Occupational Mobility Survey Research Articles

Institutional stratification and its effects on wages of higher education graduates in Germany and South Korea

ABSTRACTThis study analyses the effects of institutional stratification in higher education systems on graduates’ wages in engineering fields in Germany and Korea. We use survey data from the Korean 2013 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) and the German 2013 Graduate Survey Cooperation Project (KOAB). For Korea, where the higher education system is hierarchically stratified by reputation, the study found clear effects of institutional stratification on graduates’ wages. For Germany, where the higher education system is primarily stratified horizontally by type of university and only lightly stratified hierarchically by reputation (although strategic networks are gradually changing this situation), the study found weak effects of institutional stratification on graduates’ wages. The study concludes that institutional stratification affects wages across different higher education systems, although to different degrees.

Correlation between Individual Ability and NEET Probability: An Analysis of the College Graduates

국제적으로 볼 때 한국은 청년 니트(NEET) 비율이 다른 OECD 국가들에 비해 높은 수준이며, 특히 대학 이상의 학력을 가진 고학력 계층에서 니트 비율이 심각하게 높은 상황이다. 본 논문에서는 왜 이처럼 대학 이상 고학력 청년층에서 니트 비율이 높은지 그 원인을 파악하기 위해 한국고용정보원에서 조사하는 ‘대졸자직업이동경로조사’ 자료를 분석하였다. 우선 어떤 특성을 가진 청년일수록 니트가 될 확률이 높아지는지 결정요인에 대해 분석한 결과, 가정환경이 여유로운지 여부는 니트 확률에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 개인의 능력과 니트 확률 간에는 뚜렷한 마이너스 상관성이 확인되었다. 다음으로 대학을 졸업한 후 1년 6개월이 지난 1차조사 시점과 이로부터 2년 후인 3년 6개월이 지난 2차조사 시점 간 청년층의 경제활동상태의 변화 양상을 추적한 결과, 이 기간 동안 니트 비율은 거의 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 1차조사에서 니트 상태에 있던 그룹과 2차조사에서 새롭게 니트 상태로 변화한 그룹 간에는 능력과 관련된 대부분의 변수들이 유의한 차별성을 보이지 않았다. 졸업 후 초기에 취업해 있더라도 능력이 낮은 사람을 중심으로 다시 니트로 변화하는 경향성이 존재함을 보여준다. 단순히 이들을 취업으로 유도한다고 해서 니트 문제가 해결되기는 어렵다는 사실을 본 논문의 분석 결과는 시사해준다.Internationally, Korea has a higher NEET rate than other OECD countries, especially in the highly educated youth with college or higher education level. In this paper, I analyze the GOMS(Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey) data collected by Korea Employment Information Service to find out why NEET rate is high in Korean college graduates. The result of analysis on the determinants of the NEET probability shows that the variables related to family backgrounds have no significant effects on the probability of becoming a NEET. On the other hand, there is a clear negative correlation between individual ability and NEET probability. Next, I analyze the changes in the economic status of college graduates between the first survey (one year and six months after college graduation) and the second survey (three years and six months after college graduation). The NEET ratios in both surveys are nearly similar. In addition, most of the variables related to individual abilities do not show any significant difference between the NEET group in the first survey and the new NEET group in the second survey. This shows that there is a tendency to become a NEET again, especially for college graduates with low ability, even if they are employed early after graduation. The results of this study suggest that NEET problems can not be solved simply by inducing them to work .immediately after graduation.

The effect of labour market polarization on university students’ job market‐related outcomes in the Republic of Korea: Implications for youth unemployment

AbstractThis article aims to assess the effect of the labour market environment on university students’ labour market‐related behaviour in the Republic of Korea. Using data from the country's Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey for 2005–13, the author estimates the effect of macroeconomic variables on university students’ job market‐related outcomes. Results indicate that labour market polarization, as measured by the labour market polarization index developed by Chung and Jung (2016), has a significant effect on both the nominal and masked (through extension of university enrolment and university transfers) unemployment of university students. These findings imply that the labour market structure is a key element in understanding youth unemployment.

대졸 청년의 공무원 시험 준비 및 합격에 나타난 계층수준과 교육성취의 효과

본 연구는 대졸자직업이동경로조사(GOMS) 2007~2016 자료를 활용해 대졸 청년들의 공무원 시험 준비와 합격에 나타나는 계층수준과 교육성취의 효과를 분석했다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 전반적인 공무원 시험 준비는 하층수준에서 많이 나타나고 있으나, 높은 경제적 보상을 특징으로 하는 5급 공무원 시험의 경우 상층의 준비 경향이 높게 나타났다. 교육성취에서도 낮은 교육성취 집단이 전반적으로 공무원 시험 준비를 더 많이 하고 있으나, 5급 공무원 시험의 경우 최상위대학의 준비가 두드러졌다. 공무원시험 합격에서는 계층수준과 교육성취가 높을수록 모든 공무원 시험에서 일관되게 합격 경향이 높게 나타났다. 공무원 시험은 선발시험이라는 그 능력주의적 특성으로 인해 ‘기회의 평등’과 ‘공정한 경쟁’을 담보하는 제도로 여겨지지만 그 내부의 기회구조는 사회경제적 자원에 따라 차등적으로 배분되고 있다. 이러한 결과는 계층과 교육성취에서 상대적으로 열위에 있는 청년층에게 공무원 시험이 더욱 강한 유인을 갖지만, 실제는 또 다른 계층 재생산의 경로로 작동할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Why newly graduated nurses in South Korea leave their first job in a short time? A survival analysis

BackgroundSouth Korea is one of the countries with a very low percentage of active nurses among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Although the number of nurses has increased steadily, the number of active nurses has not increased more than expected due to continued turnover.MethodsThis study used data of a longitudinal panel of Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) and performed survival analysis to determine the turnover rate of nurses and the average time of turnover.ResultsThe turnover rate was the highest at 25% within first year and 50% of nurses left their first job during the study period. The hospital size and salary levels were major factors that affected the turnover rate, with small-scale hospitals and extremely low salary levels having the highest turnover. Dissatisfaction with the organization and dissatisfaction with the profession also directly impacted job turnover. Turnover rate of male nurses was higher than that of female nurses.ConclusionTurnover of newly graduated nurses is highly inefficient personnel management. A strategy for reducing the turnover is needed.

Exploring the factors of pursuing a master’s degree in South Korea

The aim of this study is to explore the various factors involved in pursuing a master’s degree for university graduates in South Korea. After reviewing theoretical frameworks, including human and social capital theories, an analytical model was constructed to examine the different academic and economic factors involved in pursuing a master’s degree, considering different institutional backgrounds. The data used were collected from the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey conducted by the Korean Employment Information Service. We obtained the data from 11,960 respondents who graduated from university in 2013. Descriptive statistics and logistics regression were used in the analysis. The results show that gender, age and family socioeconomic status affected students’ decision to pursue a master’s degree. In addition, academic background factors, such as discipline, satisfaction with undergraduate study and intrinsic motivation for the choice of major, had positive effects on enrolment in master’s degrees. However, active participation in the job search process during undergraduate study had negative effects on the decision. Students in research universities in major cities were more likely to pursue a master’s degree than those in teaching-oriented universities in local provinces. This study has implications for the motivations, demands and career paths of postgraduate students taking master’s degrees.

An Empirical Study on the Influence of Possibility to Acquire Permanent Position through Level of Education, Skill Level, and Major Match in Corporate Internship Participants

This study shed light on the upcoming new trend of internship, which now consider as a gateway to hold a full-time employment in Korea. This paper employed data from undergraduate students' career movement statistics(GOMS: Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey) by Korea Employment Information Service to analyze influence of youth internship's performance by measuring the conformity level based on the nature of work to education background, skill set, and college major as main independent variables. Descriptively, higher the conformity level of education background, skill set, and college major to nature of job duty which internship takes place, greater the possibility of being hired as a full-time. Among the three variables, skill set was most dominant factor. In addition to finding out significant variables that led to full-time employment, authors here looked closely to the types of internship participation, which result showed that small business internship and corporate internship have higher permanent position conversion rate than participating in public sectors. The limitations and implications of these findings for future research and practice are discussed.

Vertical and horizontal mismatches and career mobility: evidence from female college graduates

Using panel data from the 2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, this paper estimates the incidence and impact of horizontal and vertical mismatches on labour mobility among Korean female college graduates at the early stages of their careers. Unlike most previous studies, this study proposes three types of educational mismatch status: (1) vertically mismatched only; (2) horizontally mismatched only; and (3) both vertically and horizontally mismatched. The findings show that the share of educationally mismatched workers is non‐negligible in the Korean labour market (approximately 30 per cent). However, the data also points to an improvement in job matching over time. Regardless of the type of educational mismatch, the results provide evidence consistent with many previous studies: educational mismatch is significantly and positively associated with job turnover. In particular, vertically and horizontally mismatched workers are more likely to switch jobs than their vertically or horizontally mismatched counterparts. These findings indicate that educationally mismatched graduates are more likely to change jobs—suggesting that educational mismatch can be viewed as an investment in human capital at the beginning of a career.

The Effect of Undergraduate Student Graduation Delay on Labor Market Performance

최근 심각한 청년실업난 속에서 졸업을 미루는 대학생이 급증하고 있다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 대학생들이 취업준비를 위해 선택한 졸업유예가 취업 여부 및 임금에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 하는 데 있다. 분석에는 한국고용정보원에서 제공하는 대졸자 직업이동 경로조사(GOMS) 2014년 자료를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 분석 대상은 약 12,000여 명의 4년제 대학 졸업자이고, 경향점수매칭(propensity score matching)을 활용하여 졸업유예 선택에서 나타나는 내생성(endogeneity) 문제를 제거한 뒤 최종 분석에 활용한 표본의 수는 2,888명이다. 특히, 본 연구는 임금이 취업한 사람들에게만 관측된다는 특성을 고려하여 Heckman(1979)의 2단계 표본 선택 모형(two-step sample selection model)으로 졸업유예의 효과를 확인하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 첫째, 졸업유예를 선택 한 학생과 선택하지 않은 학생 간 인구학적 특성에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 졸업유예에 대한 자기선택 편의를 제거한 후 졸업유예의 효과를 분석한 결과, 졸업유예 경험이 있는 학생들이 그렇지 않은 학생들에 비해 취업할 확률도 높고, 취업할 경우 임금도 더 높은 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 학생들이 노동시장에 적기에 진입할 수 있도록 대학이 보다 현장 적합성 높은 교육을 제공하고 졸업 요건 등을 제도적으로 보완하여 졸업유예로 인한 사회적 비용을 줄일 필요성이 있음을 반증하고 있다.A growing number of university students are delaying graduation amid a tough job market. As an exploratory endeavor, this study examined the impact of undergraduate students graduation delay on labor market performance, getting employment and the degree of wage. Data were from Korea Employment Information Service s Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey(GOMS) 2014. This study particularly tried to control sample selection bias by employing propensity score matching techniques with Heckman‘s sample selection model. The result of the present study showed that the delay of university students graduation has a positive significant influence on employment probability and wage, even after controlling for covariates. Some useful policy implications were suggested for an effective school to work transition.

A Study on Major Satisfaction, Career Exploration Behavior and Employment Preparation Behavior of College Graduates For Tourism Majors

This research was designed to compare and analyze career exploration behavior, employment preparation behavior of university graduates who majored in tourism-related studies and those of who majored in other studies by using the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey 2014 (GOMS 2014). In the research, firstly, we re-categorized the categories of the tourism departments originally divided by the Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI). Based on the analysis, we found that errors are being made in measuring the employment rate of university graduates who majored in tourism-related studies. A standardized classification system is needed to improve reliability in researches targeting tourism-related departments in the future. Secondly, comparing with university graduates who majored in non-tourism departments, university graduates who majored in tourism-related studies showed a higher employee turnover rate. Further researches need to be made in the future to find out reasons for university graduates who majored in tourism-studies why they regard the future of tourism industry as negative, especially for those majored tourism studies from 4-year universities who show high employment rate.

Geographic Mobility and Related Factors among Newly Graduated Nurses

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the mobility of newly graduated nurses from regions where their nursing schools were located to regions where they took up their first jobs, and to identify factors influencing nurses' mobility. Methods: Data from the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, collected annually from 2010 to 2014 by the Korea Employment Information Service, were analyzed. The sample consisted of 1,488 graduates and 1,229 nurses who were employed on a full-time basis in hospitals. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with geographic mobility. Results: Among the nurses working in hospitals, 69.2% had their first jobs in their nursing school regions and 11.3% in their high school regions. Fifty-two percent of the nurses worked in the capital region; 47.2% thereof had moved from a non-capital region. Nurses were more likely to work in their nursing school region when they were female, were older, graduated from a high school located in their nursing school region, graduated from a college (vs. university), had a lower nursing school performance, and expected lower monthly wage, compared with those who left their nursing school region. Conclusion: Education and remuneration policies are required to reduce geographical mobility to the capital region.

The effects of longer commutes, unsolicited job offers, and working in the Seoul metropolitan area on the turnover intentions of Korean employees

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the importance of commuting time in the turnover intentions of Korean employees. This study also examines the impact of unsolicited job offers and working in the Seoul metropolitan area to elucidate the role of commuting time in determining turnover intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe present study used two waves of the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, a large-scale survey of Korean employees. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to test the research model on 11,469 and 11,587 Korean employees in 2012 and 2013, respectively.FindingsThe commuting time increases turnover intentions, as do unsolicited job offers and working in the Seoul metropolitan area. Unsolicited job offers increase the turnover intentions of Korean employees more when they suffer from longer commutes, especially if they work in the Seoul metropolitan region.Research limitations/implicationsThe study highlights the role of commuting time as resource loss that diminishes employees’ ability to cope with their job demands, which can be a predictive variable for turnover intentions. This study also considers unsolicited job offers and the Seoul metropolitan area as increasing ease of movement, elucidating the process through which commuting time is related to turnover intentions.Originality/valueThe present study adopts the resource conservation and ease-of-movement concepts to increase the understanding of the complexity of commuting time in determining turnover intentions.

THE WAGE EFFECTS OF OVER-EDUCATION AMONG YOUNG STEM GRADUATES

Using data from the 2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, this paper examines the wage effects of over-education (OE) among graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines at the early stage of their careers. In the pooled OLS analysis, the negative correlation between OE and wages remains even if we were to estimate an augmented specification where OE is disaggregated according to perceived skill mismatch. However, the pooled OLS estimates are changed dramatically when we control for unobserved individual heterogeneity (i.e., ability) using the panel FE estimation procedure; namely, reduced coefficients in the wage equation compared to pooled OLS estimation.

Predictors of Turnover among New Nurses using Multilevel Survival Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing new graduate nurse turnover. This study was carried out as a secondary analysis of data from the 2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS). A total of 323 nurses were selected for analysis concerning reasons for turnover. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multilevel survival analysis. About 24.5% of new nurses left their first job within 1 year of starting their jobs. Significant predictors of turnover among new nurse were job status, monthly income, job satisfaction, the number of hospitals in region, and the number of nurses per 100 beds. New graduate nurses are vulnerable to turnover. In order to achieve the best health of the nation, policy approaches and further studies regarding reducing new graduate nurse turnover are needed.

Over-Education and Job Mobility among Young Korean Female Graduates

Using data from the 2009 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) covering Korean female graduates making their transition from college to labor market, this paper examines the incidence and the effects of over-education on job mobility. Contrary to most prior research in the literature, this study considered individual heterogeneity in perceived skills mismatch to measure education-job mismatch. In regard to the prevalence of over-education, the conventional measure based on the assumption of workers’ homogeneity in skills clearly overestimates over-education. As for the effects of being over-educated on job mobility, the results provide evidence that favors many previous studies whereby over-education significantly impact job turnover; hence, suggesting that over-educated young female workers are more likely to change jobs in Korea. This positive correlation remains even when we estimate an augmented specification where graduate over-education is disaggregated according to perceived skills mismatch. Most importantly, in this case it is found that the genuinely over-educated workers are more likely to switch their employers than their apparently over-educated counterparts.

Employment and Wage Level of University Graduates in the Field of Clothing and Fashion

Abstract The purpose of this study is 1) to compare the employment status and wage level of Clothing and Fashion major (CF major) graduates with those from other majors and 2) to examine factors affecting the employment status and wage level of CF major university graduates. The data were pooled from the 2009-2012 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey Data, conducted by Korea Employment Information Service. First, when graduates of CF major were compared with other majors in the same academic areanatural science ―and arts, the rate of employment was higher for CF majors than that of other majors; on ―the other hand, there is no difference in the wage levels between those with graduates in CF majors and those with other majors. Second, we examined factors affecting CF major graduates’ employment and wage level based on graduates’ individual factors, university factor, and job preparation factors. Employment status of graduates in CF major was predicted by respondent’s gender and university type, and work experience. The wage level of CF major graduates was significantly predicted by individual factors (e.g., gender and age, university factors (e.g., university type, university program, location), and job preparation factors (e.g., certificates, overseas experience of foreign language training, English test scores). The results of this study would provide a guide to direct university educational program in order to assess the current capabilities in the field of clothing and fashion. Key words : employment, wage level, job preparation, university graduate, clothing, fashion

전문대학생의 취업준비활동이 취업에 미치는 영향

This study aims to find out the employment effectiveness of employment preparation activities that college students experience, especially focused on analyzing employment effects of college employment-related activities such as career choice and employment support program, along with individual preparation activities such as qualification, vocational training, etc. It performed binary logistic regression analysis using 2011 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey data of 3,249 college graduates. The results showed that In college characteristics, the higher grade point average was and the more college was located in non-metropolitan area, the higher employment probability was. In the case of major field, Medicine, Education, Engineering, Social Science, Natural science in highest first order had employment probability higher than the reference group. The results showed that the number of qualification, interview skill & resume description skill program participation, and job search experience before and after graduation among employment preparation activities had an effect on employment. The rest, that is, vocational training, career·employment curriculum, work experience program, career counseling program, employment camp, in-school job experience, employment goal status before graduation did not have an direct effect on employment.

The effects of English training abroad on labor market outcomes in Korea

This study examines the effects of English training abroad (hereafter ETA) on labor market outcomes in South Korea. ETA has become increasingly popular in many non-English speaking countries and refers to short-term language study training abroad where students spend anywhere from 6 months to 2 years taking language courses at an educational institutions. In this article, I conduct survival analysis and quantile regression using data from the 2007 Korea Employment Information Service's Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey. This study finds that although the average effects of ETA seem to be modest as most prior research has indicated, ETA does appear to have substantial positive effects on getting a good job and earning higher wages. ETA proved especially helpful for those who did not attend elite colleges. That is, ETA is a useful tool for students with weaker formal education (often non-elite students) to supplement their educational credentials. Based on these findings, I conclude that ETA has a substantial impact on labor market outcomes in South Korea. This means that labor market opportunities are strongly determined by an individual's socioeconomic background, as the cost of participation in ETA presents a barrier to entry for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

Turnover and Retention in Nonprofit Employment

Korea’s nonprofit sector has undergone a sudden expansion in the last decade and its nonprofits experienced high employee turnover. This study is the first in Korean literature to examine workforce shifts in nonprofit organizations and explore influential factors that explain job changes from the nonprofit sector to other sectors. Using a three-wave panel data set of community college/university graduates, the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, we conducted a discrete-time survival analysis with the dependent variable of actual turnover. Our findings indicate that over half of employees left nonprofits within a year, and the majority found a new job in for-profit organizations. Different factors predicted turnover to for-profits, government agencies, and educational or research institutes. Age, wage level, employment type, and the size of nonprofit organizations explained employee shifts. Satisfaction with one’s overall job, job content, social reputation, and opportunities for career development were significant predictors. Implications for nonprofit organizations are discussed.

Gender-Specific Models of Work-Bound Korean Adolescents’ Social Supports and Career Adaptability on Subsequent Job Satisfaction

A Korean national database, the High School Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, was used to examine the influence of perceived social supports (family and school) and career adaptability on the subsequent job satisfaction of work-bound adolescents 4 months after their transition from high school to work. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that social supports indirectly influenced job satisfaction by enhancing career adaptability. Perceived school support and family support were found to be highly correlated with each other, indicating individuals are cognitively consistent in their perceptions of environmental supports. Gender differences existed on all chosen variables (except for career planning), with women reporting greater levels than men. A significant gender difference was also found in the relationship between career adaptability and job satisfaction. Men were more influenced by career adaptability in experiencing job satisfaction than women. Interpretations of these findings were shared in light of career development theory and Korean culture.