Occupational Challenges Research Articles

Occupational Safety and Health in the Temporary Services Industry: A Model for a Community-University Partnership.

Workers in the temporary staffing industry face hazardous working conditions and have a high risk of occupational injury. This project brought together local workers' centers and university investigators to build a corps of Occupational Health Promoters (OHPs) and to test a survey tool and recruitment methods to identify hazards and raise awareness among workers employed by temporary staffing companies. OHPs interviewed ninety-eight workers employed by thirty-three temporary agencies and forty-nine client companies, working mainly in shipping and packing, manufacturing, and warehousing sectors. Surveys identified workplace hazards. OHPs reported two companies to OSHA, resulting in several citations. Partners reported greater understanding of occupational safety and health challenges for temporary workers and continue to engage in training, peer education, and coalition building.

Investigating the Occupational Challenges of Corner Store Workers Operating in Baltimore City Food Deserts.

A qualitative pilot study was conducted in Baltimore City with the aim of documenting specific occupational safety challenges of small-scale urban retailers, or "corner store" owners. Semistructured interviews with a small sample ( n = 4) revealed significant challenges for owners and workers, and revealed potential areas for occupational health intervention.

Creating a Future for Occupational Health.

Economic, social, technical, and political drivers are fundamentally changing the nature of work and work environments, with profound implications for the field of occupational health. Nevertheless, researchers and practitioners entering the field are largely being trained to assess and control exposures using approaches developed under old models of work and risks. A speaker series and symposium were organized to broadly explore current challenges and future directions for the occupational health field. Broad themes identified throughout these discussions are characterized and discussed to highlight important future directions of occupational health. Despite the relatively diverse group of presenters and topics addressed, some important cross-cutting themes emerged. Changes in work organization and the resulting insecurity and precarious employment arrangements change the nature of risk to a large fraction of the workforce. Workforce demographics are changing, and economic disparities among working groups are growing. Globalization exacerbates the 'race to the bottom' for cheap labor, poor regulatory oversight, and limited labor rights. Largely, as a result of these phenomena, the historical distinction between work and non-work exposures has become largely artificial and less useful in understanding risks and developing effective public health intervention models. Additional changes related to climate change, governmental and regulatory limitations, and inadequate surveillance systems challenge and frustrate occupational health progress, while new biomedical and information technologies expand the opportunities for understanding and intervening to improve worker health. The ideas and evidences discussed during this project suggest that occupational health training, professional practice, and research evolve towards a more holistic, public health-oriented model of worker health. This will require engagement with a wide network of stakeholders. Research and training portfolios need to be broadened to better align with the current realities of work and health and to prepare practitioners for the changing array of occupational health challenges.

Ambivalent Precarity: Career Trajectories and Temporalities in Highly Skilled Sports Labor Migration from West Africa to Northern Europe

AbstractTransnational migrants are often considered to be the core of the new global precariat. On the one hand, migrants are particularly likely to become precariats, due to the outsourcing of precarious work to migrant workers and the attribution of precarious citizenship status to migrants. On the other hand, labor migrants’ accounts show that this precarity is not exclusively based on oppression, misery, and exploitation, but that labor migration is also driven by hope and the imagination of a better future; hardships may even open up new opportunities. This article aims to scrutinize the ambivalence of precarity and the ways in which precarization processes also appear in highly skilled labor migration (in this case sought‐after jobs as transnational athletes). The article draws on material from multisited field studies among aspiring and current soccer migrants. The experiences and conditions are described for female and male soccer players who originate from various West African settings and move to Northern European locations. The analysis finds ambivalent precarization processes at various points of the career. The temporality of precarization processes becomes apparent when comparing the large number of young men and women who strive to migrate to the few individuals who become professional players abroad but often struggle with occupational challenges after their careers. The article ends by suggesting an engagement with the ambivalences of precarious work in future studies, both in sport and other vocational sectors.

Checklist for psychosocial risk evaluation: a prospective evaluation study.

Although psychosocial risk evaluation (PRE) is legally required, implementation is often suboptimal. Occupational health specialists face various challenges in implementing a systematic PRE process. To evaluate if a checklist strengthens the competencies of occupational physicians in PRE design and implementation. A prospective pilot survey with a baseline and follow-up assessment at 12 months was conducted with occupational physicians who applied the checklist. Three outcome criteria were assessed: (i) physicians' general competence in PRE, (ii) physicians' self-reported skills in PRE and (iii) feasibility of the checklist. Twenty-four occupational physicians participated. Checklist users reported increased competence in PRE at follow-up, increasing in competence twice as much as physicians who did not use the checklist during the study period although this was not statistically significant. With regard to specific skills over time, checklist users reported increased knowledge of the PRE procedure (P < 0.05), as well as increased strategic planning for PRE (P < 0.01). All feasibility criteria were rated positively. Our checklist may help occupational health clinicians to overcome the barriers that are responsible for the gap between official recommendations and occupational health and safety practice in PRE. However, our results are based on a preliminary study with a limited sample size.

Contribution of military psychology in supporting those in rural and remote work environments

This article explores the relevance of the body of military psychology knowledge to the management and support of those living and working in rural/remote industries and locations, particularly within Australia. For those who live and work in rural/remote settings, there are social, occupational, health and environmental challenges. Some of these are shared with families and individuals who are associated with military life. The published literature on the shared attributes between military and rural/remote work environments rarely makes a direct link. However, looking at both areas suggests opportunities for the application of psychological knowledge in the well-developed field of military psychology to the rural/remote setting. This article focuses on application of psychological knowledge in the areas of occupational performance, fatigue, mental health, family care and in the training of psychologists to work in rural/remote areas. The cross-pollination of knowledge between those working with military personnel and family and those working in rural/remote settings should allow practitioners greater opportunities to improve health and wellbeing outcomes in these communities.

Occupational challenges of physicians involved in tuberculosis control in China: a qualitative study

BackgroundDespite its dramatic improvement, China's tuberculosis burden is still high according to the 2015 WHO TB report. Evidence show that experienced physicians do better in reducing delay diagnosis and patient mortality and are more likely to follow the treatment guidelines. However, in China, few studies have focused on physicians specialised in tuberculosis; and these few studies were mainly centred on the prevalence and risk factors among them. We assessed the occupational challenges of these physicians in China. MethodsWe conducted 14 focus group discussions in Yichang City of the Hubei Province and in Hanzhong City of the Shaanxi Province, China between May 5, 2013, and Aug 11, 2015. We purposively sampled 169 physicians, 92 from Yichang, to ensure representation and geographical diversity. Health administrators, doctors and nurses, who are currently responsible for the tuberculosis care, were included. Interviewers used open-ended discussion guides concerning occupational risk, workload, work-reward, and challenges encountered. Data were transcribed verbatim and were coded, sorted, and classified by the thematic framework using Nvivo 11.0. Ethical permission was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Findings169 (100%) physicians specialised in tuberculosis considered that they are working in high-risk departments bearing heavy workloads with insufficient compensation. The amount of workload given to the physicians seems to have increased. The integrated approach shifted the clinical tuberculosis care from the CDCs to general hospitals, resulting in hospitals having to do excessive things including detection, diagnosis, and treatment and case management. To facilitate patients' compliance, all of the physicians have also been responsible for the hand out of subsidy and reimbursement. Due to inflexible information system, physicians have to handle patients' information by handwriting all the details on paper. The disunity between the three basic insurances seems to add to this additional workload. 160 (95%) seemed to be discontent with their compensation; they did not feel their reward reflects their increased workload, or sometimes it is even lower than what it was before, resulting in abhorrent attitude. 101 (60%) physicians still worried about occupational exposure and external prejudice, which reflects the high-risk work. InterpretationTo our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on tuberculosis physicians and their benefits. These findings should help policy makers and perfect the tuberculosis control. FundingNatural Science Foundation of China (71203068 and 71573095) and the China National Health and Family Planning Commission and the Gates Foundation TB Project (51914). The funders had no role in the study.

Latino Families' Experiences With Autism Services: Disparities, Capabilities, and Occupational Justice.

This article examines six cases of publicly funded Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy for Latino children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to contribute to thinking about occupational justice. In this ethnographic study of six Latino families of children with ASD in Los Angeles County, all families were offered ABA for their children, but five families experienced occupational challenges leading them to insist on modifications of ABA or to opt out of the service. We consider in each case (a) how the families' experiences can be understood occupationally, (b) how ABA affected the functionings and capabilities of the children and their families, and (c) how the parents' accounts relate to occupational justice. Applying the capabilities approach can help operationalize the concept of occupational justice as a tool to evaluate social policy across cases.

Taking stock of the occupational safety and health challenges of nanotechnology: 2000-2015.

Engineered nanomaterials significantly entered commerce at the beginning of the 21st century. Concerns about serious potential health effects of nanomaterials were widespread. Now, approximately 15 years later, it is worthwhile to take stock of research and efforts to protect nanomaterial workers from potential risks of adverse health effects. This article provides and examines timelines for major functional areas (toxicology, metrology, exposure assessment, engineering controls and personal protective equipment, risk assessment, risk management, medical surveillance, and epidemiology) to identify significant contributions to worker safety and health. The occupational safety and health field has responded effectively to identify gaps in knowledge and practice, but further research is warranted and is described. There is now a greater, if imperfect, understanding of the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle toxicology, hazards to workers, and appropriate controls for nanomaterials, but unified analytical standards and exposure characterization methods are still lacking. The development of control-banding and similar strategies has compensated for incomplete data on exposure and risk, but it is unknown how widely such approaches are being adopted. Although the importance of epidemiologic studies and medical surveillance is recognized, implementation has been slowed by logistical issues. Responsible development of nanotechnology requires protection of workers at all stages of the technological life cycle. In each of the functional areas assessed, progress has been made, but more is required.

Post-traumatic stress disorder and occupational characteristics of police officers in Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveSouth Korean police officers have a greater workload compared to their counterparts in advanced countries. However, few studies have evaluated the occupational challenges that South Korean police officers face. Therefore,...

'Like Skydiving without a Parachute': How Class Origin Shapes Occupational Trajectories in British Acting.

There is currently widespread concern that access to, and success within, the British acting profession is increasingly dominated by those from privileged class origins. This article seeks to empirically interrogate this claim using data on actors from the Great British Class Survey (N = 404) and 47 qualitative interviews. First, survey data demonstrate that actors from working-class origins are significantly underrepresented within the profession. Second, they indicate that even when those from working-class origins do enter the profession they do not have access to the same economic, cultural and social capital as those from privileged backgrounds. Third, and most significantly, qualitative interviews reveal how these capitals shape the way actors can respond to shared occupational challenges. In particular we demonstrate the profound occupational advantages afforded to actors who can draw upon familial economic resources, legitimate embodied markers of class origin (such as Received Pronunciation) and a favourable typecasting.

Occupational health training in India: Need for a competency-driven approach.

Background:In order to cater to the changing business scenario, employment and education profiles of labor, newer occupations, and emerging occupational health challenges, it is time to improve the performance of occupational health professionals by adapting core professional competencies while drawing on global knowledge.Objective:To delineate the competencies required for medical graduates, medical postgraduates, and Masters in Public Health (MPH) graduates practicing occupational health in India.Materials and Methods:First, offline and online literature searches were carried out to enlist the core competencies for occupational health. A draft template was prepared for the identified competencies and stakeholders were asked to rank the listed competencies on a three-point scale stating must, desirable, and not required for each of the three categories of professionals, i.e., medical graduates, medical postgraduates, and MPH graduates.Results:Through the extensive literature search, 23 competencies were identified for occupational health practitioners. According to stakeholders, five competencies were a must, nine were desirable, and nine were not required by a medical graduate. Similarly for a medical postgraduate, except the ability to judge the ergonomic design of the workplace and working tools, which is considered desirable, all other competencies were considered a must while for an MPH graduate all the enlisted 23 competencies were considered a must by the stakeholders.Conclusion:The framework of occupational health competencies developed through this research can be used to strengthen the training of occupational health professionals in India.

Learning through health care work: premises, contributions and practices.

Learning through work has long been important for the development of health care workers' occupational competence. However, to effectively utilise this mode of learning, its particular qualities and contributions need to be understood and optimised and its limitations redressed. Optimising the experiences health care workplaces provide, augmenting their potential for learning and promoting workers' engagement with them can, together, improve workers' ability to respond to future occupational challenges. Importantly, such considerations can be used to understand and appraise workplaces as learning environments. Here, the concepts of practice curricula and pedagogies, and workers' personal epistemologies (i.e. what individuals know, can do and value) are described and advanced as practical bases for optimising learning in and for health care workplaces now and for the future. Such bases seem salient given the growing emphasis on practice-based provisions for the initial preparation and on-going professional development of health care workers' capacities to be effective in their practice, and responsive to occupational innovations that need to be generated and enacted through practice.

Realia profilaktycznej opieki zdrowotnej nad pracownikami w Polsce

The Polish occupational health system (OHS), existing over the past 17 years, has recently been contested as never before. Critical voices pertain to both legislative and executive aspects of the system, in which key roles are played by employers and occupational medicine service. There are some reasons for making a hypothesis that relevant norms are not always respected by the main actors. The data on the observance of norms by entities responsible for providing workers with prophylactic health care were analyzed. They were obtained from the existing external resources and materials collected during the implementation of tasks assigned by the Ministry of Health. Legal norms, which constitute OHS in Poland are generally neither respected by the employers, nor by the representatives of occupational medicine service. Nearly half (45-47%) of employers infringe provisions relating to medical examinations of workers. Such a degree of non-observance of respective laws would have not been the case if it was not for the attitudes and "silent approval" of many (but not all) occupational physicians. Laws defining the responsibilities of occupational medicine service units on one hand, and of employers on the other, are for many reasons infringed by both groups. The data analyses indicate that the Polish OHS is, to a large extent, not acceptable and should be replaced with another one founded on other assumptions and responsive to contemporary occupational health challenges. New provisions should be formulated on the basis of merit and guided by socially accepted norms.

Understanding the Occupational Issues Faced by Custodial Grandparents Endeavoring to Improve Scholastic Outcomes for Their Grandchildren

The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is an evidenced-based model of practice that occupational therapists employ to discuss and reflect on the occupational needs of clients. Custodial grandparents are one cohort of potential clients who experience considerable difficulty in adapting to the occupational challenges of their grandchild-rearing role, particularly in relation to schooling. Hence, this study aims to broaden current understanding of the volition, habituation, and performance processes that custodial grandparents work through in their daily drive to meet their grandchildren’s educational needs. Thematic analysis was conducted on 49 custodial grandparent interviews. Critical intervention points exist during the custodial care-giving role, at which juncture grandcarers experience feelings of stress overload and self-doubt. It is at these junctures that custodial grandparents would benefit from occupational therapy (OT), but such OT intervention is difficult to initiate among the hard-to-reach grandcarer age-cohort. To reach grandcarers and meet their occupational needs it is recommended that OTs conduct a family unit strengths, resources, and needs assessment for each student referred to them for age-inappropriate behavioral issues. In conducting a detailed family background assessment, grandcarers by extension can be reached and their occupational needs can be met.

Exploring the Nature of the Intention, Meaning and Perception Process of the Neuro-occupation Model to Understand Adaptation to Change.

The theoretical model of neuro-occupation, intention, meaning and perception, sought to describe the symbiotic relationship between occupation and the brain, as a chaotic, self-organized, complex system. Lack of evidence has limited its applicability to practice. The aim of this study was to track the postulates of the model within the daily experiences of subjects. Structured matrices were created for content analysis, using a qualitative multiple-case-study design, typically used for testing models. An underpinning principle of the model, defined a circular causality feedback process, which was confirmed as described through tracing the repetitive processes within the lived experience of two Iranian men. The process suggested that continual adaptation occurred in lives interrupted by cerebrovascular accident, which enabled the subjects to return to expression of meaning through purposeful occupation and continually re-shaped their perceptions. The primary limitation of this study was that it was the earliest attempt to test the model and to substantiate the process by comparing the similarities and differences between too few subjects. Future research should identify the same process in more subjects and validate a practical assessment tool for clients. These findings may inform practitioners about intentional use of occupational challenges to elicit adaptive behaviours in clients.

The Occupational Challenges of and Supports for Individuals Providing Care to People With Dementia

Abstract Date Presented 4/18/2015 In this study, we examined perspectives and occupational challenges and supports of caregivers of people with dementia. Results represent constructs such as role conflict, quality of life, and advocacy. Practitioners can obtain a general understanding of the caregiving experience to address their needs.

Immigration stress, exposure to traumatic life experiences, and problem drinking among first-generation immigrant Latino couples

This study explored the actor and partner effects of immigration stress and its different dimensions on problem drinking above and beyond the effects of exposure to traumatic life experiences in immigrant Latino couples. The study was guided by Lazarus and Folkman’s stress theory and Bodenmann’s systemic–transactional stress model for couples and used data collected from 104 couples living in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. The main results from the path model analysis indicated that men’s problem drinking was significantly and positively associated with their exposure to traumatic life experiences but not with their overall immigration stress and each of its different dimensions. By contrast, women’s problem drinking was not significantly related to their exposure to traumatic life experiences, but it was associated positively with their overall immigration stress and, specifically, stress from language and occupational challenges and missing their family. Women’s problem drinking was also related but in a negative direction with men’s overall immigration stress, and specifically, acculturation-related dimensions of immigration stress (stress from legal, novelty, and occupational challenges). These findings are interpreted in the context of sex differences in coping and the cultural values of the Latino population. Limitations, research, and clinical implications of the findings are also discussed.

The measurement of psychological literacy: a first approximation.

Psychological literacy, the ability to apply psychological knowledge to personal, family, occupational, community and societal challenges, is promoted as the primary outcome of an undergraduate education in psychology. As the concept of psychological literacy becomes increasingly adopted as the core business of undergraduate psychology training courses world-wide, there is urgent need for the construct to be accurately measured so that student and institutional level progress can be assessed and monitored. Key to the measurement of psychological literacy is determining the underlying factor-structure of psychological literacy. In this paper we provide a first approximation of the measurement of psychological literacy by identifying and evaluating self-report measures for psychological literacy. Multi-item and single-item self-report measures of each of the proposed nine dimensions of psychological literacy were completed by two samples (N = 218 and N = 381) of undergraduate psychology students at an Australian university. Single and multi-item measures of each dimension were weakly to moderately correlated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of multi-item measures indicated a higher order three factor solution best represented the construct of psychological literacy. The three factors were reflective processes, generic graduate attributes, and psychology as a helping profession. For the measurement of psychological literacy to progress there is a need to further develop self-report measures and to identify/develop and evaluate objective measures of psychological literacy. Further approximations of the measurement of psychological literacy remain an imperative, given the construct's ties to measuring institutional efficacy in teaching psychology to an undergraduate audience.

Occupational Health Challenges of Railway Employees in India ? Towards Developing a Comprehensive Framework for Action

Provision of occupational health services plays a critical role in employee retention, motivation and job satisfaction. Work related health and safety needs of railway employees in India have not received the due attention. Lack of comprehensive framework for analysis and paucity of scientific literature on the subject is a bottleneck for formulation and implementation of effective policies around the subject. This review paper offers a framework for further consideration of the government. In the first of its kind work, the paper also presents a unique and comprehensive perspective of the responsibilities, contextual factors and emerging priorities with regard to occupational health challenges of railway workers. Opting for a comprehensive occupational health policy, capacity building of key stakeholders, regular supervision, strengthening of information management system and facilitating research and innovation on the subject has the potentiality to pay rich dividends in the long run not only to individual workers but also to the economy and the railway industry.