interventions, where the risk of embolic events and subsequent brain injury may also be present.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05369195. Registration on 11.05.2022.

Anxiety and Depression Disorder among Adult People Living with HIV/AIDS on Follow-up at Dessie Public Health Facilities Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics, Northeast Ethiopia: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study

Background: Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental disorders among people living with HIV/AIDS compared to people without HIV/AIDS. In addition, mental health problems are associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS due to adverse effects, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, quality of life, and all health-related parameters. There is no additional study on multiple sites as an integrated way to address the proposed issue. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders and their associated factors among adult HIV-/AIDS patients on follow-up at antiretroviral therapy clinics in the Dessie town public health facility, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A multicenter institutional-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Anxiety and depression disorders were assessed by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). EPI-Data software version 7.2 for data entry and SPSS version 23 for statistical analysis were used. Statistical significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05 and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) in the final model. Results: In this study, 404 adult HIV/-AIDS patients presenting for a follow-up at antiretroviral therapy clinics at Dessie town public health facilities participated; the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders was found to be 31.7% (CI: 27%, 36.6%) and 38% (CI: 33.7%, 42.7%), respectively. Being female (AOR=3.5 95% CI: 1.86 –6.65), viral loads ≥ 1000 copies/ml (AOR =2.2, 95% CI: 1.2-3.95), and CD4 cells <200 cells/mm3 were associated with depressive disorder and HAART containing efavirenz (2.3 95% CI: 1-4.58), consumption of coffee and tea (AOR =2.5, 95% CI; 1.45 -4.37) and female gender (AOR= 3.5 95% CI; 1.9-6.6), which were found to be predictors for anxiety disorders. Conclusion and Recommendations: The magnitude of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS on follow-up with antiretroviral therapy was found to be higher than the pooled estimated prevalence found in Ethiopia. Being female, viral load ≥ 1000 copies/ml, and CD4 cells <200 cells/mm3 were associated with the occurrence of depressive disorders, and a HAART regimen containing efavirenz, taking coffee and tea, and female sex were found to be predictors for anxiety disorder.

Anxiety disorders - a common problem about which we still don’t know enough

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders. Up to one-third of the population suffers from them during their lifetime. An important problem is also the lack of awareness of patients about their disease. Only half of the anxiety disorders are diagnosed. Only a fifth of people suffering from anxiety disorders sought help from a specialist doctor. Only a third of patients are offered pharmacological treatment. The main symptom of this disease is an increased and intense feeling of anxiety. It is also associated with many other physical symptoms. It is correlative with a reduced quality of life and functioning in society. Diagnosis of anxiety disorders is very difficult due to the lack of specific imaging and laboratory tests that may be helpful in making or suggest a diagnosis. There is also a correlation between these disorders and the occurrence of depressive disorders, which is why the problem is complex and requires increased diagnostic sensitivity. Worldwide, anxiety disorders are underdiagnosed and undertreated, that's why it's so important to be aware of this disease entity. Prompt intervention by a physician is very important due to the increased frequency of suicides. The basic treatment is medication therapy with drugs from the SSRI and SNRI group combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Quick diagnosis and implementation of treatment contributes to a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients.

Protocol of a prospective community-based study about the onset and course of depression in a nationally representative cohort of adults in China: the China Depression Cohort Study-I

BackgroundDepression is the second most important cause of disability worldwide. Reducing this major burden on global health requires a better understanding of the etiology, risk factors, and course of the disorder. With the goal of improving the prevention, recognition, and appropriate management of depressive disorders in China, the China Depression Cohort Study will establish a nationally representative sample of at least 85,000 adults (the China Depression Cohort Study-I) and 15,000 middle school students (the China Depression Cohort Study-II) and follow them over time to identify factors that influence the onset, characteristics, and course of depressive disorders. This protocol describes the China Depression Cohort Study-I.MethodsA multistage stratified random sampling method will be used to identify a nationally representative community-based cohort of at least 85,000 adults (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) from 34 communities in 17 of mainland China’s 31 provincial-level administrative regions. Baseline data collection includes 1) demographic, social and clinical data, 2) diagnostic information, 3) biological samples (i.e., blood, urine, hair), 4) brain MRI scans, and 5) environmental data (e.g., community-level metrics of climate change, air pollution, and socio-economic characteristics). Baseline findings will identify participants with or without depressive disorders. Annual reassessments will monitor potential risk factors for depression and identify incident cases of depression. Cox Proportional-Hazards Regression, Network analysis, Disease trajectory modelling, and Machine learning prediction models will be used to analyze the collected data. The study’s main outcomes are the occurrence of depressive disorders; secondary outcomes include adverse behaviors (e.g., self-harm, suicide), the recurrence of depression and the incidence other mental disorders.DiscussionThe China Depression Cohort Study-I will collect a comprehensive, nationally representative set of individual-level and community-level variables over time. The findings will reframe the understanding of depression from a ‘biology-psychology-society’ perspective. This perspective will improve psychiatrists’ understanding of depression and, thus, promote the development of more effective subgroup-specific antidepressant drugs and other interventions based on the new biomarkers and relationships identified in the study.Trail registrationThe protocol has been registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR2200059016).

Povezanost fizičke aktivnosti i depresije

Physical activity is any movement of skeletal muscles that uses energy. The earliest records of purposeful physical activity date as far back as 2500 BC from China, which tells us that even then people knew that it was essential for maintaining health. However, today man is more and more busy and generally sits most of the day and has no time to move. All this affects our mental health. Depression as one of the main problems of today is interesting when it comes to physical activity because it is believed that movement can improve its symptoms. The aim of the study: The aim of our work is to explain what depression is, what are its symptoms and how it is generally treated. However, the main goal is to explain how physical activity affects the improvement of depression symptoms. Depression: Depression is a mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and loss of will and interest in most things. It is classified into five different entities. Important for our work is major depressive disorder, which, according to statistical data, occurs more and more often. The occurrence of depressive disorder is influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Physical activity and depression: The positive impact of exercise on mental health is an increasingly common subject of research and interest in the general population. There are a number of ways that regular physical activity can improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. However, certain physical activity can also have a negative impact on the psyche. Conclusion: In order for physical activity to have a positive impact on health, it is important that it is carried out regularly and correctly. A person with depression should choose an activity that suits them, preferably in nature. It is also important to eat healthy food, get enough sleep and drink enough water.

Increased carotid intima-media thickness is independently associated with the occurrence of depressive disorders in patients with obstructive sleep apnea without cardiocerebrovascular disease

Study objectivesThis study aimed to explore the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and depression in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) without cardiocerebrovascular diseases. MethodsThis study evaluated self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores, night sleep, and cIMT in 114 patients with OSA without cardiocerebrovascular diseases. ResultsAmong the 114 patients, 79.8% were male (mean age: 46.7 ± 11.58 years; range: 22–72 years). Moreover, 46.5%, 44.7%, and 7.89% of the patients presented with depressive disorders (8, 24, and 21 with severe, moderate, and mild degrees of depression, respectively), cIMT increase, and carotid plaques, respectively. Logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, and other confounding factors revealed that, compared with patients with OSA without depressive disorders, those with depressive disorders had higher cIMT (odds ratio [OR] = 1.839; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.210–2.795), D-value (the difference between nocturnal mean blood oxygen saturation and the lowest blood oxygen saturation; OR = 1.434; 95% CI: 1.259–1.633]), and time spent at O2 saturation below 90% (OR = 1.060; 95% CI: 1.001–1.123). ConclusionscIMT and D-value are independently associated with depression in patients with OSA, which provides clinical evidence regarding the involvement of vascular damage in OSA-induced depression.

Maladaptive personality traits in depressive and substance use disorders: A study with the PID‐5

Studies on the relationship between personality and depressive disorders (DD) or substance use disorders (SUD) often refer to the normal personality model and focus mainly on the "big" factors. Domain level results with the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) tend to be consistent with NEO-PI-R or NEO-FFI results, however facet level results in the specific characteristics of these disorders are scarce. The main objective of this study was to characterize DD and SUD's maladaptive personality traits through the PID-5. A sample of DD was compared with a sample of SUD, with a sample of other disorders, and with a community sample. A sample of the general Portuguese population (N = 693) and a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 310) were studied. Participants responded to the PID-5 and to the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Depressivity, Irresponsibility and Anhedonia were the main characteristics of DD. However, high values in Depressivity and in depressive symptomatology were present in all the clinical subsamples. Irresponsibility, Deceitfulness and Callousness were the main characteristics of SUD. The occurrence of DD, SUD or Other disorders could be predicted using multinonomial logisitic regression analysis, and PID-5 facets as independent variables. These results are in line with comorbidity data and tend to confirm the PID-5 validity.

The incidence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia

Summary. Introduction. Historically, depressive disorders have been described in various forms of schizophrenia by Kraepelin (1923) or as a reaction to illness by Bleuler (1922). One of the alternative points of view that has been considered in recent years is that depressive disorders are a comorbid condition of schizophrenia or one of the manifestations of schizophrenia. However, to date, depression, as a symptom, is not included in the diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10. Methodological approaches to diagnosing depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia differ in different countries and research groups. This influences the prevalence rates of depressive disorders in schizophrenic patients. Purpose. The study and systematization of studies of the incidence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia.Methods. Russian-language and foreign literature was analyzed with a search depth of 10 years (2010–2020) in the following databases: PubMed, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Science Direct and eLIBRARY .RU.Results. A total of 51 studies of depressive disorders in children and adults with schizophrenia were found.Conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia varies from 9.1 and to 100%, the average frequency is 41.6%. Their frequency is variable and depends on the region of residence and ethnicity. It is noted that depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia are more often recorded among residents of the Middle East (72.7%), Russia (61.8%) and Europe (39.6%), less often among residents of Southeast Asia (32%) and the Pacific region ( 37.3%). The countries with the highest incidence of depressive disorders in schizophrenia include: USA, Germany, China; and to the countries with the lowest frequency — Denmark, Israel, South Africa. Also, I would like to note that the largest number of studies conducted was in Europe (16 studies with 36 928 patients with schizophrenia), the USA (6 studies with 2314 patients) and the Russian Federation (6 studies with 582 patients). In general, in the world, according to 51 studies analyzed, the incidence of depressive disorders in schizophrenia in men is higher than in women, although gender differences did not reach statistical significance in all regions of the world.

The Analysis of Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Depression

Introduction. Depressions are among the civilization diseases of the 21st century and are disorders in the human psyche. It comes in various age groups and affects children, adolescents, women, men and the elderly. In Poland, over 1.5 million people struggle with depression, and at present, during the Covid-19 pandemic, the incidence has increased to over 3 million.Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors influencing the occurrence of depression.Material and Methods. The study included 200 people — nurses from treatment and conservative departments. The prevalence of depressive disorders was assessed using the Depression Measurement Questionnaire, which consists of 75 statements — terms referring to the approach to life and everyday life. A self-questionnaire containing questions about the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents was used as a research tool. The obtained results were analysed statistically.Results. In the case of men, the indicator reached a statistically higher value, i.e. 242.2 points, which means the average level, while for women it amounted to 238.1 points, which means a low level. A low level of the NREAP index was shown by the group of respondents aged 20–30, while a high level was observed among the group of respondents aged 41–50. Nurses with lower education — certified ones showed a low level of the DMQ index, while nurses with higher education with a master’s degree obtained a higher level of the DMQ index. According to the statistical analysis, the low level of the KRP indicator was shown by people working briefly in the profession from 1 to 5 years. People who worked in the profession from 11 to 20 years had a high level of DMQ. Nurses working in the conservative ward showed a low level of the DMQ index, while the index of nurses in the surgical wards remained at the average levels.Conclusions. Sociodemographic factors had a significant impact on the occurrence of depressive disorders in the studied group. The study also confirmed a large influence of professional factors on the occurrence of depression among nurses. The statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the gender, age of the respondents and the depression measurement index — DMQ. (JNNN 2021;10(3):126–132)

The association between the use of efavirenz and the occurrence of depressive disorders among HIV-treated patients: An application of Bayesian cox regression

OBJECTIVES: Efavirenz therapy plays an important role in controlling the progression of HIV/AIDS. However, efavirenz often causes short-term side effects for the central nervous system, and it remained controversial as to whether efavirenz leads to depression or even suicidal attempt when applied for a longer period of time. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between the use of efavirenz and depressive disorders. METHODS: This study explored the use of efavirenz on HIV-infected patients using National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan by Bayesian survival analysis and investigated whether the use of efavirenz has the risk of depressive disorders. To reduce the dependence of statistical modeling assumptions, this study applied propensity score matching to research data. RESULTS: Based on the result of this study, it can be found that the use of efavirenz (HR = 1.009, 95% CI=–0.505 0.554), gender (HR = 0.324, 95% CI = –2.544 0.381) were not significantly associated with the occurrence of depressive disorders, whereas age of HIV diagnosis (HR = 1.021, 95% CI = 0.011 0.055) was significantly associated with the occurrence of depressive disorders. This study concludes that the use of efavirenz does not in-crease the risk of depressive disorders among HIV-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: For the care of HIV-infected patients (especially the older ones), the psychological harm from society, such as lack of social support, social stigma or unemployment is higher than the harm of medicine.

Do People with Rheumatoid Arthritis Need Mental Support?

Introduction: Depression is an increasingly common mental disorder. Among the factors significantly contributing to its occurrence is permanent pain. Thence high percentage of people struggling with depression in chronically ill people and the elderly. Depression is diagnosed late, which is a serious problem in the comprehensive recovery process. Aim: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the relationship between the occurrence of RA and depression, taking into account data such as gender, age and place of residence. Material and Methods: The study involved 163 adults - 116 people with RA and 47 healthy people. The Beck Depression Inventory was used for research purposes. It consists of 21 questions, to which the patient answers according to the symptoms appearing in the last two weeks. Results: Analysis of the results of the examined and control groups indicates a higher percentage of occurrence of depression symptoms in people diagnosed with RA. In women, depression was more common than in men. In addition, there were more depressive episodes in women in the study group than in healthy women. There were no significant differences in the study and control groups of men and depending on age and place of residence. Conclusion: The presence of RA has a significant impact on the occurrence of depressive disorders. Illness and gender are a determining factor for depression. Research shows that women are more likely to be affected than men. Rapid intervention of doctors is very important, which can prevent the negative effects of the disease, i.e. suicidal thoughts. Prevention is therefore important. People with chronic illnesses should be under psychological support.

Occurrence of male depression symptoms, suicidal behaviors, alcohol and tobacco use and level of personal resources in three male groups

Background and objective: The study was to compare the severity of male depression symptoms, suicidal behaviors, the use of psychoactive substances (alcohol, nicotine), and evaluate personal resources (self-efficacy, coping strategies and resilience) among men from three different groups. Material and methods: The clinical group contained men with depression disorders diagnosed by psychiatrists and treated in psychiatric hospitals (n = 197). The control groups contained men with physical disorders treated in general hospitals in Warsaw, Poland (n = 198) and men who self-evaluated themselves as healthy without physical or mental disorders (n = 203). Several tests were used for evaluation: a test with sociodemographic variables, the AUDIT Test, the Fagerstrom Test, the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the MINI-COPE Questionnaire, the Resilience Evaluation Questionnaire (KOP-26), the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised by Osman (SBQ-R) and the Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS). Results: Most of the men with depression disorders presented non-typical symptoms of depression which are not included in diagnostic criteria. It allows us to assume that a large percentage of men who suffer from depression are not properly being diagnosed. Moreover, we found that men with any type of physical disorder have the greatest severity of male depression symptoms than healthy men. Men with depression disorders have suicidal thoughts and have made efforts in the past more often, as well as having higher alcohol and nicotine addictions. Patients who overuse or are addicted to alcohol or nicotine should be additionally screened for the possible occurrence of depressive disorders, and substance usage should be treated as a symptom of male depression. Men with depression present low resilience and low self-efficacy. They also use negative strategies in dealing with stress. Conclusion: There is a need to plan and implement effective prevention actions that will take the conditioning of these groups into account.

Depressive Disorders and Sleeping Disturbances-Surveys Study of 923 Participants on the Pol'and'Rock Festival, Kostrzyn, Poland 2019.

Depressive disorders are common among young people and can decrease social competences and thus the quality of life. There is a relationship between the occurrence of depressive disorders and insomnia. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia and depressive behavior and assess the relationship between these among participants of the Pol’and’Rock Festival, Kostrzyn, Poland 2019. The study used the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and the Beck Inventory II Scale (BDI-II). The study group consisted of 923 people, with the majority of women (n = 500; 54.2%). A total of 297 persons (32.2%) reported varying severity of depressive symptoms. Insomnia was observed in 261 (28.28%) respondents. Sleeping disturbances were observed more frequently in females. Persons with insomnia had a significantly higher BDI-II score. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.65) between the number of points obtained on the Beck and AIS scales was observed. Insomnia and depressive behavior are prevalent in the Polish population. Due to long-term social and economic consequences, special attention should be paid to the prevention, early detection and treatment of both disorders.

Reveals of New Candidate Active Components in Hemerocallis Radix and Its Anti-Depression Action of Mechanism Based on Network Pharmacology Approach

The global depression population is showing a significant increase. Hemerocallis fulva L. is a common Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Its flower buds are known to have ability to clear away heat and dampness, detoxify, and relieve depression. Ancient TCM literature shows that its roots have a beneficial effect in calming the spirit and even the temper in order to reduce the feeling of melancholy. Therefore, it is inferred that the root of Hemerocallis fulva L. can be used as a therapeutic medicine for depression. This study aims to uncover the pharmacological mechanism of the antidepressant effect of Hemerocallis Radix (HR) through network pharmacology method. During the analysis, 11 active components were obtained and screened using ADME—absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion— method. Furthermore, 267 HR targets and 740 depressive disorder (DD) targets were gathered from various databases. Then protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of HR and DD targets were constructed and cluster analysis was applied to further explore the connection between the targets. In addition, gene ontology (GO) enrichment and pathway analysis was applied to further verify that the biological process related to the target protein is associated with the occurrence of depression disorder. In conclusion, the most important bioactive components—anthraquinone, kaempferol, and vanillic acid—can alleviate depression symptoms by regulating MAOA, MAOB, and ESR1. The proposed network pharmacology strategy provides an integrating method to explore the therapeutic mechanism of multi-component drugs on a systematic level.

Occurrence of depressive disorders among students of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Jagiellonian University Medical College

Occurrence of depressive disorders among students of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Jagiellonian University Medical College

Частота депресивних станів у пацієнтів із цукровим діабетом 2-го типу

Психічні розлади входять до численних ускладнень у хворих на цукровий діабет (ЦД), які значною мірою погіршують його перебіг. У статті наведено дані міжнародного дослідження та результати, отримані серед пацієнтів України. Мета роботи — вивчити частоту депресивних станів у хворих на ЦД 2-го типу (ЦД2), ґрунтуючись на результатах проведеного дослідження. Матеріал і методи. Для проведення даного спостереження було рандомізовано 190 пацієнтів відповідно до протоколу міжнародного проспективного дослідження International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (INTERPRET-DD). Діагностичними інструментами були адаптовані шкали PHQ‑9, PAID, WHO, MINI‑6, Гамільтона; вимірювання рівня HbA1с, ліпідограми; опрацьовані дані з амбулаторних карт пацієнтів за останні 15 років, збирання анамнезу, проведення загального огляду; консультативні висновки психіатра, ендокринолога, хірурга кабінету діабетичної стопи. На підставі отриманих результатів вирішували питання про доцільність тактики лікування за допомогою заспокійливих, антидепресантів, протитривожних засобів і сеансів психотерапії. Результати. Частка чоловіків у дослідженні становила 39,47%, середня тривалість ЦД2 — 9,3±1,2 року. Депресивні розлади діагностовано в 10,7% пацієнтів, за результатами тестування за шкалою PHQ‑9 (Patient Health Questionnaire) у 12,10% випадків відзначено наявність депресивної симптоматики різного ступеня (рівень PHQ>9). Таким пацієнтам було рекомендовано проведення сеансів психотерапії, медикаментозне лікування антидепресантами та прицільне спостереження психіатром протягом подальшого року. Висновки. Визначено частоту депресивних розладів у пацієнтів із ЦД2.

Antidepressant-Like Effects of Low- and High-Molecular Weight FGF-2 on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice.

The occurrence of depressive disorder has long been attributed to changes in monoamines, with the focus of drug treatment strategies being to change the effectiveness of monoamines. However, the success achieved by changing these processes is limited and further stimulates the exploration of alternative mechanisms and treatments. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), which occurs in a high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) form, is a potent developmental modulator and nervous system regulator that has been suggested to play an important role in various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effects of HMW and LMW FGF-2 on depression induced by chronic stress. Both peripheral LMW and HMW FGF-2 attenuated the depression-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice to a similar extent, as determined by the forced swimming, tail suspension, and sucrose preference tests. We then showed that CUMS-induced oxidative stresses in mice were inhibited by FGF-2 treatments both in central and peripheral. We also showed that both forms of FGF-2 increased the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT, increased Bcl-2 expression and inhibited caspase-3 activation in CUMS mice. Interestingly, HMW FGF-2 enhanced the activity of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to a greater extent than did LMW FGF-2 in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results suggest that depressive symptoms can be relieved by administering different forms of FGF-2 peripherally in a CUMS-induced depression model through a similar antidepressant signaling pathway, therefore suggesting a potential clinical use for FGF-2 as a treatment for depression.

Variation of genes involved in oxidative and nitrosative stresses in depression

The dominating hypothesis among numerous hypotheses explaining the pathogenesis of depressive disorders (DD) is the one involving oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study, we examined the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes encoding SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), CAT (catalase), GPx4 (glutathione peroxidase 4), NOS1 (nitric oxide synthase 1), NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2), and the development of depressive disorders. Our study was carried out on the DNA isolated from peripheral blood collected from 281 depressed patients and 229 controls. Using TaqMan probes, we genotyped the following six polymorphisms: c.47T>C (p.Val16Ala) (rs4880) in SOD2, c.-89A>T (rs7943316) in CAT, c.660T>C (rs713041) in GPx4, c.-420-34221G>A (rs1879417) in NOS1, c.1823C>T (p.Ser608Leu) (rs2297518), and c.-227G>C (rs10459953) in NOS2. We found that the T/T genotype of the c.47T>C polymorphism was linked with an increased risk of depression. Moreover, the T/T genotype and T allele of c.660T>C increased the risk of DD occurrence, while the heterozygote and C allele decreased this risk. On the other hand, we discovered that the A/A genotype of c.-89A>T SNP was associated with a reduced risk of DD, while the A/T genotype increased this risk. We did not find any correlation between the genotypes/alleles of c.-420-34221G>A, c.1823C>T, and c.-227G>C, and the occurrence of DD. In addition, gene-gene and haplotype analyses revealed that combined genotypes and haplotypes were connected with the disease. Moreover, we found that sex influenced the impact of some SNPs on the risk of depression. Concluding, the studied polymorphisms of SOD2, CAT and GPx4 may modulate the risk of depression. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative and nitrosative stresses are involved in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders.

EVALUATION OF PAIN SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED PELVIC PAIN CAUSED BY EXTERNAL GENITAL ENDOMETRIOSIS

The aim of the study was to evaluate the severity of pain syndrome and depression syndrome in women with endometriosis- associated pelvic pain. Materials and methods . The study included 100 women of reproductive age with external genital endometriosis. The study group consisted of 60 patients with pelvic pain associated with external genital endometriosis; the control group consisted of 40 women with external genital endometriosis without pain. The pelvic pain was ranked using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS); the level of depression was evaluated using the Beck scale; the anxiety was rated according to the Spielberger-Khanin questionnaire. Results . Among the 60 women in the study group, 20 patients (33.3%) had severe pain, 25 women (41.6%) had moderately severe pain, and 15 women (25.1%) had mild pain. The occurrence of depressive disorders in women with endometriosis-associated pelvic pain was 64%. Conclusion . The results suggest that the psycho-emotional status of women with external genital endometriosis-associated pelvic pain is dominated by high level of depression and anxiety, which significantly downgrades their quality of life.