Industrial Occupations Research Articles

User Preferences for Accessing Publically Available Turfgrass Cultivar Performance Data

Identifying sources of turfgrass cultivar performance data can be difficult for many consumers. Currently, the best source for data of this type is the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP). Unfortunately, these data are made public in a format that is not readily usable for most consumers. Ideally, turfgrass cultivar data would be available in an easily accessible database. We conducted an online survey to investigate user preferences for accessing publically available turfgrass performance data in the United States. We found users desire a turfgrass cultivar performance database that allows for the identification of cultivars best adapted and tolerant to environmental stresses. The information on turfgrass mixtures and blends is also important to most users. Users’ sociodemographic backgrounds, such as gender, education, occupation, and experience in the turf industry, affected their attitudes toward information provided in the turfgrass database. Turfgrass consumers need the new database to provide information on identifying turfgrass options that are resource efficient and endophyte resistant. Turfgrass breeders, researchers, and extension specialists use the turfgrass database to compare different turfgrasses cultivars to do further analysis. The results of this study provide important implications on how an updated turfgrass cultivar performance database and platform can fulfill the different needs of turfgrass researchers, extension personnel, breeders, and stakeholders.

The occupational illness of slum dwellers across industries: A case study in West Bengal

Better livelihood of the slum dwellers necessitates analyzing the health status of the primary industrial earners upon whom the needs of the whole family rely. Studies concerned with the slum dwellers lack in addressing the occupational health of their primary earners who opt for various risky industrial occupations. The present study makes an empirical attempt in understanding the nature and extent of their occupational illness across the industries. The industries in the present study are categorized into four types, viz., civil and mechanical, textile, consumable items, and chemical. A multi-stage random sampling technique is used to collect the primary data from 320 industrial workers living in the slums of the Indian state West Bengal through face to face interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The determinants of the nature of occupational illness are analyzed with an ordered Logit model. The chronic illness like respiratory diseases are prevalent among the workers of jute textile industries, and musculoskeletal disorders are found mostly among the workers of small garment and consumable items industries. The prevalence of occupational injuries is common among the workers of the civil-mechanical and chemical industries. The difference in the Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure (OOPE) between doctor's consultation and consumption of Over the Counter (OTC) drugs of the industrial workers might prevent the workers from having a doctor's consultation in the long run. The provision and implementation of proper health scheme based on the exposure to health risks of the primary earners of slum household in the industries are suggested.

Whether the industrial workers of slums have access to job insurance?

Purpose Securing a job in an industry is a boon for most of the slum dwellers. When the primary earner of a slum household suffers from occupational illness and injuries, without insurance coverage or partial coverage of insurance, this boon may become a curse in the long run. The occupational security and safety along with the fact that whether such workers are insured is an important aspect and has a close link with the expenditure on illness. Thus, the accessibility to employees’ insurance in the risky industrial occupation, particularly for slum dwellers, is crucial to protect them from falling into poverty. Studies on occupational health of the poor workers are either limited to informal sectors or remain industry specific and the analysis of their accessibility to job insurance is rarely done. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The research questions are framed to analyze the types of insurance accessible to workers across various industries; the accessibility to insurance, however, varying across risk intensities of various industries; and the determinants of insurance accessibility of the industrial workers living in slums. The determinants of accessibility of job insurance are analyzed with a binary Logit model. A multi-stage random sampling technique is used to collect the primary data from 320 industrial workers living in the slums of the Indian state of West Bengal. Findings The industrial workers, irrespective of the types of industries, are exposed to a high-risk category without proper job insurance. The higher industrial income is not adequate to prevent financial hardships. Access to insurance is more likely for the respondents with job tenure of more than two years and less likely for the workers who are working for more than eight hours per day. Social implications This study provides a significant insight to the policymakers concerning health dynamics of the slum dwellers, which can improve their livelihood. Originality/value The analysis of the industry-specific risk intensities with accessibility to insurance contributes to understanding the coverage of the insurance scheme for the workers in slums.

Developing Collaboration Quality Indicators for Major Incidents in an Underground Mine

Introduction:The underground mining industry has one of the most hazardous industrial occupations, and requires an increased level of preparedness for injury incidents. The most important outcome for seriously injured victims is the reduction in morbidity and mortality. Receiving effective and timely care may mean the difference between life and death. However, mines are usually located in a rural area and the incident site may be deep underground which makes it an extraordinary challenge for the rescue services. A successful rescue response in an extraordinary milieu demands a high level of inter-organizational cooperation skills at the incident site.Aim:To analyze statements of collaborate activities during a major incident exercise in the underground mine industry, essentially for patient outcome.Methods:A Delphi technique was performed, asking opinions from experts in iterative rounds to generate, understand, and form consensus on group opinion around this complex issue. The experts were personnel from disaster medicine (n=3), emergency and prehospital medicine (n=10), rescue service (n=16), and mine industry (n=9), all with operative command positions.Results:Three iterative rounds were performed. The first round was conducted as a workshop to collect opinions about the most important inter-organization cooperation activities to optimize patient outcome from an injury incident in an underground mine. This resulted in 63 statements. The statements included information about: early alarm routines, collaborative support and efforts of early life-saving interventions, relevant resources and equipment, command and control room, and functions. In round two participants shared and communicated decisions about safety, situation awareness, and guidelines for response. All statements reached consensus among the experts in round three.Discussion:These inter-organizational statements are considered important by experts, and could be used to evaluate collaboration in major incident exercises. Hence, the statements can also be quality indicators for reporting results from major incident management.

Skill concentration and persistence in Brazil

ABSTRACT This paper links the past and present regional concentration of skills using the spatial distributions of occupations from the Brazilian censuses of 1872, 1920 and 2010. The data indicate that the concentration of top skills is highly persistent. Multivariate regressions show that regions with a high concentration of industrial and liberal occupations in the past have a high concentration of interpersonal, analytical and cognitive skills today. Moreover, it is observed that skill persistence seems to be positively related to market size. Controlling for natural advantages, the dependence on slave labour and immigration in the past does not undermine the relevance of the historical skill distribution.

Transportation Safety Planning Approach for Pedestrians: An Integrated Framework of Modeling Walking Duration and Pedestrian Fatalities

Multiple approaches have been proposed to take traffic safety into consideration in long-term transportation plans, referred to as transportation safety planning. Some early studies used trip generation data as the explanatory variables for their macro-level crash safety performance functions, or crash prediction models. However, no study to date has attempted to integrate walking exposure and pedestrian safety at the modeling stage. Thus, a novel methodological framework for integrating the analyses of walking exposure and pedestrian crashes is proposed toward better transportation safety planning for pedestrians. In comparison with walking trips and walking miles, walking hours was identified as the best walking exposure variable by a preliminary analysis. Thus, an integrated modeling structure with walking hours as its exposure variable was developed. The modeling results indicate that climate conditions, population, and car usage patterns affect walking hours, and predicted walking hours, climate conditions, percentage of mid-elderly (64–75 years), proportions of minority race/ethnicity, and percent of tertiary industry occupations have significant effects on pedestrian fatalities. In addition, the integrated modeling framework was compared with non-integrated ones, and the results indicate that the integrated framework outperforms its counterparts in relation to deviance information criterion. The proposed approach and the findings from this study are expected to provide useful insights not only to researchers but also to policy makers and practitioners in the fields of transportation planning and traffic safety.

Carcinogenic risk assessment in aircraft construction workers

Individual carcinogenic risk (ICR) was assessed in workers of main occupations in aircraft construction industry of East Siberia. Levels of ICR were evaluated for the main occupations workers during 1 to 30 years of service. Th e workers’ exposure was assessed according to longstanding average shift concentrations in the air of workplace, for the population — by average annual concentrations in the ambient air. To evaluate the risk not associated with occupation, the dose was taken for a period of 70 years life. Calculating dose of toxic chemicals in the air of workplace, the authors used “standard” parameters of pulmonary ventilation for adults, weight, days of exposure (240), working time (8 hours as a working day). Individual carcinogenic risk for Irkutsk population equaled 3.0E–04, in Ulan-Ude — 4.8E–04. Th e risk value for the general population is due to formaldehyde and chromium VI. Th e workers of main occupations in enterprises with carcinogenic jeopardy have ICR dozens of times higher than the general urban population. Considering a share in ICR, leading carcinogens for the aircraft construction enterprise workers are: formaldehyde — vulcanizers, chromium and nickel — for other occupations. ICR is considered as unacceptable for occupational groups in 5–15 years aft er starting work under hazardous conditions. Despite high level of ICR, the occupational control incompletely covers monitoring of carcinogens. Existing system of occupational studies fails to disclose etiologic role of occupational factors in occurrence of malignancies.

WHO/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: Protocol for systematic reviews of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and of the effect of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing a joint methodology for estimating the national and global work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO joint methodology), with contributions from a large network of experts. In this paper, we present the protocol for two systematic reviews of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (or keratinocyte carcinoma) from occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, to inform the development of the WHO/ILO joint methodology. ObjectivesWe aim to systematically review studies on occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (Systematic Review 1) and systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (Systematic Review 2), applying the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology as an organizing framework and conducting both systematic reviews in tandem and in a harmonized way. Data sourcesSeparately for Systematic Reviews 1 and 2, we will search electronic academic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Ovid Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. We will also search electronic grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand-search reference list of previous systematic reviews and included study records and consult additional experts. Study eligibility and criteriaWe will include working-age (≥15 years) workers in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State, but exclude children (<15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. For Systematic Review 1, we will include quantitative studies on the prevalence of relevant levels of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (i.e. <0.33 SED/d and ≥0.33 SED/d) and of the total working time spent outdoors, stratified by country, sex, age and industrial sector or occupation, in the years 1960 to 2018. For Systematic Review 2, we will include randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the effect of any occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (i.e., ≥0.33 SED/d) on the prevalence of, incidence of or mortality due to melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, compared with the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (i.e. <0.33 SED/d). Study appraisal and synthesis methodsAt least two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. At least two review authors will assess the risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the most suited tools currently available. For Systematic Review 2, if feasible, we will combine relative risks using meta-analysis. We will report results using the guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) for Systematic Review 1 and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) for Systematic Review 2. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018094817.

Automation and Job Polarization: On the Decline of Middling Occupations in Europe

AbstractUsing data from 10 Western European countries, I provide evidence that the fall in prices of information technologies (IT) is associated with a lower share of employment in middle‐wage occupations and a higher share of employment in high wage occupations in industries which depend more on IT relative to industries which depend less. Similar results hold within gender and age groups, with notable differences in these groups. For instance, the share of employment in high wage occupations among males has increased less than among females with the fall in IT prices.

WHO/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: Protocol for systematic reviews of exposure to occupational noise and of the effect of exposure to occupational noise on cardiovascular disease

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing a joint methodology for estimating the national and global work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO joint methodology), with contributions from a large network of experts. In this paper, we present the protocol for two systematic reviews of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from cardiovascular disease attributable to exposure to occupational noise, to inform the development of the WHO/ILO joint methodology. ObjectivesWe aim to systematically review studies on exposure to occupational noise (Systematic Review 1) and systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of occupational noise on cardiovascular diseases (Systematic Review 2), applying the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology as an organizing framework, conducting both systematic reviews in tandem and in a harmonized way. Data sourcesSeparately for Systematic Reviews 1 and 2, we will search electronic academic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and CISDOC. We will also search electronic grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand search reference list of previous systematic reviews and included study records; and consult additional experts. Study eligibility and criteriaWe will include working-age (≥15 years) workers in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State, but exclude children (<15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. The eligible risk factor will be occupational noise. Eligible outcomes will be hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, endocarditis and other circulatory diseases. For Systematic Review 1, we will include quantitative prevalence studies of exposure to occupational noise (i.e., low: <85 dB(A) and high: ≥85 dB(A)) stratified by country, sex, age and industrial sector or occupation. For Systematic Review 2, we will include randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the relative effect of high exposure to occupational noise on the prevalence of, incidence of or mortality due to cardiovascular disease, compared with the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (i.e., low exposure). Study appraisal and synthesis methodsAt least two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. At least two review authors will assess risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the most suited tools currently available. For Systematic Review 2, if feasible, we will combine relative risks using meta-analysis. We will report results using the guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) for Systematic Review 1 and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) for Systematic Review 2.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018092272.

Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health.

Manganese is an essential dietary element that functions primarily as a coenzyme in several biological processes. These processes include, but are not limited to, macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, free radical defense systems, and in the brain, ammonia clearance and neurotransmitter synthesis. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes, and is found in all tissues. Concentrated levels of Mn are found in tissues rich in mitochondria and melanin, with both, liver, and pancreas having the highest concentrations under normal conditions. However, overexposure to environmental Mn via industrial occupation or contaminated drinking water can lead to toxic brain Mn accumulation that has been associated with neurological impairment. The objective of this chapter is to address the biological importance of Mn (essentiality), routes of exposure, factors dictating Mn status, a brief discussion of Mn neurotoxicity, and proposed methods for neurotoxicity remediation.

WHO/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: Protocol for systematic reviews of exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors and of the effect of exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors on osteoarthritis of hip or knee and selected other musculoskeletal diseases

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing a joint methodology for estimating the national and global work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO joint methodology), with contributions from a large network of experts. In this paper, we present the protocol for two systematic reviews of parameters for estimating the number of disability-adjusted life years from osteoarthritis of hip or knee, and selected other musculoskeletal diseases respectively, attributable to exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors to inform the development of the WHO/ILO joint methodology. ObjectivesWe aim to systematically review studies on exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors (Systematic Review 1) and systematically review and meta-analyze estimates of the effect of exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors on osteoarthritis of the hip or knee, and selected other musculoskeletal diseases respectively (Systematic Review 2), applying the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology as an organizing framework, conducting both systematic reviews in tandem and in a harmonized way. Data sourcesSeparately for Systematic Reviews 1 and 2, we will search electronic academic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and CISDOC. We will also search electronic grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand-search reference lists of previous systematic reviews and included study records; and consult additional experts. Study eligibility and criteriaWe will include working-age (≥15 years) workers in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State, but exclude children (<15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. The included occupational ergonomic risk factors will be any exposure to one or more of: force exertion; demanding posture; repetitiveness; hand-arm vibration; lifting; kneeling and/or squatting; and climbing. Included outcomes will be (i) osteoarthritis and (ii) other musculoskeletal diseases (i.e., one or more of: rotator cuff syndrome; bicipital tendinitis; calcific tendinitis; shoulder impingement; bursitis shoulder; epicondylitis medialis; epicondylitis lateralis; bursitis elbow; bursitis hip; chondromalacia patellae; meniscus disorders; and/or bursitis knee). For Systematic Review 1, we will include quantitative prevalence studies of any exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors stratified by country, gender, age and industrial sector or occupation. For Systematic Review 2, we will include randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control-studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the relative effect of any exposure with occupational ergonomic risk factors on the prevalence or incidence of osteoarthritis and/or selected musculoskeletal diseases, compared with the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (i.e., no exposure). Study appraisal and synthesis methodsAt least two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. At least two review authors will assess risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the most suited tools currently available. For Systematic Review 2, if feasible, we will combine relative risks using meta-analysis. We will report results using the guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) for Systematic Review 1 and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) for Systematic Review 2.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018102631.

The Effect, as Shown by Statistics, of British Statutory Regulations Directed to the Improvement of the Hygienic Conditions of Industrial Occupations

The Effect, as Shown by Statistics, of British Statutory Regulations Directed to the Improvement of the Hygienic Conditions of Industrial Occupations

Representation of Industry in Introductory Biology Textbooks: A Missed Opportunity to Advance STEM Learning.

The majority of students who enroll in undergraduate biology courses will eventually be employed in non-STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) business occupations. This work explores how representations of industry in undergraduate biology textbooks could impact STEM learning for these students and their ability to apply this learning in their chosen work. We used text analysis to identify passages with references to industry in 29 textbooks. Each passage was categorized for relevance to health or environment, for implied positive or negative connotations, and for descriptions of synergy or conflict between science and industry. We found few passages describing applications of STEM learning in non-STEM business occupations and a paucity of content to support context-based learning for students aiming at business careers. A significant number of passages embodied negative connotations regarding industry. Notable passages highlighted irregular or fraudulent business practices or included simplistic caricatures of business practice. We discuss how the representation of industry in these textbooks may impact student engagement, context-based learning, the ability of students to critically apply STEM learning in industry or business occupations, and heuristics that guide intuitive perceptions about the intersection between science and industry.

Towards Identification of New Tourism Industry Occupations for Curricula Development of Egyptian Tourism and Hospitality Higher Education

Recently, curricula development is one of the most significant aspects in education reform with special focus on its link with the labor market. The research is addressing this link pertaining to the newly emerged occupations that are considered new trends in the international tourism field and regarded as new potentials in the Egyptian tourism labour market that also needed by employers. This research is aiming at identifying these top priorities new occupations and prepare a formulated diagram for linking them with curricula development in tourism and hotels colleges and high institutes. A pilot study has been done with selected academics and tourism market experts to identify the Egyptian labour market needs for new occupations. The field survey has utilized an interview with 13 authorized persons working in governmental and authorized associations related to tourism industry, as well as a questionnaire with 50 trade people working in the Egyptian tourism market within four tourist destinations: Cairo, Sharm El Sheikh, Luxor, Aswan and Hurghada. The main objectives of interview and questionnaire are to stress on the Egyptian labour market needs acknowledged by the pilot study and consequently identify the new occupations. Field survey’s results concluded that there are seven new occupations represent the urgent needs of the labor market in both inbound services and hotel management sub-sectors. Analysis of both interview and questionnaire has been employed as guidelines for structuring a suggested diagram linking new occupations with curricula development. Finally, it recommended that this proposed diagram is submitted to one of the curricula development and/or education reform authorized organizations for adoption, development and deployment.

Japanese occupation in Tongyeong penetration Najeon Chilgi Industry of Japanese

Japanese occupation in Tongyeong penetration Najeon Chilgi Industry of Japanese

Embracing The Grind: Why We Chose Higher Education Administration; Maybe You Should Too

Newspapers, broadcast agencies, and social media outlets frequently feature stories about higher education administrators who are terminated, forced to resign, or otherwise removed from their posts. While the events are based in reality, many across the nation, especially the public, faculty and students, might develop a very negative view of what it means to be a leader in higher education administration. Yet, higher education administration could be one of the most rewarding and growth-contributing careers for many. This panel consists of faculty from various universities who made the selfless choice to serve in challenging administrative roles. They will share their experiences; good, bad, and in-between. Discussions will include lessons learned and how to prepare for these positions, with applications to those with academic experience and those who may come from government or industry occupations that afford a degree skills and knowledge transfer to academia. Information will be provided about work-life balance as well.

A Measure of Interdependence: Skill in the Supply Chain

Economic development strategies often target high-skill and high-wage industries and occupations, but the relationship between skills and wages is uneven and complicated. This study offers a skill-centered, industry-level overview of this uneven landscape. Familiar data sources (input–output tables, industry–occupation matrices, and occupational skill profiles) are used to analyze skill demand across the U.S. automotive cluster. The author shows that the automotive industry depends on the high-level manufacturing skills of intermediate goods suppliers and highlights that the lower wages in these and lower-tier supply sectors may impede skill regeneration and upgrading. Economic and workforce development practitioners can use this analysis to begin or reinvigorate skill-centric conversations with employers in high- and low-skill sectors. Industry leaders can use it to demonstrate the extent to which larger firms rely on the skills of their supply network and to motivate investments in skill development across the supply chain.

Evironmental evaluation of the middle São Francisco River basin between Três Marias and Pirapora, using chemical and geophysical investigation in sediment profiles from selected marginal lagoons

The industrial, farming and housing occupation of the upper to middle San Francisco basin is getting stronger, resulting in an increase of the environmental impact. Marginal lagoons, which are important support for wildlife and water supply are invaded during the flooding of the river and filled with material. The aim of this study was to characterize the particle size distribution, chemical and mineral development shown in the profiles of these marginal lagoons and correlate with the environmental evolution and impacts. Granulometric and geophysical studies were carried out using combined sieves, GPR, total chemical analysis by FRX and sequential leaching analyses by ICP-OES. The granulometric and mineralogical results showed a predominance of silt, alternating with sandy layers, indicating the annual and seasonal energy evolution and depositional source. Investigations with GPR show horizontal sets formed by the change of energy deposition. Selected elements (Ni, Zn, Co, As, Pb, Cu) showed a continue enrichment with higher concentration on the surface. All elements concentrations are related to the clay/silt fraction, thus allowing the use of this fraction for the investigation of the impact assessment. Cromium is related to sandy layers indicating its correlation with the mineral content. The positive correlation between Ni, Zn and Pb indicate industrial influence (refinement of Zn, heavy industry) the correlation Cu, Ni, Co and As may derive from the use of agro products. The elements Pb, Zn and Cu presented at the top of the profiles concentrations above legislation limits.

Job retention among older workers in central and Eastern Europe

ABSTRACTWe study job retention rates – the shares of workers who continue to work in the same job over the next five years – in Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Job retention among older workers is key to prolonging careers and increasing employment of older people which in turn is a crucial challenge for these countries. We find that the retention rates among workers aged 55–59 are low and amount to about a half of the retention rates among prime aged workers. Only in Poland the retention rates of older workers have increased for both men and women between 1998 and 2013. The individuals least likely to retain jobs after the age of 60 were women, those with lower education, working in industry, in medium or low-skilled occupations, and those living with a non-working partner. The policies aimed at encouraging job retention in Central and Eastern Europe should focus on these groups of workers.