Occupational Physical Activity In Relation Research Articles

Rural and urban differences in the prevalence and determinants of Type-2 diabetes in Bangladesh.

To estimate the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in urban and rural settings and identify the specific risk factors for each location. We conducted this study using data from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), sourced from the DHS website. The survey employed a stratified two-stage sampling method, which included 7,658 women and 7,048 men aged 18 and older who had their blood glucose levels measured. We utilized chi-square tests and ordinal logistic regression to analyze the association between various selected variables in both urban and rural settings and their relationship with diabetes and prediabetes. The prevalence of T2D was 10.8% in urban areas and 7.4% in rural areas, while pre-diabetes affected 31.4% and 27% of the populations in these respective settings. The study found significant factors influencing diabetes in both urban and rural regions, particularly in the 55-64 age group (Urban: AOR = 1.88, 95% CI [1.46, 2.42]; Rural: AOR = 1.87, 95% CI [1.54, 2.27]). Highly educated individuals had lower odds of T2D, while wealthier and overweight participants had higher odds in both areas. In rural regions, T2D risk was higher among caffeinated drink consumers and those not engaged in occupation-related physical activity, while these factors did not show significant influence in urban areas. Furthermore, urban participants displayed a significant association between T2D and hypertension. Our study outlines a comprehensive strategy to combat the increasing prevalence of T2D in both urban and rural areas. It includes promoting healthier diets to control BMI level, encouraging regular physical activity, early detection through health check-ups, tailored awareness campaigns, improving healthcare access in rural regions, stress management in urban areas, community involvement, healthcare professional training, policy advocacy like sugary drink taxation, research, and monitoring interventions. These measures collectively address the T2D challenge while accommodating the distinct features of urban and rural settings.

Association of domain-specific physical activity with albuminuria among prediabetes and diabetes: a large cross-sectional study

BackgroundAlbuminuria, the presence of excess of protein in urine, is a well-known risk factor for early kidney damage among diabetic/prediabetic patients. There is a complex interaction between physical activity (PA) and albuminuria. However, the relationship of specific-domain PA and albuminuria remained obscure.MethodsAlbuminuria was defined as urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) > 30 mg/g. PA was self-reported by participants and classified into transportation-related PA (TPA), occupation-related PA (OPA), and leisure-time PA (LTPA). Weighted logistic regression was conducted to compute the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to evaluate the dose–response of PA domains with the risk of albuminuria.ResultsA total of 6739 diabetic/prediabetic patients (mean age: 56.52 ± 0.29 years) were enrolled in our study, including 3181 (47.20%) females and 3558 (52.80%) males. Of them, 1578 (23.42%) were identified with albuminuria, and 5161(76.58%) were without albuminuria. Diabetic/prediabetic patients who adhered the PA guidelines for total PA had a 22% decreased risk of albuminuria (OR = 0.78, 95%CI 0.64–0.95), and those met the PA guidelines for LTPA had a 28% decreased of albuminuria (OR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.57–0.92). However, OPA and TPA were both not associated with decreased risk of albuminuria. RCS showed linear relationship between the risk of albuminuria with LTPA.ConclusionsMeeting the PA guideline for LTPA, but not OPA and TPA, was inversely related to the risk of albuminuria among diabetic/prediabetic patients. Additionally, achieving more than 300 min/week of LTPA conferred the positive effects in reducing albuminuria among diabetic/prediabetic patients.

Analysis of physical activity and prescription opioid use among US adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOpioid crisis has become a global concern, but whether physical activity (PA) can effectively reduce prescription opioid use remains unclear. The study aimed to examine the relationship of different domains of PA (e.g., occupation-related PA [OPA], transportation-related PA [TPA], leisure-time PA [LTPA]) with prescription opioid use and duration of prescription opioid use.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 27,943 participants aged ≥ 18 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007– March 2020). We examined the relationship of different domains of PA with prescription opioid use and duration of prescription opioid use using multivariable logistic regression. Stratified analysis and a series of sensitivity analysis were used to elevate robustness. All analyses were conducted using appropriate sampling weights.ResultsOf the 27,943 participants, the mean age was 45.10 years, with 14,018 [weighted, 50.0%] females and 11,045 [weighted, 66.0%] non-Hispanic White. After multivariable adjustment, inverse associations between PA and prescription opioid use were observed for sufficient (≥ 150 min/week) total PA (OR,0.68 95%CI [0.56–0.81]), TPA (OR,0.73 95%CI [0.58–0.92]), and LTPA (OR,0.60 95%CI [0.48–0.75]) compared with insufficient PA(< 150 min/week), but not for sufficient OPA (OR,0.93 95%CI [0.79–1.10]). In addition, the associations were dose-responsive, participants had 22–40%, 27–36%, and 26–47% lower odds of using prescription opioids depending on the duration of total PA, TPA, and LTPA, respectively. Nevertheless, the impact of PA on prescription opioid use varied by duration of opioid use. Sufficient total PA was associated with elevated odds of short-term use of prescription opioids (< 90 days). Comparatively, sufficient total PA, TPA, and LTPA had different beneficial effects on reducing long-term use of prescription opioids (≥ 90 days) depending on the strength of opioids.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated sufficient total PA, TPA, and LTPA were inversely associated with prescription opioid use and varied depending on the duration and strength of prescription opioid use. These findings highlight PA can provide policy guidance to address opioid crisis.

Association Between Different Types of Physical Activity and Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Fibrosis: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES.

Many studies have shown a link between physical activity (PA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, more research is needed to investigate the relationship between different types of PA and NAFLD. This study aimed to explore the potential link between different types of PA, hepatic steatosis, and liver fibrosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the data set from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to 2020. A multiple linear regression model was used to examine the linear relationship between different types of PA, the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and liver stiffness measurement (LSM). In addition, smoothing curve fitting and threshold effect analysis were used to depict their nonlinear relationship. This study involved 5933 adults. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significantly negative correlation between leisure-time PA and CAP, while the relationship between occupation-related PA, transportation-related PA, and CAP was not significant. Subgroup analysis further revealed that leisure-time PA was significantly negatively correlated with CAP in women and younger age groups (under 60y old), while the relationship was not significant in men and older age groups. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between leisure-time PA and liver fibrosis in men. Leisure-time PA can prevent hepatic steatosis, and women and young people benefit more. Occupation-related PA is not associated with hepatic steatosis and cannot replace leisure-time PA. In men, increasing leisure-time PA is more effective in preventing liver fibrosis.

Association of domain-specific physical activity with depressive symptoms: A population-based study.

It remains unclear whether all physical activity (PA) domains (e.g., occupation-related PA [OPA], transportation-related PA [TPA], and leisure-time PA [LTPA]) have equivalent beneficial relationships. We aimed to investigate the associations of OPA, TPA, and LTPA with depressive symptoms in adults. We included and analyzed 31,221 participants (aged ≥18years) from the cross-sectional 2007-2018 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The PA domains were assessed by a self-report questionnaire and categorized based on the PA guidelines. Depressive symptoms were measured by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Participants achieving PA guidelines (≥150min/week) were 26% (odds ratio [OR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-0.80) and 43% (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.51-0.62) less likely to have depressive symptoms depending on total PA and LTPA, respectively, while OPA or TPA did not demonstrate lower risks of depressive symptoms. LTPA at levels of 1-149, 150-299, and ≥300min/week was associated with 31% (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.78), 43% (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.49-0.67), and 51% (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.43-0.55) lower odds of depressive symptoms, respectively. LTPA, but not OPA or TPA, was associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms at any amount, suggesting that significant mental health would benefit from increased PA, even at levels below the recommendation.

Association between spinal disorders and different domains of physical activity among young adult men.

BackgroundThere is limited evidence of how physical activity (PA) associates with low back pain (LBP) and neck pain (NP). Particularly, the association between occupational or commuting PA and LBP/NP is unclear. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between spinal disorders and different physical activity domains in young and healthy adult men.MethodsSelf-reported leisure time, occupational and commuting PA, as well as LBP and NP, were studied using questionnaires among young Finnish males (n = 1,630). Logistic regression analysis was used to study the associations of PA domains, physical fitness, and spinal disorders. Regression models were adjusted for age, education, smoking, waist circumference, and the other PA domains.ResultsThere was a positive association between moderate leisure-time PA and both LBP (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.18–1.95) and NP (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.00–1.66) compared to low PA. Furthermore, moderate (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.00–1.71) and high (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.15–2.02) leisure time PA groups had a higher likelihood of lumbago. Moderate (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51–0.90) and high (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.95) occupational PA groups had lower likelihood for radiating LBP, while high occupational PA (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52–0.99) had lower likelihood for lumbago.ConclusionsThe associations between physical activity and LBP or NP seem to vary between different domains of physical activity among young healthy men. Commuting and occupation-related PA appear not to be harmfully associated with LPB or NP, whereas moderate-level leisure time PA may be associated with increased LBP and NP, and the respective high level may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of lumbago.

Recreational and occupational physical activity in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness: the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP).

To examine associations between recreational and occupational physical activity and prostate cancer aggressiveness in a population-based, case-only, incident prostate cancer study. Data were analyzed from the cross-sectional North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project of African-American (n = 1,023) and European-American (n = 1,079) men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP). High-aggressive CaP was defined as Gleason sum ≥ 8, or prostate-specific antigen > 20ng/ml, or Gleason sum ≥ 7 and clinical stage T3-T4. Metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) were estimated from self-reported recreational physical activity in the year prior to diagnosis assessed retrospectively via a validated questionnaire and from occupational physical activity based on job titles. Associations between physical activity variables and high-aggressive prostate cancer were estimated using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for multiple confounders. There was suggestive evidence that walking for 75-150min/week for exercise is associated with lower odds of high-aggressive prostate cancer compared to no walking (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.47-1.01). Physical activity at the current job was associated with 24% lower odds of high-aggressive prostate cancer (highest vs. lowest tertile OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.56-1.04). However, total MET-h/week of recreational physical activity and accumulation of high-level physical activity at the longest-held job were not associated with high-aggressive prostate cancer. Results did not vary by race. The odds of high-aggressive prostate cancer were lower among men who walk for exercise and those engaged in occupations with high activity levels.

Inadequate Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Are Independent Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

In general, physical activity (PA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have an inverse association. However, studies assessing the impact of the widely accepted Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (PA Guidelines) on NAFLD are lacking. We performed a serial, cross-sectional analysis among adults by using the 2007-2016 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were defined by using various noninvasive panels. A PA questionnaire assessed the leisure-time PA, occupation-related PA, transportation-related PA, and total sitting time as sedentary behavior. PA was categorized according to the PA Guidelines. Of the 24,588 individuals (mean age, 47.4years; 47.9% males), leisure-time PA (≥150minutes per week) demonstrated 40% lower odds of NAFLD, whereas transportation-related PA was associated with a 33% risk reduction in NAFLD. Analysis of total PA and sitting times simultaneously showed a dose-response association between sitting time and NAFLD (P for trend<0.001). Compliance with the PA Guidelines was lower in individuals with NAFLD versus those without NAFLD. The trends in compliance with the PA Guidelines for any type of PA remained stable in individuals with NAFLD except for a downtrend in transportation-related PA. In contrast, an improvement in compliance with the PA Guidelines for leisure time was noted in the cohort without NAFLD. Although PA demonstrated a 10% stronger association with risk reduction of NAFLD in women, women showed a lower tendency of meeting the PA Guidelines. Trends in total sitting time increased significantly regardless of NAFLD status. Sedentary behavior emerged as an independent predictor of NAFLD. Overall compliance with the PA Guidelines was lower in the cohort with NAFLD, with sex- and ethnicity-based differences. Implementation of these observations in clinical practice may improve our understanding as well as clinical outcomes.

Physical activity in healthy urban adults and its association with body composition parameters

An adequate amount of physical activity (PA) in adults improves cardio-respiratory fitness, metabolic health and helps maintain a normal body weight and composition. Here we examined sex- and occupation-related PA patterns and their association with body composition parameters. Healthy volunteers (n = 97) aged 21–49 years completed a self-administered PA questionnaire and characterized their occupational duties depending on the volume of the physical work involved. A bio-impedance analyser was used to determine body composition. Men reported more metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes/week of vigorous PA than women (p &lt; 0.05). Participants with low occupational PA had less walking, moderate and total MET minutes/week, and more sitting time than those with moderate and vigorous occupational PA (p &lt; 0.05), but their body composition parameters did not differ. In males, negative correlations were found between body fat percentage, visceral fat range, segmental fat mass, and moderate MET minutes/week, whereas positive associations were observed between muscle mass in legs and vigorous MET minutes/week (p&lt;0.05). In females, negative correlations were found between visceral fat and vigorous MET minutes/week but positive – between lean body mass, trunk and leg muscle mass, and moderate PA (p &lt; 0.05). These observed associations might be used to develop interventions to promote sex- and occupation-specific PA.

Nativity and Occupational Determinants of Physical Activity Participation Among Latinos

Latinos in the U.S. bear a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular risk factors, including physical inactivity. Previous research among Latinos has focused on leisure-time physical activity, limiting understanding of the different ways in which populations, particularly working-class groups, achieve recommended levels of physical activity. This study examined associations of race/ethnicity; nativity; and leisure-time, transportation, and occupation-related physical activity among Latino and non-Latino white adults. Participants sampled in the 2007-2012 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey self-reported domain-specific physical activity. Data were analyzed in 2016-2017 using multivariable log binomial regression models to examine differences in meeting guidelines for each physical activity domain separately and as total physical activity among Latinos (n=4,692) and non-Latino whites (n=7,788). Models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and health status and tested interactions between nativity and occupational categories. In adjusted models, foreign-born Latinos (prevalence ratio=0.70, 95% CI=0.63, 0.77) and U.S.-born Latinos (prevalence ratio=0.85, 95% CI=0.76, 0.95) were least likely to meet physical activity guidelines through occupation-related and leisure time physical activity, when compared with non-Latino whites. By contrast, foreign-born Latinos were more likely to meet physical activity guidelines through transportation physical activity than non-Latino whites (prevalence ratio=1.26, 95% CI=1.01, 1.56) and were proportionately more likely to participate in vigorous modes of physical activity. Interaction results indicated that foreign-born Latinos were the least likely to meet physical activity guidelines compared with U.S.-born Latinos and non-Latino whites if they worked in non-manual occupational categories. All racial/ethnic groups working in manual occupations saw the largest increase (40%-50%) in meeting physical activity guidelines when occupation-related physical activity was combined with leisure-time and transportation physical activity. These findings suggest variability in the relationship between nativity and the physical activity domain Latinos engage in compared with non-Latino whites, with occupation contributing substantially to meeting physical activity recommendations for all population groups.

Abstract P171: Occupational, Sport and Leisure Physical Activity Have Contrasting Effects on Neural Baroreflex Sensitivity. The Paris Prospective Study III

Background: Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), but it is unclear whether the type of PA has similar effects on the neural (nBRS) or vascular (carotid stiffness) components of BRS. We sought to determine this in healthy adults from a community- based study via assessment of occupational (OPA), sport (SPA), leisure (LPA) and total PA (TPA). Methods: In 8649 adults aged 50 to 75 years, resting nBRS (estimated by low frequency gain, from carotid distension rate and heart rate) and carotid stiffness were measured by high-precision carotid echotracking. PA was self-reported using the Baecke questionnaire, which distinguishes OPA, SPA, LPA and TPA. The associations between PA and nBRS and carotid stiffness were quantified using multivariate linear regression analysis. Analyses were conducted separately in the working and non- working population. Results: In working adults (n=5039), OPA was associated with lower nBRS function (p=0.026) and borderline higher carotid stiffness (p=0.08). The associations between OPA and nBRS remained independent after additionally adjusting for SPA (p=0.03) and exaggerated exercise blood pressure (p=0.005), a predictor of future hypertension and cardiovascular events. When examining the type of OPA separately (i.e. lifting heavy loads, standing or walking at work) lifting heavy loads only was associated with impaired nBRS (p=0.048). When stratified by education, this association remained only in those with less than tertiary education. SPA was associated with higher nBRS (p=0.0005) and borderline lower carotid stiffness (p=0.052). Neither LPA nor TPA was associated with nBRS or carotid stiffness. In non-working adults (n=3610), SPA and TPA were both associated with lower carotid stiffness (p=0.012 and p=0.020), but not nBRS. LPA was not associated with either parameter. Conclusion: Occupation-related PA, in particular lifting heavy loads, is associated with lower nBRS function, especially in those with lower education. Higher amounts of sport-related PA are associated with higher nBRS and lower carotid stiffness.

Occupation related differences in the thickness of metatarsal fat pads: an in vivo assessment in a young male adult population

Background: The foot combines mechanical complexities with structural strength to withstand pressure and the metatarsal fat pads play a major role in this.Methods Material: In this study, we determined the metatarsal fat pad thickness of 40 male students that constituted a control group and an age-matched 40 male auto mechanic artisans within Abakaliki metropolis, southeast Nigeria, which served as the quasi-experimental group. Evaluation was made using a brightness mode ultrasound system. Their weights, heights, foot length, foot breadth and mid foot circumference were measured.Results: Results show a significant (P&lt;0.05) difference in the mid-foot circumference and metatarsal fat pad thickness between the control (9.99±0.55cm and 2.04±0.35mm respectively) and artisans (9.58±2.0.59cm and 2.50±2.0.38mm respectively). However, there was no significant (P&gt;0.05) differences in the foot breadth and length between the control (9.86±0.84cm and 26.96±1.03cm) and artisans (10.03±0.54cm and 26.16±1.39cm).Conclusion: These findings indicate that occupation related physical activity that increases plantar pressure can induce an unprecedented thickening of the Metatarsal fat pads thereby reducing elasticity and shock absorbing ability of the fat pads. This could trigger the development of overuse injuries of the foot and plantar foot ulcers. The assessment could also serve as a guidepost in the biomechanical evaluation of the metatarsal fat pad thickness.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(2) 2018 p.245-250

&lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; assessment of thickness of the psoas major muscle in adult male subjects: evaluating occupation-based activity-related differences

&lt;B&gt;Introduction&lt;/B&gt;: There is a notable scarcity of &lt;I&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; studies on the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, and the psoas major muscle, which is important in occupation-related lumbopelvic mechanics, is not an exception. Hence, we determined the psoas major muscle thickness (PMMT) in an adult Nigerian population of different occupational groups with the aim of assessing the effect of unregulated occupation-related physical activity on the muscle while identifying its relationships with known anthropometric variables. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;B&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/B&gt; Eighty apparently healthy males between the ages of 18 and 30 were recruited for the study and divided into two groups: a control group of 40 relatively inactive subjects who were students and an age-matched quasi-experimental group of 40 artisans (manual labourers). B-mode ultrasound was used to measure the thickness of the psoas major muscle at the point of maximum thickness. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;B&gt;Results: &lt;/B&gt; The mean PMMT for the control group was 31.74 ±7.91 mm and did not significantly correlate with body mass index (r = –0.151, p &lt; 0.05), body surface area (r = –0.255, p &gt; 0.05), height (r = –0.186, p &gt; 0.05), weight &lt;br /&gt; (r = –0.244, p &gt; 0.05), or age (r = 0.159, p &gt; 0.05). However, PMMT was significantly greater in the artisan group (40.10 ±4.89 mm) than in the control group (31.74 ±7.91 mm) at p &lt; 0.05.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;B&gt;Conclusions&lt;/B&gt;: This result is an obvious indication of the effect of unregulated occupation-related physical activity on the muscle, which may lead to a gradual alteration of normal lumbopelvic mechanics in these individuals.

Physical activity among the office executives of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background The job pattern of the office executives is presumed to be sedentary in nature, requiring very low occupation related physical activity. This makes them more vulnerable to develop inactivity related non-communicable diseases e.g. metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, mental diseases and even cancers. Executives are the fastest growing labor force in Bangladesh. However, there is lack of study focusing on the physical activity status of this worker group leaving them …

Association between occupational physical activity and myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveRecommendations regarding physical activity typically include both leisure time and occupational physical activity. However, the results from previous studies on occupational physical activity and the association with myocardial infarction have...

Occupational physical activity in relation to risk of cardiovascular mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation for Cancer Risk (JACC Study)

We examined the association between patterns of occupational physical activity (OPA) and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Japanese population. A community-based, prospective cohort of 66,161 men and women aged 40–79years without a history of CVD or cancer at baseline (1988–1990) was followed until 2009. OPA was divided into four types: mostly sitting, sitting and standing (sitting/standing), mostly standing, and standing and walking (standing/walking). During follow-up for a median of 19.2years, 3728 deaths from CVD were registered. Compared with mostly sitting OPA, standing/walking OPA was not associated with a reduced risk of CVD mortality for all subjects, but it was associated with a 20% lower risk of CVD mortality among overweight individuals (body mass index ≥25kg/m2). Compared with mostly sitting OPA, mostly standing OPA was associated with an approximately 20% higher risk of CVD mortality, especially among overweight individuals or those with lower exercise (<2.5h/week). In conclusion, compared with mostly sitting OPA, standing/walking OPA is associated with lower CVD mortality among overweight individuals, while mostly standing OPA is associated with higher CVD mortality, especially in physically inactive individuals.

Macronutrients and obesity: Revisiting the calories in, calories out framework

Recent clinical research has studied weight responses to varying diet composition, but the contribution of changes in macronutrient intake and physical activity to rising population weight remains controversial. Research on the economics of obesity typically assumes a “calories in, calories out” framework, but a weight production model separating caloric intake into carbohydrates, fat, and protein, has not been explored in an economic framework. To estimate the contributions of changes in macronutrient intake and physical activity to changes in population weight, we conducted dynamic time series and structural VAR analyses of U.S. data between 1974 and 2006 and a panel analysis of 164 countries between 2001 and 2010. Findings from all analyses suggest that increases in carbohydrates are most strongly and positively associated with increases in obesity prevalence even when controlling for changes in total caloric intake and occupation-related physical activity. Our structural VAR results suggest that, on the margin, a 1% increase in carbohydrates intake yields a 1.01 point increase in obesity prevalence over 5 years while an equal percent increase in fat intake decreases obesity prevalence by 0.24 points.

Abstract A47: Lifetime occupational physical activity and lung cancer risk in men and women

Abstract The majority of epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between physical activity (PA) and lung cancer risk support the role of recreational PA in lung cancer risk reduction. There have been fewer studies that have examined occupational PA in relation to lung cancer risk and inconclusive results have been reported with some evidence supporting a positive association. In most of these studies, the assessment of occupational PA was crude, based either on self-reported cross-sectional assessments or simple job title-based categorizations. Consideration of lifetime occupational PA and occupational PA accrued in different age windows may provide additional information regarding the direction and magnitude of the relationship, as well as the biologically relevant time window, between PA and lung cancer risk. Methods: The relationship between lifetime occupational PA and lung cancer risk was examined in a population-based case-control study of 1,136 incident lung cancer cases and 1,457 controls conducted in Montreal, Canada. Lifetime job history was collected via in-person interviews; for each job, the main tasks conducted were also obtained. The energy expenditure for each job-related task was determined via expert assessment by an industrial hygienist and an exercise physiologist in units of metabolic equivalent of task (MET). For each job, an average MET value was calculated by weighting the MET values of each job-related task by the hours per week spent in each task. The average lifetime occupational PA level was then computed by weighting the average MET value for each job by the duration spent in that job. The interview also elicited information on the subject's habitual recreational PA. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer risk associated with average lifetime occupational PA and average occupational PA levels in different age windows while controlling for potential confounders. Specifically, average occupational PA in the age windows of 18-24, 24-44 and 45-64 years in relation to lung cancer risk was examined. Confounding was assessed by combining directed acyclic graphs and the change-in-estimate procedure as a novel approach for covariate selection. Effect modification by smoking, body mass index (BMI) and exposure to occupational carcinogens was also assessed. All analyses were conducted separately for men and women. Results: The OR (95% CI) between average lifetime occupational PA and lung cancer risk, comparing the highest versus lowest quartile, was 1.38 (0.88-2.16) in men and 1.01 (0.58-1.76) in women. These associations were not modified by smoking level, BMI or occupational carcinogen exposure. Occupational PA in men was not associated with lung cancer in any of the age windows in which exposure was examined. In women, the highest versus lowest quartile of occupational PA was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in the age window of 18-24 years (OR=1.72: 1.00-2.94); in the age windows of 24-44 (OR=0.89: 0.53-1.48) and 45-64 years (OR=0.63: 0.38-1.02) no increase in lung cancer risk was observed. When analyses were adjusted for recreational PA, results did not differ appreciably. Conclusion: These results fail to support the previously reported protective effects of PA on lung cancer risk. To the limited extent that they show a deviation from the null hypothesis of no influence on risk, they actually suggest some increased risk of lung cancer with higher occupational PA, although this relationship was inconsistent between sexes and in different age windows. This research was funded by the Canadian Cancer Society and the Guzzo-SRC Chair in Environment and Cancer. Citation Format: Vikki Ho, Marie-Élise Parent, Javier Pintos, Michal Abrahamowicz, Lise Gauvin, Jack Siemiatycki, Anita Koushik. Lifetime occupational physical activity and lung cancer risk in men and women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr A47.

Activity related differences in the thickness of heel pad of some occupational groups in Nigeria: An imaging based study

Background: The effect of prolonged occupation-related physical activity can induce stress and strain on the plantar heel pad. These strains can lead to the thickening of the human heel pad. Methods: The effect of occupation-related physical activity on the thickness of the Heel pad (HPT) was assessed among four classes of occupation- Labourers/farmers, Dancers, Athletes and an inactive class (control/normal group) in a southeast Nigerian population. Results: Results show that the inactive class had the lowest values for HPT (9.061.26; 9.001.73mm for right and left sides respectively). The athletes had the highest values (15.151.51; 15.181.57mm for the right and left sides respectively). Multiple comparison shows that Labourers, Dancers and athletes had significantly higher values than the control group (P=0.000; 0.036; 0.000 respectively). Conclusion: Our findings have conclusively established that occupation-related prolonged Physical activity induces thickening of the heel pad. Interventions should be initiated to avoid the setting in of degenerating conditions that may lead to plantar heel pain.

Macronutrients and Obesity: Revisiting the Calories in, Calories out Framework

Recent clinical research has studied weight responses to varying diet composition, but the contribution of changes in macronutrient intake and physical activity to rising population weight remains unknown. Research on the economics of obesity typically assumes a “calories in, calories out” framework, but a richer weight production model separating caloric intake into carbohydrates, fat, and protein, has not been explored. To estimate the contributions of changes in macronutrient intake and physical activity to changes in population weight, we conducted dynamic time series and structural VAR analyses of U.S. data between 1974 and 2006 and a panel analysis of 164 countries between 2001 and 2010. Findings from all analyses suggest that increases in carbohydrates are most strongly and positively associated with increases in obesity prevalence even when controlling for changes in total caloric intake and occupation-related physical activity. If anything, increases in fat intake are associated with decreases in population weight.