Occurrence Of Carcinoma Research Articles

A novel pathological finding, "BABA", for a prognostic factor in oral tongue carcinoma.

92 Background: Oral tongue carcinoma is one of the cancers with poor prognosis. The UICC staging classification is commonly used to predict outcomes and to select the treatments, although there are cases where cancer relapse early despite being at the same Stages, indicating a need for additional prognostic factors to predict patient outcomes accurately. Recent advances in RNA sequencing of tumor and immune cells, as well as elucidation of the tumor microenvironment, have enabled the identification of many genes associated with recurrence risk and immunosuppressive environment around the tumor, which essential for precision treatment of the patients with high risks of recurrence. However pathological findings remain the first step in selecting samples with a high risk of recurrence for further analysis of RNA sequencing or the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we identified a novel pathological feature named as “BABA” (Broadening Amoeboid Behavior of Advanced tumor cells) that appears around the invasive front of tumors. It describes the way in which cancer cells progress like amoeba between muscle fibers and affect the prognosis of oral tongue carcinoma, making it a potential factor for the future analysis of next-generation sequencing or tumor microenvironment. Methods: Patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgery were recruited, excluding those who had received salvage treatment for recurrence, those with simultaneous occurrence of carcinoma, those who had undergone palliative therapy, postoperative therapy, or those who lacked any pathological findings. Survival analyses for existing pathological findings, such as pT (pathological primary stage), pN (pathological nodal stage), ENE (extra nodal extension) status, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, perineural extension, margin status, WPOI (worst pattern of invasion) and BABA were conducted. Results: A total number of 211 patients were analyzed in this study. Patients with positive for BABA had a two-year overall survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate of 0.78(p=0.02) and 0.39 (p<0.001), respectively, according to Kaplan-Meier analysis. In the multivariate analysis for overall survival using Cox regression model, venous invasion and pN ≥1 were significant prognostic factors, with HR (95%CI) of 3.0 (1.5-6.3) and 2.4 (1.2-4.5), respectively. In the multivariate analysis for recurrence free survival using Cox regression model, positive for lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, BABA, pN ≥1 were significant factors, with HR (95%CI) of 2.1 (1.2-3.6), 2.0 (1.1-3.4), 2.2 (1.3-3.7) and 2.0 (1.2-3.6), respectively. Conclusions: BABA is the novel risk factor for recurrence in oral tongue carcinoma. Identifying BABA could help clinicians better predict recurrence and develop more personalized treatment strategies.

FIB‑4 index and serum α‑fetoprotein are useful predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in hepatitis B patients with nucleos(t)ide analogs therapy.

Current antiviral therapies cannot achieve eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can reduce but not eliminate the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic HBV infection. The present study aimed to identify the risk factors for HCC development by analyzing nucleoside analogue (NA)-treated patients as a retrospective cohort using fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4 index) as a non-invasive fibrosis marker. A total of 260 patients with HBV receiving NAs without a history of HCC between January 2001 and January 2021 were included in the present study. The incidence of HCC in patients with HBV during NA therapy and the factors contributing to HCC occurrence were identified using clinical characteristics and blood test results. Among the 260 patients, 40 patients (15.4%) developed HCC. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that age [hazard ratio (HR), 1.03; P=0.045], male sex (HR, 3.14; P<0.01) and FIB-4 index at 6 months after NA treatment <1.95 (HR, 4.35; P<0.01) correlated with the incidence of HCC. The cumulative incidence of HCC in patients with FIB-4 index at 6 months after NA treatment >1.95 was significantly higher compared with that in patients with FIB-4 index ≤1.95 (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis in patients in which serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level at 6 months after NA treatment was measured showed that FIB-4 index >1.95 (HR, 8.27; P=0.014) and serum AFP level >4 ng/ml (HR, 4.26; P=0.033) contributed to HCC occurrence. FIB-4 index at 6 months after NA treatment and serum AFP levels at 6 months after NA treatment were predictors for the development of HCC in patients with HBV during NA treatment. Further study of hepatocarcinogenesis during NA with a longer follow-up period and larger numbers of participants is required.

Individual surveillance by competing risk model for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in all-cause cirrhosis

PurposeIt was of great significance to identify someone with a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence and make a diagnosis as early as possible. Therefore, we aimed to develop and validate a new, objective, and accurate prediction model, and convert it into a nomogram to make a personalized prediction of cancer occurrence in cirrhotic patients with different etiologies.MethodsThe present study included 938 patients with cirrhosis from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2012. Patients were prospectively followed-up until January 1, 2018. We used a competing risk model and the Fine–Gray test to develop and validate the prediction model and to plot a nomogram based on the model established.ResultsAt the end of follow-up, 202 (21.5%) patients developed HCC, with a 5-year incidence of 19.0% (corrected for competing risk model). Based on the competing risk regression method, we built a prediction model including age, gender, etiology, lymphocyte, and A/G ratio. Three groups with different risks were generated on account of tertiles of the 5-year risk predicted by the model. The cumulative 1-, 3-, and 5-year incidences of HCC were 2.0%, 20.8%, and 42.3% in high-risk group, 0.9%, 10.1%, and 17.7% in medium-risk group, and 0%, 2.0%, 8.5% in low-risk group (P < 0.001). The model showed excellent discrimination and calibration in predicting the risk of HCC occurrence in patients with all-cause cirrhosis.ConclusionThe model could make an individual prediction of cancer occurrence and stratify patients based on predicted risk, regardless of the causes of cirrhosis.

Effect of gold nanoparticles distribution radius on photothermal therapy efficacy

Lasers are used in various fields, however, in the medical field, they are mainly used for incision or chemotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an anti-cancer treatment technique that uses lasers and the photothermal effect to increase the temperature of tumor tissue and induce its death. In this study, the therapeutic effect of PTT using gold nanoparticles as a photothermal converter was analyzed numerically for the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma inside a skin section consisting four layers. Numerical modeling was implemented to calculate the temperature distribution inside the biological tissue while varying the distribution radius of gold nanoparticles in the tumor tissue, the number of injections, and the intensity of the irradiating laser. For the given situation, the optimal treatment effect was observed when the distribution radius ratio of the injected gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was 1, the number of injections was 7, and the intensity of the irradiated laser was 52 mW. Three apoptotic variables were used to quantitively evaluate the effect of PTT in each case and thus suggest the optimal treatment effect. However, although the temperature range at which apoptosis occurs is known, the maintenance of that temperature range is still under research and the temporal influence of apoptosis remains to be determined.

The Potential Roles of CDO1 and JAM3 Methylation in the Occurrence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

The Potential Roles of CDO1 and JAM3 Methylation in the Occurrence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Study on F9 gene expression downregulation and its clinical value in hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective: To analyze the expression levels of the F9 gene and F9 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma by combining multiple gene chip data, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT qPCR), and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, explore their correlation with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as with various clinical indicators and prognosis. Methods: The mRNA microarray dataset from the GEO database was analyzed to identify the F9 gene with significant expression differences associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver cancer and adjacent tissues were collected from 18 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. RT-qPCR method was used to detect the F9 gene expression level. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the F9 protein level. Combined with the TCGA database information, the correlation between F9 gene expression level and prognostic and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. The biological function of F9 co-expressed genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma was analyzed by the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism software. Results: Meta-analysis results showed that the expression of the F9 gene was lower in HCC tissues than in non-cancerous tissues. Immunohistochemistry results were basically consistent with those of RT-qPCR. The data obtained from TCGA showed that the F9 gene had lower expression values in stages III-IV, T3-T4, and patients with vascular invasion. A total of 127 genes were selected for bioinformatics analysis as co-expressed genes of F9, which were highly enriched in redox processes and metabolic pathways. Conclusion: This study validates that the F9 gene and F9 protein are lower in HCC. The down-regulation of the F9 gene predicts adverse outcomes, which may provide a new therapeutic target for HCC.

Research on Predicting the Occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Notch Signal-Related Genes Using Machine Learning Algorithms.

Hepatocellular carcinoma, a highly malignant tumor, is difficult to diagnose, treat, and predict the prognosis. Notch signaling pathway can affect hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to predict the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma based on Notch signal-related genes using machine learning algorithms. We downloaded hepatocellular carcinoma data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and used machine learning methods to screen the hub Notch signal-related genes. Machine learning classification was used to construct a prediction model for the classification and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cancer. Bioinformatics methods were applied to explore the expression of these hub genes in the hepatocellular carcinoma tumor immune microenvironment. We identified 4 hub genes, namely, LAMA4, POLA2, RAD51, and TYMS, which were used as the final variables, and found that AdaBoostClassifie was the best algorithm for the classification and diagnosis model of hepatocellular carcinoma. The area under curve, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and F1 score of this model in the training set were 0.976, 0.881, 0.877, 0.977, 0.996, 0.500, and 0.932; respectively. The area under curves were 0.934, 0.863, 0.881, 0.886, 0.981, 0.489, and 0.926. The area under curve in the external validation set was 0.934. Immune cell infiltration was related to the expression of 4 hub genes. Patients in the low-risk group of hepatocellular carcinoma were more likely to have an immune escape. The Notch signaling pathway was closely related to the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatocellular carcinoma classification and diagnosis model established based on this had a high degree of reliability and stability.

MiR-3677-3p promotes development and sorafenib resistance of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting FOXM1 ubiquitination.

Being encoded by hepatitis B, hepatitis B X (HBx) protein plays crucial roles in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence, development, and metastasis. miRNAs also function in the progression of hepatitis B-related HCC. Hence, the objective of this study was to explore the impacts of miR-3677-3p on tumor progression and sorafenib resistance in hepatitis B-related HCC and the related underlying mechanisms. Our research revealed that miR-3677-3p and FOXM1 was up-regulated and FBXO31 was down-regulated in HBV+ HCC cells and tumor tissues from nude mice. After miR-3677-3p overexpression, cell proliferative, invasive, and migrating potentials and stemness-related protein (CD133, EpCAM, and OCT4) levels were enhanced, and cell apoptosis was reduced in Huh7 + HBx/SR cells and HepG2.2.15/SR cells. Besides, miR-3677-3p promoted the drug resistance of Huh7 + HBx/SR cells and HepG2.2.15/SR cells to sorafenib and lifted IC50. In vivo experiments, miR-3677-3p down-regulation suppressed the tumor growth in the hepatitis B HCC nude mouse models. Mechanistically, miR-3677-3p targeted and negatively-regulated FBXO31 and FBXO31 could enrich FOXM1 protein. miR-3677-3p down-regulation or FBXO31 overexpression promoted the ubiquitylation of FOXM1. In a word, miR-3677-3p bound to FBXO31 and inhibited FBXO31 expression, thus curtailing the ubiquitylation degradation of FOXM1, contributing to HCC development and sorafenib resistance.

Expression and Significance of MTA2 and CPNE1 in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical significance of MTA2 and CPNE1 proteins in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) typing was performed on cervical cancer tissues. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunochemical EliVision method were used to examine the expressions of MTA2 and CPNE1 in the cervix, and their relationship with clinicopathologic features. We found that it is mainly distributed in these types, namely HPV-16 (23.8%), HPV-18 (20.9%), HPV-53 (17.1%), HPV-52 (15.5%), HPV-82 (11.7%), HPV-56 (10.8%). The expressions of MTA2 and CPNE1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues ( P <0.01). The expressions of MTA2 and CPNE1 were correlated with FIGO stage, degree of differentiation, and lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer ( P <0.05), but not with the patient's age ( P >0.05). The rank correlation coefficient of MTA2 and CPNE1 protein expression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma was 0.668 ( P <0.01), and the 2 expressions were positively correlated. MTA2 and CPNE1 are closely related to the occurrence and development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and may play a synergistic role in the evolution of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Potential role of lnc-METRNL-1 in the occurrence and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03674-0.

Incidence of keratinocyte carcinomas in Italy: an exercise in indirect estimation based on melanoma data.

The occurrence of keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) worldwide appears to be increasing, however, information on the actual incidence of these tumours is often incomplete. The aim of this study was to provide information on the KC/melanoma ratio in order to indirectly estimate the occurrence of KC. Data were collected according to a snowball sampling procedure between Italian dermatologists. Colleagues working on melanoma and non-melanoma units were excluded. These ratios were applied to estimates derived from histopathological records, namely melanoma incidence estimates available from the Italian National Cancer Registry Network. The final estimates for KC incidence were thus obtained using the formula: KC incidence (per 100,000) = melanoma incidence (per 100,000) * (KC/melanoma ratio). Our results revealed a BCC/melanoma ratio of 4.4 and SCC/melanoma ratio of 1.7; values that are approximately 4 to 5 times smaller than those self-reported by dermatologists. Interestingly, this large discrepancy was not observed for the BCC/SCC ratio, which was 2.5 in the north, 2.7 in the centre, and 3.2 in the south of Italy, with an overall value of 2.8. Based on the histopathological data, this ratio was 2.6. In Italy, the actual occurrence of BCC and SCC seems to be vastly underestimated based on histopathological data, compared to data reported by dermatologists.

Esophageal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Presenting After Definitive Chemoradiation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Same Location

ABSTRACT Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma is very rare and highly aggressive. An 85-year-old man with a history of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in remission presented 4 years after definitive chemoradiation with new-onset dysphagia. Endoscopy with biopsy revealed high-grade malignancy consistent with neuroendocrine carcinoma. Treatment options were limited to chemotherapy because of his metastatic disease, and he unfortunately died 14 months after diagnosis. The occurrence of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a site of prior squamous cell carcinoma is very uncommon, and this likely represents a case of radiation-induced malignancy. Therefore, when undergoing radiotherapy, patients and providers should discuss the possibility of this life-threatening complication.

WED-147 - Effect of Tenofovir and Entecavir on occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma depends on duration of antiviral treatment and hierarchical PAGE-B risk score

WED-147 - Effect of Tenofovir and Entecavir on occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma depends on duration of antiviral treatment and hierarchical PAGE-B risk score

Silencing of FAM111B inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatoma cells through activating p53 pathway

BackgroundThe function of Family with sequence similarity 111 member B (FAM111B) has been reported in multiple malignancies, but its involvement in occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. PurposeTo investigate the role of FAM111B in HCC and explore the potential molecular mechanism. MethodsWe examined the mRNA level of FAM111B via qPCR and protein level via immunohistochemistry in human HCC tissues. siRNA was used to construct a FAM111B-knockdown model in HCC cell lines. CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, and wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of FAM111B on proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cell. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, western blotting, and flow cytometry were carried out to find the related molecular mechanism. ResultsHuman HCC tumor tissues exhibited higher expression of FAM111B, and high FAM111B expression was associated with poor prognosis. Vitro assays demonstrated that knockdown of FAM111B greatly repressed proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, silencing of FAM111B significantly resulted in cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and downregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins MMP7 and MMP9 via activation of p53 pathway. ConclusionFAM111B played an essential role in promoting HCC development by regulation of p53 pathway.

KRAS mutations upregulate Runx1 to promote occurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Gene mutations play an important role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) by not only promoting the occurrence and progression of HNSCC but also affecting sensitivity to treatment and prognosis. KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, which has been reported to have a mutation rate from 1.7% to 12.7% and may lead to poor prognosis in HNSCC, but its role remains unclear. Here, we found that the KRAS mutation can promote HNSCC generation through synergism with 4-Nitroquinoline-1-Oxide(4NQO). Mechanistically, KRAS mutations can significantly upregulate Runx1 to promote oral epithelial cell proliferation and migration and inhibit apoptosis. Runx1 inhibitor Ro 5-3335 can effectively inhibit KRAS-mutated HNSCC progression both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that the KRAS mutation plays an important role in HNSCC and that Runx1 may be a novel therapeutic target for KRAS-mutated HNSCC.

EHHADH is a key gene in fatty acid metabolism pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma: a transcriptomic analysis

To explore the driving gene of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence and progression and its potential as new therapeutic target of HCC. The transcriptome and genomic data of 858 HCC tissues and 493 adjacent tissues were obtained from TCGA, GEO, and ICGC databases. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified EHHADH (encoding enoyl-CoA hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) as the hub gene in the significantly enriched differential pathways in HCC. The downregulation of EHHADH expression at the transcriptome level was found to correlate with TP53 mutation based on analysis of the TCGA- HCC dataset, and the mechanism by which TP53 mutation caused EHHADH downregulation was explored through correlation analysis. Analysis of the data from the Metascape database suggested that EHHADH was strongly correlated with the ferroptosis signaling pathway in HCC progression, and to verify this result, immunohistochemical staining was used to examine EHHADH expression in 30 HCC tissues and paired adjacent tissues. All the 3 HCC datasets showed signficnatly lowered EHHADH expression in HCC tissues as compared with the adjacent tissues (P < 0.05) with a close correlation with the degree of hepatocyte de-differentiation (P < 0.01). The somatic landscape of HCC cohort in TCGA dataset showed that HCC patients had the highest genomic TP53 mutation rate. The transcriptomic level of PPARGC1A, the upstream gene of EHHADH, was significantly downregulated in HCC patients with TP53 mutation as compared with those without the mutation (P < 0.05), and was significantly correlated with EHHADH expression level. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that EHHADH expression was significantly correlated with abnormal fatty acid metabolism in HCC. The immunohistochemical results showd that the expression level of EHHADH in HCC tissues was down-regulated, and its expression level was related to the degree of hepatocytes de-differentiation and the process of ferroptosis. TP53 mutations may induce abnormal expression of PPARGC1A to cause downregulation of EHHADH expression in HCC. The low expression of EHHADH is closely associated with aggravation of de-differentiation and ferroptosis escape in HCC tissues, suggesting the potential of EHHADH as a therapeutic target for HCC.

Synchronous Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Ileum and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast: A Rare Case Report

Two or more tumors appearing simultaneously or consecutively in different organs are known as synchronous tumors [1]. Gastrointestinal stormal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms of GIT with an incidence of 1.5/100,000/year [2]. Synchronous occurrence of GIST and breast carcinoma accounted for 7% of all GIST associated cancers [3]. We report a case of malignant GIST of ileum associated with left breast carcinoma in a 56 year old lady, who presented with mass in left breast.

Gender-based cytomorphometric analysis of buccal exfoliated cells in a South Indian population.

To assess differences based on gender in nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio) values for clinically normal buccal smears in apparently healthy subjects of a South Indian population, thereby providing definitive baseline cytomorphometric measurements for the South Indian population. Buccal smears were collected from 60 healthy subjects (30 males and 30 females) of a South Indian population above 18 years in age. Values of the NA and CA were measured, and the N:C ratio calculated, using ImageJ software. Statistical analysis of the data with independent t tests and 95% confidence intervals was done using SPSS version 21 (significance set at P < 0.05). The results showed that there were significant differences in the NA, CA, and N:C values between males and females irrespective of age (P = 0.01). Definitive gender-specific baseline cytomorphometric data can be established using exfoliative cytology for the South Indian population, and this may be helpful in deciphering the occurrence of oral pre-malignant diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma in this population, as the incidence of these conditions varies with gender and different ethnic groups.

Retroperitoneal urothelial carcinoma arising after bladder diverticulectomy: a case report

BackgroundUrothelial carcinoma arises from the inner urothelial membrane of the renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder and often causes macrohematuria. Here, we report a rare case in which the patient developed non-symptomatic urothelial carcinoma anatomically outside the bladder wall 17 years after bladder diverticulectomy.Case presentationAn 82-year-old male patient previously underwent gastrectomy for stomach cancer and partial hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Follow-up computed tomography revealed a tumor in the retroperitoneal space, where a bladder diverticulum was removed 17 years earlier. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging suggested that the tumor was malignant with rectal invasion. Subsequent computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy revealed that the tumor was urothelial carcinoma. The patient underwent two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by pelvic exenteration with pelvic lymph node dissection. He is currently receiving adjuvant therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and has had no recurrence for 3 months.ConclusionsMultiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is a helpful tool for predicting both tumor malignancy and invasion before a pathologically confirmed diagnosis. Although this case is rare, urologists should be aware of the occurrence of urothelial carcinoma after bladder diverticulectomy in cases of incomplete resection of the diverticulum.

Discovering pathway biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and development by dynamic network entropy analysis

ObjectiveGene expression profiling techniques measure the transcription of thousands of genes in a parallel manner. With more and more hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) transcriptomic data becoming available, the high-throughput data provides an unprecedented opportunity to discover HCC diagnostic biomarkers. In this work, we propose a bioinformatics method based on dynamic network entropy analysis, called DNEA, to identify potential pathway biomarkers for HCC occurrence and development by integrating transcriptome and interactome. MethodsWe firstly collect the pathways documented in different knowledge-bases and then impose the genome-wide human transcriptomic data of multistage cancerous tissues during the development and progression of HCC. After linking the gene sets of pathways into individual connected networks, we map the corresponding gene expression information onto these pathways. The dynamic network entropy of individual pathways is calculated to evaluate its activities and dysfunctionalities during the disease occurrence and development. We use the overall significant difference in the entropic dynamics during the time course to prioritize distinctive pathways during disease progression. Then machine learning classification methods are employed to screen out pathway biomarkers with the classification ability to distinguish different-stage samples of HCC progression. ResultsPathway biomarkers discovered based on DNEA demonstrate good classification performance in measuring HCC progression. The classification accuracy is as follows: DNA replication pathway (mean AUC = 0.82, 20 genes) from KEGG, FMLP pathway (mean AUC = 0.84, 14 genes) from BioCarta, and downstream signaling of activated FGFR pathway (mean AUC = 0.80, 15 genes) from Reactome. At the same time, previous studies have shown that these genes and pathways screened are closely related to the occurrence and development of HCC in terms of oncogenesis dysfunctions. ConclusionsOur method for cancer biomarker discovery based on dynamic network entropy analysis is effective and efficient in identifying pathway biomarkers related to the progression of complex diseases.