Occupational Hierarchy Research Articles

Room at the top? Minority mobility and the transition to demographic diversity in the USA

ABSTRACTWe examine the ramifications of the demographic transition to diversity in the USA through an analysis of changes at the top of the occupational hierarchy, as glimpsed in recent census data. We find evidence that, among the incumbents of better-paid occupations, the percentage of non-Hispanic whites, the historically dominant majority, is sharply declining, while the proportion of immigrant-origin minorities, Asians, both foreign and US born, and US-born Hispanics, is growing. African Americans, or US-born blacks, are not so far sharing much in this growth. However, whites still retain important advantages in terms of occupational placement net of education and in terms of earnings net of occupational placement. We conclude overall that demographic shifts are highly likely to drive further diversification at the top of the US workforce; the question of whether whites can hold on to their advantages in the face of these changes cannot be answered yet.

Integration's challenges and opportunities in the Wealthy West

ABSTRACTA demographic transition to greater ethno-racial diversity, the product in part of large-scale immigration over decades, will create challenges and opportunities for Western societies in coming decades. In this paper, based on our study of the USA and four Western European countries, we sift evidence from the first decade of the twenty-first century to look for clues about the possible consequences of the transition for the integration of the second generation, specifically, the children of low-status immigrants. We find unmet challenges when it comes to educational attainment and early labour-market position. That is, although on average the second generation advances beyond its parents, in each society it lags well behind its agemates from the native majority. Yet we also find, using data from the USA, that segments of the second generation are experiencing social mobility into the upper tiers of the occupational hierarchy and socially integrating with members of the majority group, arguably expanding the societal mainstream. This paradoxical picture, we argue, captures crucial dynamics that will affect the near future in the wealthy West.

Prevalência de Transtorno Mental e Comportamental em Policias Militares/SC, em Licença para Tratamento de Saúde

Este estudo estimou a prevalência de Transtorno Mental e Comportamental (TMC) em Policiais Militares em Licença para Tratamento de Saúde (LTS), da região metropolitana de Florianópolis/SC, casos notificados pela Junta Médica. Caracteriza-se como transversal descritivo, cuja variável dependente é o TMC, categorizado em sim e não. As variáveis exploratórias referem-se às características demográficas (sexo, faixa etária) e ocupacionais (tempo de serviço, batalhão de atuação, graduação/posto e hierarquia). As análises univariadas incluíram frequências relativas e absolutas, utilizando o teste do Qui-Quadrado, teste do qui-quadrado para tendência e o Fisher Exact. Para verificar a associação de TMC com as variáveis exploratórias, foram construídos modelos de regressão logística multivariada e hierárquica. Foram testadas as associações entre as variáveis dependentes e cada uma das variáveis independentes por meio do Teste do Qui-Quadrado de Pearson (χ2). Sexo e hierarquia entraram na modelagem. A análise verificou prevalência de TMC de 24% e fator de associação positiva com TMC e hierarquia. Os resultados demonstram alta prevalência de licença para tratamento de saúde por TMC e dados que sugerem estudos mais específicos para fundamentar estratégias de prevenção e enfrentamento ao TMC, buscando preservar e melhorar a saúde psicológica desta categoria profissional.

Development, Displacement and Labour Market Marginalisation: The Case of Jharkhand Tribal Population

Development-induced displacement has forced the indigenous populations of Jharkhand to abandon their traditional source of livelihood and join the modern economy. However, these indigenous populations are ill-equipped to achieve upward mobility in the modern economic system, thus being relegated to the margins of the labour market. The present study is an attempt to understand this process of marginalisation of tribal people in the labour market. Using various rounds of census as well as unit-level NSS data, the current position of the Scheduled Tribes in the employment and occupational hierarchy is analysed.

Preparedness of healthcare workers at French Ebola referral centres.

Preparedness of healthcare workers at French Ebola referral centres.

Las mujeres en los ámbitos de poder económico y político de México

Despite the dramatic increase of women’s participation in the work market and higher education, their involvement both in the political sphere and in managerial and leadership positions in private companies is still low. Owing to the limited information available on this issue, this research has produced its own database from a detailed analysis of business directories. This paper analyses the participation of women in the work force; the presence of men and women in higher education; as well as feminization and masculinization of different occupations. Likewise, the paper explores the role of women in the posts of political representation, and the executive and judicial powers; women’s management role differences in the public and private sectors; the horizontal and vertical segregation in jobs and professional careers in the organizations; as well as differences between foreign and domestic capital companies. ceos sociodemographic characteristics are analyzed, as well as discrimination against mothers, conflicts within couples derived from their activities, “dual management” and the problem of roles settlement, the “glass ceiling” in Mexico, and occupational hierarchies.

How do Restructuring Processes Influence Low- and Unskilled Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Workers and their Managers in a Norwegian Hospital?

It is a well-known fact that workplace restructuring has undesirable effects on the psychosocial work environment, health, and sick leave, but no attention has been given to the health effects of work environments characterized by restructuring, a multicultural staff, and a strong socioeconomic occupational hierarchy. In this casestudy, we examine a large Norwegian hospital in which all of these features are present. Through in-depth interviews with employees and their managers we investigate the healthiness of the restructuring process, and the consequences of the restructuring process on the work environment, subjective health, and sick leave. Results show that immigrant workers received less information, had higher level of frustration and less control over work, and experienced a decrease in well-being, autonomy, and social support. Immigrant worker vulnerability, that is, the handicap of poor understanding of the Norwegian language and a lack of understanding of general and local organizational norms and practices in the Norwegian workplace, is an important explanation. Immigrant workers with a poor Norwegian language understanding are even worse off. We conclude that a strong occupational hierarchy within the hospital exerts an overall influence on the position of low/unskilled employees in the restructuring process as well as their perception of and involvement in it.

"Changing Institutions: New Logics, Reforms and Labor Structures in Professional Organizations"

The purpose of this symposium is to explore how professionals influence and adapt to institutional change. Specifically, we focus on how professionals inside organizations accept, influence, or resist the contradictory demands that stem from changing logics, reforms, and labor market structures in the broader organizational field, and how this affects institutional change. Using new field research and survey research conducted in a range of different organizational contexts, this symposium will: 1) elaborate a set of practices which explicate how professionals across organizational levels and occupational status hierarchies adapt to and influence institutional change in their organizational contexts, and 2) demonstrate how these practices shape important outcomes for organizations and individuals. Together, the introductory remarks to the symposium, the empirical papers, the discussion of these papers, and the question and answer session are designed to develop new theoretical insights by elaborating the commonalities and differences in how professionals influence institutional change across professions and organizational contexts. Rapid Relationality: Wining Middle Manager Support for Mental Healthcare Usage by US Soldiers Presenter: Julia DiBenigno; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institutional Entrepreneurship in Integrative Medicine Presenter: Kathryn Heinze; U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor Presenter: Klaus Weber; Northwestern U.

Occupational mobility over the business cycle

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how occupational mobility varies over the business cycle and how selected factors contribute to occupational mobility in different stages of the business cycle.Design/methodology/approach– Using annual micro data from the Estonian Labour Force Survey (2001-2010) and implementing probit models with interaction terms, the paper investigates occupational mobility as a change of occupation in two successive years during recovery, boom and recession periods.Findings– The analysis indicates that occupational mobility is higher during the recovery and boom periods and lower during the recession stage. The demographic characteristics (gender, marital status, knowledge of local language) influence the probability for occupational change during the recovery stage of the business cycle. The position of employees in the occupational hierarchy is significant during the recovery and boom periods. Employees working in the public sector have a lower probability for occupational change compared with private sector employees during the recession. Training has a positive effect on occupational mobility during recession. Tenure reduces the probability of occupational mobility over the whole business cycle.Originality/value– The paper contributes to the literature by providing new results about the role of different factors of occupational mobility over the business cycle. This is among the few studies addressing the variation in the occupational mobility of employees from the public and private sectors. Interactions between the position of the employees in the occupational hierarchy and the ownership form of their employers and the economic sectors add to the understanding about the mechanism of occupational mobility over the business cycle stages.

Rethinking Modernity

Rethinking Modernity Jacques Rancière (bio) [End Page 6] I must first spell out what will be the issue at stake in this talk. I have already called into question the so-called modernist interpretation of artistic modernity as a break with the representational tradition, meaning the autonomy of art, its separation from the forms of commodity culture, and the commitment of each art to its own medium. I opposed to this vision two main theses: first, an artistic revolution cannot be simply a revolution in the practices of art. The reason for this is that art does not exist by itself. Even though art histories used to begin with prehistoric rock paintings, art only exists within a specific regime of identification that allows objects or performances made by very diverse techniques for very diverse destinations to be perceived as belonging to a unique mode of experience. It is not a question merely of the “reception” of the artworks. It is about the very fabric of experience within which they are produced. This fabric is constituted of concrete institutions—places for performance or exhibition, modes of circulation and reproduction—but also of modes of perception and affection, concepts, narratives, and judgments that identify them and make sense of them. It is this whole regime of experience that makes it possible that words, narrations, forms, colors, movements, and rhythms be perceived and thought of as art. If this is so, this means that art is not the name of an immemorial practice of humankind in general. Art is a historical configuration that has existed in the Western world since the end of the eighteenth century. There were many arts—many ways of doing that existed before that time, to be sure. But they were enclosed within a division, which means a hierarchy of human occupations that prevented art from constituting a specific sphere of experience. Fine arts were the progeny of the so-called liberal arts, which were distinguished from the mechanical arts because they were the pastime of free men. The principles that structured the representative regime of the art were heirs to that division of human activities. Representation did not mean an imitation of a reality by the techniques of art. It meant a legislation of imitation that subjected the practices of art to a whole set of rules that determined which objects or characters could or could not be the subject matter of art and what artistic form fit such and such subject matter, according to its high or low value. Ultimately it implied the inscription of artistic practices in a whole system of adequation between the production of art and the “natural” dispositions of those to whom they were addressed, a correspondence between artistic rules and laws of nature, which in reality are laws of a hierarchical social order. Anti-representation thus means the destruction of this whole set of correspondences, or, in my terms, this whole distribution of the sensible. It is this redistribution of the relations between artistic practices and their modes of visibility and intelligibility that I call the aesthetic revolution. Two consequences follow from this regarding the notions through which one has tried to “historicize” the aesthetic revolution, notably the notions of “modernity,” “modernism,” and the avant-garde. First, these notions are unable to conceptualize the set of transformations that has disrupted the logic of the representative regime. Instead they offer particular interpretations of those transformations, particular interpretations that make them the implementation of a conscious artistic will to meet the requirements of “modern times.” This “meeting” has often been represented simplistically as the [End Page 7] adaptation to the evolution of history conceived as a one-way line. Or it has been described as a will to adhere to the speeding-up of “modern life”: the enchantment of electricity, the rhythms of machines, the speed of cars, the sharpness of steel and cement, and so on. I would like it to be otherwise. Rather, the notions of modernity, modernism, and the avant-garde entail a complex intertwinement of temporalities, a complex set of relations between the present, the past, and the future: between anticipation and lateness, fragmentation and continuity, movement and immobility...

The contribution of occupation to health inequality.

Health is distributed unequally by occupation. Workers on a lower rung of the occupational ladder report worse health, have a higher probability of disability and die earlier than workers higher up the occupational hierarchy. Using a theoretical framework that unveils some of the potential mechanisms underlying these disparities, three core insights emerge: (i) there is selection into occupation on the basis of initial wealth, education, and health, (ii) there will be behavioural responses to adverse working conditions, which can have compensating or reinforcing effects on health, and (iii) workplace conditions increase health inequalities if workers with initially low socioeconomic status choose harmful occupations and don't offset detrimental health effects. We provide empirical illustrations of these insights using data for the Netherlands and assess the evidence available in the economics literature.

The (stalled) progress of interprofessional collaboration: the role of gender

Researchers have demonstrated that team-based, collaborative care improves patient outcomes and fosters safer, more effective health care. Despite such positive findings, interprofessional collaboration (IPC) has been somewhat stunted in its adoption. Utilizing a socio-historical lens and employing expectation states theory, we explore potential reasons behind IPC’s slow integration. More specifically, we argue that a primary mechanism hindering the achievement of the full promise of IPC stems not only from the rigid occupational status hierarchy nested within health care delivery, but also from the broader status differences between men and women – and how these societal-level disparities are exercised and perpetuated within health care delivery. For instance, we examine not only the historical differences in occupational status of the more “gendered” professions within health care delivery teams (e.g. medicine and nursing), but also the persistent under-representation of women in the physician workforce, especially in leadership positions. Doing so reveals how gender representation, or lack thereof, could potentially lead to ineffective, mismanaged and segmented interprofessional care. Implications and potential solutions are discussed.

Precarious Transitions and Labour Market Disadvantage: Using Longitudinal Data to Explain the Nature of Work–Welfare Cycling

McCollum D. Precarious transitions and labour market disadvantage: using longitudinal data to explain the nature of work–welfare cycling, Regional Studies. Transitions from welfare into work are often regarded as a remedy to labour market exclusion. However, these transitions often do not lead to sustained employment, with many people persistently cycling between work and welfare. This paper uses longitudinal datasets to investigate the nature of this form of labour market disadvantage in the United Kingdom. Key findings are that most work–welfare cycling involves moves between unemployment and jobs at the bottom end of the occupational hierarchy, and that cycling is associated with buoyant labour market conditions and insecure forms of employment.

La valutazione sociale delle occupazioni: questioni di metodo

In sociological literature occupation is widely acknowledged as the best proxy of social stratification. Much research has been carried out on this subject and better techniques to reproduce the distributive aspects of social stratification have been developed over time. There are three main measures of occupational stratification: distributive, relational and based upon socio-economic indexes; any of them arises some relevant methodological issues. The paper aims to depict some of these issues and, focusing on the distributive approach, it addresses some main questions: the concern for the validity of occupational hierarchies, the choice between data collection techniques (Likert-vs-Thurstone) and the preference towards stratification of single occupations rather than of occupational groups. Throughout the paper, the contribution of the Italian sociologist to the development of national and international debate on occupational stratification is underlined.

Mapping the educational work of governesses on Australia’s remote stations

This article is about the educational work of governesses on Australia’s remote cattle and sheep stations. These stations occupy vast tracts of land in the outback, and form part of global food supply chains exporting meat to countries around the world. The article explores the nature of governesses’ work, the boundaries they negotiate to perform their work, and the spaces and places in which it takes place. The governess occupies a unique position within the occupational and social hierarchy of the station. She lives and works in the same domestic space as the family/employer, unlike other station employees, and is valued for her success in managing the social and spatial dynamics of power both with the students/children and the employer/family. The article focuses on the negotiation of boundaries between domestic/public spaces, paid/unpaid, affective and educational labour involved in governess roles.

A WARM EMBRACE OR THE COLD SHOULDER? WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES IN ETHNIC ENCLAVES

This paper examines how immigrant enclaves influence labor market outcomes. We examine the effect of variation in ethnic concentration across counties and county subdivisions on both immigrant earnings and employment using the non‐public use, 1‐in‐6 sample of the 2000 U.S. Census. We find that there is heterogeneity in enclave impacts by ethnic group and skill composition of the enclave. While some groups tend to suffer from lower wages and employment propensities when residing in areas with larger ethnic concentrations, others have higher wages and improved employment opportunities in enclaves. (JEL J61, J15, R23)

What Does the New Economy Mean to Malaysian Tellers?

The rise of the New Economy has restructured work, necessitated changing skills requirements, as well as spurred new training needs amongst employees. Such new skills and training needs are prerequisites to survive and thrive in the New Economy. Importantly, these skills and training are also prerequisites for upward mobility in a system of inequality. This paper illustrates the case of Malaysian tellers as the Malaysian banking industry operates in the New Economy. Although the New Economy and the emergence of the sales culture requires Malaysian tellers to be more knowledgeable, this paper argues that due to their unionised status and given their positions at the bottom rung of the occupational hierarchy, tellers in Malaysia are disadvantaged and often excluded in the process of training and knowledge acquisition.

The Effects of Part-Time Work on Women's Occupational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study

The effects of working part time on job downgrading and upgrading are examined over the life course of British women born in 1958. We use longitudinal data with complete work histories from a large-scale nationally representative cohort study. Occupations were ranked by their hourly average earnings. Analyses show a strong link between full-time/part-time transitions and downward and upward occupational mobility over the course of up to thirty years of employment. Probabilities of occupational mobility were affected by women's personal traits, occupational characteristics and demand-side factors. Downward mobility on moving from full-time to part-time work was more likely for women at the top levels of the occupational hierarchy working in male-dominated or mixed occupations and less likely in higher occupations with more part-time jobs available.

Occupation inference through detection and classification of biographical activities

Dealing with biographical information (e.g., biography generation, answering biography-related questions, etc.) requires the identification of important activities in the life of the individual in question. While there are activities that can be used in any biography (e.g., person was born on a particular date, person lived in a particular location, etc.), many activities used in biographies tend to be occupation-related, others are person-specific. Hence, occupation gives important clues as to which activities should be included in the biography. In this paper, we present a methodology for identifying a three-level hierarchy of biographical activities: those activities that apply to the general population, those activities that are occupation-related, and those activities that are person-specific. We use the obtained occupation-related activities as features for a multi-class SVM classifier to identify the occupation of a previously unseen individual. We also show that the activities automatically obtained from text can be used as features not only for a classification task but for a clustering task as well. We show that, given the correct number of clusters, people belonging to the same occupation are clustered together. At the same time, clustering people into a smaller number of classes allows the grouping of practitioners of the occupations that share a considerable number of occupation-related activities. Thus, analyzing descriptions of people belonging to various occupations, we can build a hierarchy of occupations.

Housing Inequality in Socially Disadvantaged Communities

Affirmative action to compensate discrimination has been the agenda of public policies towards the socially disadvantaged communities in India. This article examines why the scheduled castes/scheduled tribes (Dalits) and the largest religious minority (Muslims) have lower living standards, as measured by floor area and facility index, relative to the mainstream population. The econometric estimates are based on unit record data, over 54,000 households’ survey from urban India. This article estimates living standards using regression analysis and measures gaps using Oaxaca decomposition. Results show that causes for the low living standards of the Muslims are similar to that of the Dalits. This study concludes that income improvement strategies and enhancement of occupational hierarchy would be one of the recommended strategies to reduce housing poverty and disparity among the minority and the Dalits. In addition, improvement of minority and Dalit concentrated slum settlements would be also significantly helpful to reduce housing inequality.