Occupational Gender Research Articles

Diferencias Salariales y Segregación Ocupacional en el mercado laboral del Ecuador

El propósito de este estudio es analizar la relación entre las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres y la segregación ocupacional de género afecta a la misma, utilizando datos de clasificación ocupacional. Se examinan si existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el empleo y el tamaño de la parte inexplicable de la brecha salarial de género. La metodología se fundamenta con estimaciones que identifica las determinantes del ingreso laboral con el método de descomposición Oaxaca-Blinder (1973), mismo que permite examinar las diferencias en las brechas salariales de genero entre grupos ocupacionales, el análisis se basa en datos individuales de diez años (2010-2019) disponibles en Ecuador. Los resultados mencionan que no existe relación fuerte entre la segregación ocupacional y el tamaño de las diferencias inexplicables en los salarios. Las variables que explican este contraste son la edad, tipo título, título profesional, y estado civil. Las recomendaciones se basan en robustecer la participación y permanecía de las mujeres en el mercado laboral de igual forma mediante el cumplimiento de leyes y normativas existentes.

Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among Adult Patients with Heart Failure in Wolaita Zone Governmental Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia.

BackgroundKnowing how heart failure affects patients’ quality of life and its associated factors are crucial for a better patient-centred approach and management. Therefore, this study aims to assess health-related quality of life and its associated factors among adult heart failure patients in southern Ethiopia hospitals.MethodsThe facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Wolaita zone governmental hospitals from March to April 2018. The population was all adult heart failure patients in the chronic illness follow-up clinic and inpatient department. All adult heart failure patients on follow-up clinic and inpatient departments who have at least a 6-month follow-up were included in the study. In contrast, patients who had chronic comorbidities were excluded from the study. Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) tool was used to measure the outcome variable health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Interviews and client medical record reviews also collected socio-demographic, clinical and behavioural characteristics of participants. The data were analyzed using STATA version 14, and multiple linear regression analysis with P-value < 0.05 was used to measure the degree of association between HRQoL and independent variables.ResultsA total of 372 patients participated in the study. The HRQoL score for the physical, emotional, and total were 22.2, 7.7, and 46.37, respectively. HRQoL was significantly associated with gender, age, family size, occupation, residency, and recent admission within the past six months, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, department of treatment, salt intake, and health perception.ConclusionGenerally, the HRQoL for patients with heart failure was found to be low. Besides the variables age and gender of participants, family size, occupation, residency, admission history, salt intake, and NYHA class were significant factors for the HRQoL of patients with heart failure.

The Link between Documentation Status, Occupation Status, and Healthcare Access for African migrants

The link between migrants’ legal and employment status, access to health and health outcomes is widely explored in the academic literature on migration and health. However, there are few, if any, studies examining this link within African states. In this article we present survey data collected from refugees and people in refugee-like situations in Kenya, regular (labor) migrants in Nigeria, and irregular migrants in South Africa to examine the link between registration status, employment or occupation status, gender, and (perceptions of) access to healthcare. A range of statistical tests and models were applied to examine the effects of these different characteristics. A consistent finding throughout the three sample countries is that access for people without any documentation is lower than different other groups, not only by means but also within the linear models. This strongly suggests that extending regularization pathways in African states, even if on a temporary basis, would be an effective policy lever to improve migrants’ access to healthcare, and by extension migrants’ health. However, the effects of employment status and gender on access to healthcare were more ambiguous, and further research in African contexts is required to clarify their impact.

社会支配倾向对职业性别隔离的作用机制

社会支配倾向对职业性别隔离的作用机制

Gender-Stratified Labor Market, Heterosexual Marriage Expectation, and LGBQ Young Adults’ Career Plans in Contemporary Japan

Previous U.S. studies showed that many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) young adults hold optimistic views about their occupational careers, despite their risk for facing labor market disadvantages as LGBQ workers. The present study uses Japan as a comparison case and illustrates how young LGBQ people plan their careers in a different national context. Analysis of in-depth interviews shows that many LGBQ young adults in Japan anticipate financial insecurity and consequently prioritize stability over pursuit of personal interests in their career planning. Their career concerns vary by gender and represent their responses to high levels of occupational gender segregation and earnings inequality as well as strong social expectations for heterosexual marriage and gendered division of household responsibilities. Overall, the study endorses ongoing efforts to understand occupational and economic disparities across sexuality groups from global perspectives by paying close attention to macro conditions.

Gender-Atypical Occupations and Instability of Intimate Unions: Examining the Relationship and Mechanisms

Although social scientists have long been interested in the effects of occupational gender composition on workers, previous research has rarely examined how working in a gender-atypical occupation affects people’s private lives. This study draws on 17 rounds of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to investigate how individuals in occupations with varying gender ratios differ in the stability of their intimate unions. The authors also consider various mechanisms that may explain the link between working in a gender-atypical occupation and union instability. Results from random-effects event-history models show that both men and women in gender-atypical occupations experience faster paces of union dissolution than their counterparts in gender-balanced or gender-typical occupations. Female-dominant occupations’ lower pay accounts for a modest portion of the effect of working in female-typed occupations on men’s union instability. By contrast, the more irregular work schedules of male-typed occupations explain a substantial part of why women in such occupations have lower union stability. The remaining associations between occupational gender composition and union instability, we suggest, reflect the tendency for men and women in gender-atypical occupations to undergo greater psychological strain, which in turn increases the difficulty of maintaining intimate relationships.

Gender Representation in EFL Textbooks in Basic Education in Mexico

Research on language and gender began in the 1970s with a broad interest, particularly from feminist researchers (Sunderland &amp; Swann, 2016). The relationship between gender and language is of increasing interest to many scholars and researchers due to their bi-directional relationship. That is, according to AydinoÄŸlu (2014) 'gender is reflected by language and language helps to shape gender' (p. 233). This study examines male and female representation in three EFL textbooks used in early elementary grades in public schools in Mexico. To this end, two types of analyses were performed to explore the distribution of males and females in terms of visibility in illustration and photos, and display of male and female occupational roles in the visuals. Findings revealed that there is not a balanced representation of characters in the three textbooks; males were significantly more frequent than female characters in the illustrations. In terms of photos, it was found that both genders were allotted a similar number of appearances Similarly, the results indicated that occupational gender stereotypes occurred in the three textbooks.

Gender and the STEM Fields in Education- and Career-Related Discussions between Finnish Parents and their Adolescent Children

Occupational gender segregation in Finland is high and persistent in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Previous research has concluded that, rather than differences in aptitude, gendered educational and vocational choices originate from more complex system of attitudes, self-concepts, motivations and both direct and indirect social influences, all of which shape young people’s future goals. In the sphere of social influences on career choice, parents play a special role in adolescents’ education and career exploration. This study explores two interrelated areas: firstly, the ideas expressed by Finnish adolescent children’s parents about the role of gender in education and career choices, and secondly, parent-child discussions about such ideas, especially with regard to STEM career pathways. The research data (N=103) was collected by means of an online survey. Almost half of the parents reported having had discussions about STEM careers with their children. Problematically, many parents considered that they had too little information about these careers. Our results indicate that mothers are more aware of the societal and individual consequences of occupational gender segregation than fathers are. The results also suggest that parents should be provided with up-to-date information on STEM careers and on the consequences of occupational gender segregation in order to enhance parents’ readiness to support their children in their future exploration of education and careers. Greater collaboration between homes, career counseling, teachers and relevant organizations concerned with the economic world, working life and entrepreneurship would be beneficial in promoting awareness of these aspects during adolescents’ career development.

Occupational gender roles in relation to workplace stress, allostatic load, and mental health of psychiatric hospital workers

ObjectivesGendered inequalities in workplace stress are linked to sex-specific health trajectories that are poorly understood. Measuring gendered inequalities is challenging but necessary to better explain individual differences in occupational health. The aim of this exploratory, retrospective study was to create a measure of occupational gender-roles and use structural equation models to investigate pathways linking layers of gendered factors to workplace stress, allostatic load, and mental health in a sample of psychiatric hospital workers (N = 192). MethodsIndividual-level gender-roles were measured with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory Short-Form. Occupational gender-roles were measured using a novel web-based survey approach. Sex-specific allostatic load indices were constructed using 23 biomarkers (e.g., neuroendocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic). Workplace stress was assessed using the Job Content Questionnaire and the Effort-Reward at Work Questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II, burnout symptoms with the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey, and trauma symptoms with the PTSD Civilian Checklist. ResultsIndividual-level masculine gender-roles were positively associated with psychological demands (R2 = 0.103) and social support (R2 = 0.078). Masculine and feminine occupational gender-roles were positively associated with decisional latitude (R2 = 0.157) and effort-reward ratio (R2 = 0.058). Both individual masculine and feminine gender-roles had protective effects on depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.289) and burnout symptoms (R2 = 0.306) but only individual masculine gender-roles had protective effects on trauma symptoms (R2 = 0.198). We found no association between occupational gender-roles and mental health and allostatic load. ConclusionBeyond individual gender-roles, our study shows the utility of measuring occupational gender-roles to delineate associations between workplace stressors and mental health that should be applied in future studies of sex differences in occupational health.

Acknowledging Unpaid Work: A Gender Perspective

Women do as much work as men, if not more, but, the types of work they do as well as the circumstances under which they work and their access to opportunities for advancement vividly differ from men’s. Occupational segregation and gender wage gaps have also continued to persist in many regions across the globe throughout time and, therefore, it is realised that a due recognition to these work of ‘unpaid’ nature is now quintessential. This paper tries to look into certain aspects of the world of unpaid work in global spectrum.

Segregação ocupacional por sexo no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: uma análise de decomposição para o período 2004-2015

Este artigo analisa a evolução da segregação ocupacional por sexo no mercado de trabalho brasileiro de 2004 a 2015. Além da mensuração da segregação por meio de indicadores tradicionais, como o índice de dissimilaridade e o de Gini, utiliza-se a classe de medidas aditivamente decomponíveis proposta por Hutchens (2004), que permite decompor a segregação em duas parcelas: uma relacionada à segregação entre grandes grupos ocupacionais; e outra que corresponde a uma soma ponderada dos níveis de segregação dentro desses grupamentos. Os resultados mostram que a segregação aumentou entre 2004 e 2015, revertendo a tendência de queda que vinha sendo relatada na literatura referente a anos anteriores a esse período. A análise de decomposição indica que tal crescimento foi impulsionado pela segregação entre os grandes grupos ocupacionais, portanto, entre grupos com ocupações mais heterogêneas entre si. Conclui-se que, à medida que o nível da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho se estabiliza, o processo de integração das ocupações segundo o sexo também apresenta seus primeiros sinais de esgotamento.

Are New Gender-Neutral Pronouns Difficult to Process in Reading? The Case of Hen in SWEDISH.

Hen is a Swedish gender-neutral pronoun used for non-binary individuals and as a generic singular pronoun form. Hen was added to the Swedish Academy Glossary (SAOL) in 2015, and opponents of hen have argued that gender-neutral pronouns are difficult to process, and therefore should not be used. As of yet, this has not been empirically tested. This pre-registered study used eye-tracking to experimentally test if hen has a processing cost by measuring the process of understanding whom a pronoun refers to (i.e., pronoun resolution). Participants (N = 120) read 48 sentence pairs where the first sentence included a noun referring to a person (e.g., sister, hairdresser, person) and the second included a pronoun referring to the noun. The pronouns were either gendered (she and he) or gender-neutral (hen). The nouns were either neutral (e.g., person, colleague) or gendered, either by lexically referring to gender (e.g., sister, king), or by being associated with stereotypes based on occupational gender segregation (e.g., occupational titles like hairdresser, carpenter). We tested if hen had a greater processing cost than gendered pronouns, and whether the type of noun moderated this effect. The hypotheses were that hen referring to neutral nouns would lead to a smaller processing cost than hen referring to gendered nouns. Furthermore, we hypothesized that hen referring to lexically gendered nouns would lead to larger processing costs than stereotypically gendered role nouns. The processing cost of hen was measured by reading time spent on three regions of the sentence pairs; the pronoun, the spillover region (i.e., the words following the pronoun), and the noun. The only processing cost for hen occurred in the spillover region. The processing cost in this region was greater when hen referred to neutral nouns than when hen referred to a noun associated with gender. In contrast to the hypothesis, the type of gender information associated with the noun did not interact with these effects (i.e., the same reading time for hen following e.g., the queen or carpenter). Altogether, the results do not support that gender-neutral pronouns should be avoided because they are difficult to process.

International rotational assignments: women's challenge to occupational gender segregation

PurposeThe purpose of this exploratory research is to understand how women have accessed male-dominated oil and gas international rotational assignments and why they believe these roles to be professionally worthwhile.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional qualitative study is based on semi-structured interviews and correspondence with female international rotational assignees, and interviews with HR professionals involved in selection and deployment for such assignments.FindingsHR personnel stereotype women as unsuitable for international rotational assignments. Women must be exceptionally determined and/or circumvent selection processes to access such roles. Women value the professional and personal development gained from international rotational assignments which helps them widen their occupational skills capacity.Research limitations/implicationsTo extend these findings, larger samples of female international rotational assignees and research in a wider range of industries are required. Longitudinal studies could further our understanding of women’s career progression building upon their international rotational assignment experience.Practical implicationsTo reduce stereotyping of women's perceived unsuitability, greater understanding of international rotational assignment roles/environments is required by managers involved in selection. Transparent selection processes are required to support diversity. Greater interest in the work performed by international rotational assignees will raise their profile and assist with wider labour market opportunities.Social implicationsOrganisational representatives unintentionally reinforce occupational segregation by stereotyping women as less appropriate workers than men for international rotational assignments.Originality/valueThis research hears women's voices as they begin to make inroads into the masculine world of oil and gas international rotational assignments. Research propositions and recommendations for practice are suggested to assist in breaking down male monopoly in this context.

Associations between BMI and visual impairment of 33 407 preschool children in Germany: a pooled cross-sectional study.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Germany is increasing. High body weight can affect children's growth and development. This paper aimed to determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and visual impairment among preschool children and explore the potential role of obesity in predicting visual developmental disorder. Six consecutive years of data from the School Entry Examination were collected for all preschool children aged from 4 to 6 years residing in Rhine-Neckar County and the City of Heidelberg, Germany from 2013 to 2018. Univariate and multivariate regression were used to analyze the complete data, multiple imputation was used to deal with missing data. Among the group with an immigrant background, children with obesity [OR = 1.20, 99% (1.02-1.42)] were more likely to have visual impairment compared to those with normal body weight (P < 0.01) after adjusting for survey year, age, and gender of children, education and occupation of parents, screen time-frequency, whether a television was in their bedroom, and quality of preschool outdoor environment. There were significant associations between obesity and visual impairment among German preschool children with immigrant backgrounds. Strategies to support vulnerable groups were needed across all regional schools.

Ugandan adolescents’ gender stereotype knowledge about jobs

ABSTRACT Ugandan adolescents ages 11- to 17-years-old (N = 201; 48% girls; M age = 14.62) answered closed- and open-ended questions about occupational gender segregation, allowing researchers to assess their gender stereotype knowledge. Adolescents answered 38 closed-ended questions such as ‘who is more likely to be a doctor?’ and were asked to list masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral jobs. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, and thematic coding. Findings indicated that adolescents were fairly egalitarian about jobs and there were no differences in occupational stereotype knowledge between males and females. Findings present reasons for hope and for continued work toward gender equality in Uganda. Results may inform interventions that foster egalitarian gender attitudes. Future work could explore adolescents’ stereotype endorsement and occupational aspirations.

Exploring occupational gender-role stereotypes of male nurses: A South African study.

The aim of the study was to investigate stereotypes of occupational gender roles about male nurses, as viewed from both emic and etic perspectives. Male nurses are a minority group in health institutions. Stereotypes have been questioned regarding these males' occupational role and presence in the nursing profession. A qualitative description design was used. During 2016, semi-structured interviews (N = 30) were conducted with male nurses (n = 10) (emic group), female nurses (n = 10) and discharged patients (n = 10) (etic groups) from four public hospitals. Seven categories with respective themes and subthemes emerged. Three categories were captured for emic groups, namely, existing stereotypes, experiences of stereotyping and the influences of stereotypes on work performance. Four categories emerged for etic groups, namely, treatment preferences, types of stereotyping towards male nurses, origin of stereotypes and effects of stereotypes. Positive and negative stereotypes were reported by both emic and etic groups, with etic groups revealing more stereotypes. Effort should be made by both management in the practice environment and the media to counter the stereotyping of male nurses.

Gender Gap in Pension Income: Cross-Country Analysis and Role of Gender Attitudes

The aim of this paper is to study the gender pension gap in Europe based on the newest EU-SILC data from the 2018 wave. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides evidence on factors shaping the gender pension gap in a large number of EU countries. Second, it analyses the relationship between the pension gap and: (1) the coverage of occupational (second pillar) pensions and (2) gender attitudes. The main factor contributing to gender inequality in pension income is the number of years in employment. The influence of tertiary education is in the direction of increasing the gap, while the effect is the opposite when the hourly labor income gap is considered. The higher coverage of occupational pensions corresponds to a higher gender pension gap. This implies that the privatization of pension plans can lead to the conversion of a wage gap into a pension income gap and reinforces women’s disadvantage after retirement. In addition, a positive relationship is observed between unexplained portions of the pension income gap and the labor income gap. This could justify the hypothesis that unexplained portions are formed by the same factors persistent over time. One such factor could be gender norms; it has been found that countries with more gender equality support have lower unexplained portions of the labor income and pension gaps.

Gender Wage Differential in Public and Private Sectors in India

This paper provides an analysis of gender wage differential in the overall labour market, public–private sectors in India by applying different decomposition techniques, using the National Sample Survey, 50th, 68th rounds of Employment and Unemployment surveys along with the recently released Periodic Labour Force Survey (2018–2019). The results show that the unexplained component explained the major part of the gap and occupational discrimination was considerably more important than wage discrimination. The increase in gender wage gap in the public sector is because of the implementation of various public employment schemes for nutrition, health and education and the increasing reliance on underpaid women workers in implementing the same. It had the perverse effect of intensifying gender discrimination in terms of occupational segmentation and gender wage gaps. Finally, the study recommends that public policy can play a major positive role in rectifying this distressing situation and a strong political will is required to do so.

Health Literacy in Male-Dominated Occupations.

Low levels of health literacy are associated with poorer health outcomes. Both individual- and social-level factors have been identified as predictors of low health literacy, and men are known to have lower health literacy than women. Previous research has reported that men working in male-dominated occupations are at higher risk of accidents, injury, and suicide than other population groups, yet no study to date has examined the effect of gendered occupational contexts on men’s health literacy. The current article examined the association between occupational gender ratio and health literacy among Australian males. The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (Ten to Men) was used to examine associations between occupational gender ratio (measured in Wave 1) and health literacy (measured in Wave 2) across three subscales of the Health Literacy Questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used and showed that the more male dominated an occupational group became, the lower the scores of health literacy were. Results for the different subscales of health literacy for the most male-dominated occupational group, compared to the non-male-dominated group were: ability to find good health information, (Coef. −0.80, 95% CI [−1.05, −0.54], p < .001); ability to actively engage with health-care providers, (Coef. −0.35, 95% CI [−0.62, −0.07], p = .013); and feeling understood and supported by health-care providers, (Coef. −0.48, 95% CI [−0.71, −0.26],p = < .001). The results suggest the need for workplace interventions to address occupation-level factors as an influence on health literacy among Australian men, particularly among the most male-dominated occupational groups.

THE EVALUATION OF BURNOUT AND COMMUNICATİON SKILLS IN PRIMARY CARE STAFF

Objective: Burnout syndrome is an important problem among health professionals. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the burnout status and communication skills in primary care staff. Methods: The study was conducted in the cross-sectional type between April and June 2019. The population of the study comprised of physicians and family health professionals working in primary care unit. The participants were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory, certain questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics, and the communication skills evaluation scale. Results: In total, 383 individuals working in the primary care unit participated in the study. The mean age was 43 ± 8,1 and among them, 64.8% were women. The scores of the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of physicians were significantly higher compared to nurses. While the depersonalization score of women was significantly lower than men, the sense of personal accomplishment score was higher than men. As the number of daily clinic visits of the physicians increased, the rate of their emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increased. While the communication skills decreased as the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increased, the communication skills level increased as the sense of personal accomplishment increased. Women, nurses, the widowed/the divorced women, and age group were determined to have better communication skills. Conclusion: A significant relation was determined between burnout subscales and increased number of daily average clinic visits of physicians, gender and occupational groups. There was a significant relationship between communication skill levels and burnout subscales concerning occupational groups, gender, marital status and age groups.