Occupational Health Risk Assessment Research Articles

An integrated Fine-Kinney risk assessment model utilizing Fermatean fuzzy AHP-WASPAS for occupational hazards in the aquaculture sector

The multidisciplinary field of occupational health and safety (OHS) aims to identify, assess, and mitigating hazards that arise in the workplace or due to the execution of the work. The Fine-Kinney method is a quantitative risk assessment widely applied in many industries to identify, evaluate and prevent potential hazards. Despite the widespread usage of the classic Fine-Kinney approach in several research, its effectiveness in addressing the issue of objective risk appraisal among decision-makers is limited. Therefore, this study proposes a comprehensive occupational risk assessment framework that integrates the Fine-Kinney method with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) under the Fermatean fuzzy environment. The Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS) offers a more flexible solution in determining the uncertainty and vagueness of information, as it covers membership and non-membership degrees in a wider area compared to intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy sets. The AHP approach is used to calculate the weightage of each each Fine-Kinney risk parameter (probability (P), exposure (E), and consequence (C)), and WASPAS method is used to find the ranking of the hazards. In the proposed model, Fermatean fuzzy weighted geometric (FFWG) operator is used for aggregation of expert opinions. Finally, sensitivity and comparative analyses are also performed to further highlight the adaptability and efficiency of the proposed occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) model, and a case study analyzing occupational hazards for aquaculture operations is presented to demonstrate the model's rationality and feasibility.

Application and comparison of three occupational health risk assessment methods in an automobile manufacturing industry

Objective: Three occupational health risk assessment methods were used to assess the occupational health risk of noise exposed posts in an automobile manufacturing enterprise. According to the results, the selection of risk assessment methods and risk management of such occupational noise enterprises were provided. Methods: Form April to November 2021, The occupational health field survey was carried out in an automobile manufacturing industry in Tianjin. The occupational health MES risk assessment method, occupational health risk index risk assessment method and Australian occupational hazard risk assessment method were used to evaluate the occupational health risk of noise-exposed posts in this enterprise, and the evaluation results of different methods were analyzed and compared. Results: The average value of L(Aeq, 8 h) in the four workshops of automobile manufacturing industry was 82.95 dB (A) , and the noise detection exceeding rate was 22.41% (26/116) . The LAeq, 8h and exceeding rate noise of welding workshop were higher than those of other workshops (χ(2)=23.56, 32.94, P<0.01) . The three occupational health risk assessment methods have the same risk assessment results for the four major workshops. The assembly and painting workshops are level 4 risk (possible risk) , and the stamping and welding workshops are level 3 risk (significant risk) . Conclusion: Occupational noise has certain potential hazards to workers in automobile manufacturing enterprises. Therefore, in the future work, corresponding organizational management measures should be taken to improve the working environment and reduce the actual exposure level of workers in order to protect the health of occupational workers.

Relationship between occupational health and safety organization and risk assessment

Relationship between occupational health and safety organization and risk assessment

Health Risk Assessment from Exposure to Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at a Truck Tire Factory in the Yangtze River Delta, China

Occupational health risk assessments of exposure to VOCs still need to be extensively studied to improve the safety standards in the industry. Based on the monitoring of organic pollutants at various workstations in a truck tire factory in Jiangsu Province, both semi-quantitative and quantitative health risk assessment methods were employed to assess health risk levels. The findings indicated that VOCs were categorized into five classes, which included alkanes, aromatics, halocarbons, carbon disulfide, and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). The highest concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was found in shaping workshop; alkanes were the most abundant class (74.2%), followed by aromatics (24.02%) and OVOCs (1.96%). Although the results of the semi-quantitative risk assessment showed that most of the organic compounds had low R values, various kinds of VOCs were detected; particularly, many harmful organic compounds (such as toluene, ethyl benzene) were detected in all the sampling sites. The quantitative risk in the calendering and vulcanizing workshop exceeded the acceptable level; both the carcinogenic risk of ethylbenzene in the tire-strip storage room, and trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in the calendering workshop were unacceptable. Thus, the calendering and vulcanizing processes in rubber tire manufacturing should be priority-controlled processes.

Optimization of benzene exposure risk assessment: An integrated approach utilizing internal and external concentrations with a focus on biomarkers S-PMA & t, t-MA

In the majority of occupational settings within China, the concentrations of benzene are observed to fall markedly below the demarcated detection thresholds. Employing traditional risk assessment models, the presence of exceptionally low airborne benzene exposure concentrations may infuse heightened degrees of uncertainty. Consequently, the necessity arises to investigate risk assessment methodologies more apt for the prevalent exposure environment among employees. In the present study, a pharmacokinetic model premised on urinary benzene metabolites (S-PMA and t, t-MA) was employed to ascertain a more precise daily airborne benzene exposure concentration per individual. This value was integrated into the linear multistage model as the ‘internal exposure concentration’. In conjunction with the U.S National Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) inhalation risk assessment model predicated on the external exposure concentration, the Singapore Ministry of Manpower's (MOM) model, and the linear multistage (LMS) model, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of benzene were evaluated for 1781 benzene-exposed employees across 76 enterprises in Jiangsu Province. Findings suggest that in the linear multilevel model assessment, the cancer risk levels based on t, t-MA and S-PMA were higher in the printing and recording media reproduction industry, automobile manufacturing industry, general equipment manufacturing industry and the furniture manufacturing industry (median 2.842 × 10−4, 2.819 × 10−4, 2.809 × 10−4, and 2.678 × 10−4), which align more consistently with the actual benzene exposure circumstances of each industry's study participants, with overall risk levels calculated by the linear multistage model exceeding those of the EPA inhalation risk assessment model and the MOM model. This implies that the linear multistage model of internal exposure, based on the reciprocal of benzene biomarkers S-PMA and t, t-MA for airborne benzene exposure, presents enhanced sensitivity and suitability for the current occupational health risk assessment of workers. Without doubt, biomarker-based benzene exposure risk assessment emerges as the optimal choice.

Occupational health risk assessment of PC production-caused pollution based on damage assessment and cyclic mitigation model

PurposeThe occupational health risk associated with the production of prefabricated concrete components is often overlooked. This paper will use a damage assessment and cyclic mitigation (DACM) model to provide individualized exposure risk assessment and corresponding mitigation management measures for workers who are being exposed.Design/methodology/approachThe DACM model is proposed based on the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA). The model uses Monte-Carlo simulation for uncertainty risk assessment, followed by quantitative damage assessment using disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Lastly, sensitivity analysis is used to identify the parameters with the greatest impact on health risks.FindingsThe results show that the dust concentration is centered around the mean, and the fitting results are close to normal distribution, so the mean value can be used to carry out the calculation of risk. However, calculations using the DACM model revealed that there are still some work areas at risk. DALY damage is most severe in concrete production area. Meanwhile, the inhalation rate (IR), exposure duration (ED), exposure frequency (EF) and average exposure time (AT) showed greater impacts based on the sensitivity analysis.Originality/valueBased on the comparison, the DACM model can determine that the potential occupational health risk of prefabricated concrete component (PC) factory and the risk is less than that of on-site construction. It synthesizes field research and simulation to form the entire assessment process into a case-base system with the depth of the cycle, which allows the model to be continuously adjusted to reduce the occupational health damage caused by production pollution exposure.

An integrated approach to occupational health risk assessment of manufacturing nanomaterials using Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy Inference System

Nanomaterials (NMs) have the potential to be hazardous owing to their unique physico-chemical properties. Therefore, the need for Health Risk Assessment (HRA) of NMs is expanding. In this study, a novel HRA was developed by the Pythagorean Fuzzy Health Risk Assessment (PFHRA) approach. Risk is considered to be the outcome of parameters including Occurrence Likelihood (OL), Potential Exposure (PE) and Toxic Effects (TE). In our proposed method, priority weights of sub-factors in Pythagorean Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchical Process (PF-AHP) were determined by pairwise comparison based on expert judgment. After determining parameter scores, both RM and risk class (i.e., negligible, minor, major and critical) were reported as Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) output. Ultimately, a risk management strategy is presented for NMs manufacturing workplaces. This proposed method provides experts with more flexibility to express their opinions. The PFHRA approach was applied for two scenarios. The production scenario for SiNPs can create minor (5%) and major (95%) occupational health risks; the production scenario for ZnONPs can create minor (100%) concerns. However, the production SiNPs and ZnONPs utilizing the CB Nanotool technique had a major and minor risk class, respectively. The results of the present study confirmed the reliability and applicability of this approach.

An Exploratory Study on New and Emerging Occupational Safety and Health Risks Associated with the Digital Market

Europe wants to prepare its businesses and citizens for a sustainable and more prosperous human-centric digital future.The path to the translation into reality of the digital objectives will bring a complement to the existing rights and principles regarding the protection of data and private life, the digital rights of citizens as well as guidelines for companies regarding new technologies.Globally, the occupational health and safety risk assessment process is implemented using hundreds of dedicated tools, used in a flexible and complementary way, according to clearly specified criteria. Customized concepts offer a major potential for improving the management of safety and health at work in economic organizations, regardless of their size, form of ownership or other conditioning categories, sectors of activity or public institutions. This paper aims to make contributions regarding the forecasting and identification of new and emerging OSH challenges related to how digitization would change automated systems, work equipment and tools used, how work is organized, business models, hierarchies and relationships, the characteristics of the force of work, responsibilities for OSH management, skills, knowledge and information needed to work.

Assessment of Occupational Health Risks for Maintenance Work in Fabrication Facilities: Brief Review and Recommendations

BackgroundThis study focuses on assessing occupational risk for the health hazards encountered during maintenance works (MW) in semiconductor fabrication (FAB) facilities. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study include: 1) identifying the primary health hazards during MW in semiconductor FAB facilities; 2) reviewing the methods used in evaluating the likelihood and severity of health hazards through occupational health risk assessment (OHRA); and 3) suggesting variables for the categorization of likelihood of exposures to health hazards and the severity of health effects associated with MW in FAB facilities. MethodsA literature review was undertaken on OHRA methodology and health hazards resulting from MW in FAB facilities. Based on this review, approaches for categorizing the exposure to health hazards and the severity of health effects related to MW were recommended. ResultsMaintenance workers in FAB facilities face exposure to hazards such as debris, machinery entanglement, and airborne particles laden with various chemical components. The level of engineering and administrative control measures is suggested to assess the likelihood of simultaneous chemical and dust exposure. Qualitative key factors for mixed exposure estimation during MW include the presence of safe operational protocols, the use of air-jet machines, the presence and effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation system, chamber post-purge and cooling, and proper respirator use. Using the risk (R) and hazard (H) codes of the Globally Harmonized System alongside carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic classifications aid in categorizing health effect severity for OHRA. ConclusionFurther research is needed to apply our proposed variables in OHRA for MW in FAB facilities and subsequently validate the findings.

Оценка степени воздействия виброакустических факторов производственной среды на работников горнодобывающей промышленности Арктической зоны

Assessment of occupational health risks for workers with basic mining occupations including those exposed to elevated levels of vibroacoustic factors remains a topical issue. Given that, the aim of this study was to assess degree of exposure to occupational vibroacoustic factors and its effects on mining industry workers in the Arctic zone using occupational risk as a basic criterion. Prior risk assessment relied on results of hygienic assessment of vibroacoustic factors according to data derived by the Special Assessment of Working Conditions (SAWC) and verified by instrumental research. Posterior risk quantification was performed using data on occupational incidence among workers over the last 10 years considering their numbers. Unacceptable prior occupational risks caused by exposure to noise were detected for all analyzed occupations. According to instrumental research, risks levels higher than those identified by SAWC were detected for open face miners and cargo handling machine operators. According to SAWC data, unacceptable prior occupational risks caused by exposure to vibration were identified only for cargo handling machine operators; additional instrumental research identified such levels of occupational risks for them as well but also for blast hole drillers. Occupational risk quantification established that unacceptable (above 1•10-3) levels of occupational risk caused by vibration disease (VD) and sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) were detected in all analyzed occupational groups. The highest risk levels caused by exposure to vibration were identified for such an occupational group as ‘cargo handling machine operators’ and ranked as ‘average’ (1.37•10-2). The highest risk levels caused by exposure to noise were identified for timbermen and were also ranked as ‘average’ (1.32•10-2). Results obtained by quantification of occupational health risks for mining industry workers in the Arctic zone refine results of prior assessment can be applied in planning activities aimed at mitigating health risks for workers caused by exposure to vibroacoustic factors.

Assessing degree of exposure to vibroacoustic occupational factors for mining industry workers in Аrctic zone

Assessment of occupational health risks for workers with basic mining occupations including those exposed to elevated levels of vibroacoustic factors remains a topical issue. Given that, the aim of this study was to assess degree of exposure to occupational vibroacoustic factors and its effects on mining industry workers in the Arctic zone using occupational risk as a basic criterion. Prior risk assessment relied on results of hygienic assessment of vibroacoustic factors according to data derived by the Special Assessment of Working Conditions (SAWC) and verified by instrumental research. Posterior risk quantification was performed using data on occupational incidence among workers over the last 10 years considering their numbers. Unacceptable prior occupational risks caused by exposure to noise were detected for all analyzed occupations. According to instrumental research, risks levels higher than those identified by SAWC were detected for open face miners and cargo handling machine operators. According to SAWC data, unacceptable prior occupational risks caused by exposure to vibration were identified only for cargo handling machine operators; additional instrumental research identified such levels of occupational risks for them as well but also for blast hole drillers. Occupational risk quantification established that unacceptable (above 1•10-3) levels of occupational risk caused by vibration disease (VD) and sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) were detected in all analyzed occupational groups. The highest risk levels caused by exposure to vibration were identified for such an occupational group as ‘cargo handling machine operators’ and ranked as ‘average’ (1.37•10-2). The highest risk levels caused by exposure to noise were identified for timbermen and were also ranked as ‘average’ (1.32•10-2). Results obtained by quantification of occupational health risks for mining industry workers in the Arctic zone refine results of prior assessment can be applied in planning activities aimed at mitigating health risks for workers caused by exposure to vibroacoustic factors.

Project Schedule Acceleration Optimization Integrated with Energy Source–Based Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Risks

Project Schedule Acceleration Optimization Integrated with Energy Source–Based Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Risks

Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Risk in the Tukad Ayung Bridge Replacement Project

Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Risk in the Tukad Ayung Bridge Replacement Project

A framework for occupational health risk assessment of nursing personnel in Indian healthcare system

Nursing personnel are exposed to different kinds of health hazards because of various job characteristics and complex work systems. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the risk factors related to occupational health hazards of nurses in the Indian healthcare system. A three-phase methodology is used to assess occupational risk factors. Through literature review and opinions of experienced nursing personnel, the risk factors such as biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical, and psychosocial are identified and evaluated based on three parameters i.e., the effect of exposure, exposure period and exposure probability. The weights of the parameters are determined by Best-Worst Method (BWM) and the Fuzzy VIKOR method is considered to rank the risk factors in accordance with their level of severity. Biological and ergonomic risk factors are found to have higher levels of adverse effects in all the wards of Indian hospitals whereas, impact of chemical, physical and psychosocial risk factors varied from ward to ward. The risk assessment framework as developed helps to categorize risk factors from high degree to moderate degree, which might help to prepare an action plan to mitigate the risks associated with nursing activities in order to improve their health and safety status at the hospital.

Application of Multiple Occupational Health Risk Assessment Models for Crystalline Silica Dust among Stone Carvers.

Silica is the most abundant substance on the Earth's crust and is a proven carcinogen. The aim of this study was to measure the occupational exposure of stone carvers to crystalline silica and to evaluate the health risks. Methods: This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 79 stone carvers. Inhalation air sampling was performed by the NIOSH7500 method and the amount of silica was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessments were performed using the methods of the Singapore Department and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), respectively. Mortality due to silicosis and lung cancer were estimated using the Manettej and Rice models. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software. The mean exposure to total inhalable dust and crystalline silica among the stone carvers was 1.44 and 0.5 mg/m3, respectively. Exposure to total dust and silica was significantly higher than the occupational standard (P <0.0001). Stone carvers' exposure to silica was at very high-risk level, and the carcinogenicity of silica considering two cancer slopes was 7.40 × 10-6 and 3.12 × 10-7 and the risk of non-carcinogenicity was unacceptable. The mortality rate due to silicosis was between 3 and 12 people per thousand, and due to lung cancer was 150.24 people per thousand. Based on the results of risk assessment, serious control measures should be implemented in order to reduce workers' exposure to silica.

Identification of Hazards and Assessment of Occupational Safety and Health (K3) Risk in Projects Runway and Taxiway Lolak Bolaang Mongondow Airport Uses The Methodhirarc (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Risk Control)

The Lolak Bolaang Mongondow Airport Runway and Taxiway Project represents one of the emerging airport developments characterized by a heightened susceptibility to accidents. Occupational Safety and Health (K3), an integral component of multifaceted initiatives aimed at mitigating workplace accidents while augmenting labor productivity and efficiency, has been effectively integrated into this undertaking. Among the methodologies employed for its implementation, the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Risk Control (HIRARC) approach takes precedence. The primary objective of this research is to meticulously identify hazards, conduct a comprehensive analysis of workplace safety risks, and institute measures to curtail these risks within the scope of the Lolak Bolaang Mongondow Airport Runway and Taxiway project. This endeavor seeks to curtail, and ideally eliminate, workplace accidents. Data acquisition was facilitated through a combination of observational techniques and structured interviews with service providers and construction contractors, involving 63 respondents. To ascertain the categorization of risk levels, spanning from low to high, a meticulous workplace safety risk analysis was executed. The outcome of this analysis, encompassing a total of 69 sub-items of work, reveals that the highest risk level is attributed to runway construction work, accounting for 53% of the identified risks (9 out of 17). The second-highest risk category pertains to PKP-PK work, constituting 40% of the 40 identified risks, and the third-highest risk level is linked to operational road pavement construction, with a risk percentage of 31%. Subsequent to the identification and assessment of risks, risk control measures are diligently executed. This phase signifies the culmination of data processing within the framework of the HIRARC methodology.

Health Risk Assessment of Inhalable Dust Exposure during the Welding and Grinding Process of Subway Aluminum Alloy Components

The subway factory industry is developing rapidly in China, but there are some occupational health risk assessments of inhalable dust in this industry. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the contamination level and health risks of dust in an aluminum alloy body workshop of subway factories in Hunan Province, China. A total of 160 dust samples were collected from the welding and grinding areas. The main elements of PM10 were analyzed. The health risks of aluminum dust and PM2.5 were evaluated. The Monte Carlo method was adopted to compare the sensitivity of the Hazard Quota (HQ) of aluminum dust and carcinogenic risk (CR) of PM2.5 to the exposure parameters for workers. The results showed that the PM10 concentration in the grinding area was higher, while the PM2.5 concentration in the welding area was higher. The metal element with a mass fraction of 27.7% was aluminum. In both areas, the probability of the aluminum dust HQ exceeding 1 was approximately 17% and 68%, respectively. The PM2.5 CR exceeded the acceptable upper limit value (1.0 × 10−4). The main risk factor of aluminum dust HQ was concentration, while the main risk factors of PM2.5 CR were concentration and exposure duration. These findings provide basic data for enhancing health risk management in the subway industry.

Occupational health risk assessment of construction workers caused by particulate matter exposure on construction sites

Construction particulate matter is one of the main environmental impact factors in the construction process. Due to the lack of sufficient awareness and understanding of the potential health effects of particulate matter by project managers and construction workers, the on-site working environment has not been effectively improved for a long time, and construction workers have been exposed to high particulate matter concentration conditions for physical labor for a long time. The construction site is a special operation scene, and the source and diffusion of particulate matter are a complex physical change process, and the degree of damage to the health of construction workers is closely related to the exposure dose. Thus, suitable quantitative and evaluation methods need to be adopted. The current on-site particulate matter concentration control system lacks technical and data support and cannot support the needs of on-site environmental management. In this paper, three construction sites in different stages of construction in Shanghai were selected to measure the mass concentration of open source particulate matter, and on this basis, the emission factors of particulate matter in different operating areas were calculated. At foundation stage, the emission factor of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 are 0.0214 g/m2·h, 0.0067 g/m2·h, 0.0054 g/m2·h; at main structure stage, the emission factor of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 are 0.0136 g/m2·h, 0.0053 g/m2·h, 0.0041 g/m2·h; at installation and decoration stage, the emission factor of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 are 0.0165 g/m2·h, 0.0059 g/m2·h, 0.0043 g/m2·h. Using simulation software to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of particulate matter concentration at the site of the example project, it is found that workers engaged in pit bottom operation in the foundation stage, steel bar processing in the main structure stage, and plastering, masonry and putty workers in the installation and decoration stage are the people with the highest occupational health risk at the construction site. In this study, DALYs were used as a metric to monetize the health risks of particulate matter to workers in the field. Support scientific decision-making on particulate matter control at construction sites and improve the level of on-site occupational health management.

Assessment of Chemical Health Risks, Fire - Explosion Risks and Environmental Impact at Cluj Wastewater Treatment Station within Someș S.A. Water Company

Abstract Noticing the increase in attention given by legislation and national practice to the assessment of occupational health and safety risks of a chemical nature, the article summarizes and explains the results of the research carried out from this perspective in a waste water treatment/purification station. By resorting to a well-established method, especially on the European level, the risks for the safety and health of workers (from the perspective of inhalation and skin risks), fire-explosion risks and environmental risks were evaluated. Based on the results obtained, a preliminary, but extremely necessary and useful, diagnosis of the magnitude of these specific risks was made and - on this basis - prevention/protection measures were proposed which, once implemented, can lead to the minimization of the risk levels associated with the identified hazards specific to the three analysed vectors. Beyond the concrete results of an applied nature, the growth of which the synthesis is systematized can serve as a good practice guide for numerous practitioners in the field of safety and health at work in Romania, in order to increase the efficiency of chemical risk assessments and - implicitly - the effectiveness of mitigation measures for this risk so widespread in industrial activities, processes and operations.

Occupational lead exposure health risk assessment and heme biosynthesis: A study on batik artisans in yogyakarta, Indonesia

This study aims to assess dermal and inhalation lead exposure levels among batik industry workers and evaluate noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with lead exposure. We investigate potential relationships between lead exposure (dermal average daily dose and inhalation exposure concentration) and the workers' blood hemoglobin levels (Hb), as well as their urinary ALA (u-ALA) concentrations. Additionally, we explore any possible associations between Hb and u-ALA levels among the workers and identify various factors influencing lead exposure levels. A total of 30 workers were recruited for the study. Interviews and exposure sampling were conducted to measure dermal and inhaled lead exposure. Sample analysis methods include XRF for exposure samples, spectrophotometry for u-ALA, and HiCN colorimetric for Hb. Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessments, correlation analysis, as well as ANOVA for factors analysis, were performed. The average dermal exposure dose and inhalation exposure concentration of lead were 6.53 ± 3.2 ng/kg/day and 0.021 ± 0.015 μg/m3, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) values for all workers were below 1 (average: 0.372 ± 0.155), indicating no expected noncarcinogenic health effects due to lead exposure. The average Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) was (5.18 ± 3.84) × 10−8, significantly below acceptable limits. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between Hb and u-ALA (r = −0.519, p = 0.058 for male workers and r = −0.531, p = 0.034 for female workers), supporting their use as lead exposure biomarkers. The factors analysis demonstrated a significant impact of working conditions on inhalation exposure (p = 0.018), with outdoor workers experiencing lower lead inhalation. This research provides crucial insights into potential dangers faced by batik workers due to lead exposure, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions. The strong correlation between Hb and u-ALA indicates their combined effectiveness in detecting lead exposure, even at low levels. The study underscores the significance of outdoor work as a protective measure against inhaling heavy metals, such as lead, present in the air. The assessment of health risks associated with lead exposure in the batik industry lays the groundwork for informed decision-making and interventions to protect workers' well-being, particularly in informal sectors workplaces where health risks are often overlooked.