Occupation Ratio Research Articles

Effect of preoperative teres minor hypertrophy on reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

The preoperative status of the teres minor (Tm) can affect the outcome of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). The effect of preoperative Tm hypertrophy on the outcome of RTSA is unclear. A total of 86 shoulders that underwent RTSA were retrospectively enrolled. Of these, 48cases with a Tm occupation ratio (OR) of >0.288 in the preoperative magnetic resonance image were assigned to the hypertrophic group, and 38 cases to the control group. The two groups were compared with respect to preoperative rotator cuff tearinvolvement, fatty infiltration, pre- and postoperativerotator cuff ORs, pain scores, functional scores, range of motion, and muscle strength. Postoperative Tm ORs in 1-year follow-up multidetector computed tomography were compared with preoperative Tm ORs. Preoperatively, integrities of infraspinatus (ISP) and supraspinatus were significantly different between the 2 groups (P = .001, 0.009, each). Preoperative ISP ORs were significantly related to preoperative Tm ORs (r = -0.534, P < .001). The mean pre- to postoperative change of Tm ORs in the hypertrophic group decreased (-0.029 ± 0.068), whereas that of the control group increased (+0.047 ± 0.092). Postoperative pain scores, functional scores, range of motion, and muscle strength were not different between groups. In cases of advanced rotator cuff tear requiring RTSA, Tm hypertrophy is found to be related to tear and atrophy of the ISP, suggesting that Tm hypertrophy is a compensatory change for ISP dysfunction. However, Tm hypertrophy was observed to diminish after RTSA. Preoperative Tm hypertrophy appears to have no beneficial effect on the outcomes of RTSA.

Differences and characteristics of symptoms by tumor location, size, and degree of spinal cord compression: a retrospective study on 53 surgically treated, symptomatic spinal meningiomas.

The differences in symptoms of spinal meningiomas have rarely been discussed from the perspective of tumor characteristics. The main purpose of this paper was to define the differences, if any, in symptoms in patients with spinal meningiomas with respect to tumor size, location, and degree of spinal cord compression. The authors also sought the threshold of spinal cord compression that causes motor weakness. The authors conducted a retrospective study of 53 cases of spinal meningiomas that were surgically treated from 2013 to 2018. Symptoms related to the tumor were classified as motor weakness, sensory disturbance, pain, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. Based on MR images, tumor location was classified by spinal level and by its attachment to the dura mater. Tumor dimensions were also measured. Occupation ratios of the tumors to the spinal canal and degree of spinal cord flattening were sought from the axial MR images that showed the highest degree of spinal cord compression. Motor weakness and sensory disturbance were significantly more common in thoracic spine meningiomas than in cervical spine meningiomas (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively), while pain was more common in meningiomas at the craniovertebral junction (p < 0.001). The attachment, height, width, depth, and volume of the tumor showed no significant difference irrespective of the presence or absence of each symptom. In cases of motor weakness and sensory disturbance, occupation ratios and spinal cord flattening ratios were significantly larger. However, these ratios were significantly smaller in the presence of pain. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that occupation ratio independently contributed to motor weakness (OR 1.14, p = 0.035) and pain (OR 0.925, p = 0.034). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that occupation ratio with a value of 63.678% is the threshold for the tumor to cause motor weakness. The study showed the difference in clinical presentation of spinal meningiomas by spinal level, occupation ratio, and spinal cord flattening ratio. An occupation ratio of approximately 64% could be utilized as the threshold value of tumor growth to cause motor weakness. Tumor growth in the cervical spine might cause pain symptoms before causing motor weakness. The relationship between the tumor and its symptomatology should be discussed with respect to tumor size relative to the surrounding spinal canal.

Relation of Superficial and Deep Layers of Delaminated Rotator Cuff Tear to Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Insertions.

It remains unclear whether the deep layer of the rotator cuff is an articular layer of the supraspinatus (SS) or infraspinatus (IS), rotator cable, or superior capsule. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the relationship between occupation ratios and delamination patterns of rotator cuff tears (RCTs). We hypothesised that the deep layers are related to the occupation ratios of the deep SS and IS sections. A total of 265 patients with RCTs were retrospectively enrolled between 2013 and 2017 and divided into four groups: A, non-delaminated tear; B, delaminated tear with the deep layer equally retracted to the superficial layer; C, delaminated tear with the deep layer more retracted; D, delaminated tear with the superficial layer more retracted. Muscle volume was evaluated by measurement of each occupation ratio of the SS and IS, and the IS muscle was additionally divided into two areas, deep and superficial. The SS occupation ratio was significantly lower in group C than in the other groups (p = 0.009). Conversely, comparison of the IS occupation ratios revealed no significant intergroup differences. The occupation ratio of the superficial IS was significantly lower in group D than in the other groups (p = 0.003). In group C, the occupation ratios of the deep IS section were significantly decreased according to RCT size (p = 0.034). Our findings demonstrate that the superficial layers are related to the IS superficial section and the deep layers to the SS and IS deep sections. IV.

Restoration of supraspinatus and infraspinatus deep plane occupation ratios was greater in delaminated tears than in non-delaminated tears after rotator cuff repair

Total 132 patients who underwent arthroscopic suture bridge repair were divided into two groups: group A, non-delaminated tears; group B, deep layer, more retracted, delaminated tears. In addition, group B were divided into two subgroups: group I (≤2-cm) and group II (>2-cm). Muscle volume was evaluated by measuring the occupation ratio and restoration of the rotator cuff muscle was defined as the difference between the preoperative and postoperative occupation ratios. The restoration of the SS and IS deep plane occupation ratios was greater in >2-cm-sized delaminated tears than in ≤2-cm-sized delaminated and non-delaminated tears.

Soil salinization in the oasis areas of downstream inland rivers —Case Study: Minqin oasis

Soil salinization is the main resource and environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions, and it seriously restricts regional ecological security and sustainable agricultural development. Accurate monitoring of soil salinization and analysis of its main influencing factors are of great significance to the improvement and management of soil salinization. In this paper, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and salinity index (SI) were extracted from Landsat images of the Minqin oasis from 2000 to 2018, and these data were used to construct a soil salinization remote sensing monitoring index model (SDI). The index extracted by the model was used to monitor the soil salinization information, and the index values were graded to obtain different degrees of soil salinized land. The measured data were used to verify the accuracy of the SDI through trend analysis, stability analysis and other methods, and explore the characteristics and main influencing factors of soil salinization in the Minqin oasis. The results showed that the spatial distribution characteristics of the different degrees of soil salinity extracted by the SDI model were consistent with the measured results. The area of salinized soil in the Minqin oasis exceeded 80%, and the proportion of lightly salinized soil was the largest. The area ratio of salinized soil did not change much from 2000 to 2018, but the changes between different degrees of salinized soil were large.The unused land in the Minqin oasis exhibited a high degree of salinization, which was manifested spatially in the northwest of the Minqin oasis and the areas surrounding Qingtu Lake. In addition, the soil salinization of the Minqin oasis exhibited obvious seasonal differences, and the different degrees of salinization also changed with the change in seasons. The analysis of the main influencing factors of soil salinization in the Minqin oasis revealed that the large land occupation ratio of salinized land in the Minqin oasis was related to the local climatic factors. In recent years, changes in soil salinity in parts of the Minqin oasis and Qingtu Lake area were mainly the result of ecological water conveyance.

Investigation of tuning behavior of trimethylene oxide hydrate with guest methane molecule and its critical guest concentration

Due to the promising storage capacity for CH4, the method of natural gas storage and transportation using solid gas hydrate is recognized as an alternative to conventional liquefied natural gas process. To make this alternative more viable, however, it is necessary to further shift the formation temperature and pressure of natural gas hydrate closer to ambient conditions. Although there is a trade-off between storing more CH4 and mitigating the formation conditions, it is known that adding specific liquid molecules such as tetrahydrofuran, as a secondary guest to CH4 hydrate could lead to favorable thermodynamic stability while still affording promising CH4 storage capacity via a mechanism known as the tuning phenomenon. Here, this study focused on trimethylene oxide (TMO) + CH4 hydrate to reveal its unique guest occupation patterns for potential application to natural gas storage and transportation. The occurrence of the tuning behavior on the TMO + CH4 hydrate was observed for the first time. Most importantly, the tuning factor referred to as the CH4 occupation ratio between the large and small cages of sII hydrate, exhibited a value of 0.73 at the critical guest concentration, which is the largest value reported to date. The phase equilibria of the TMO + CH4 hydrate were provided for TMO concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 5.56 mol%. The spectroscopic data obtained from synchrotron HRPD, dispersive Raman, and 13C solid-state HPDEC MAS NMR spectrometry provided experimental evidence of the distinct enclathration characteristics of CH4 and TMO molecules during the tuning phenomenon. These findings provide fundamental knowledge on the tuning effect and lend useful insights for designing and developing gas hydrate-based natural gas storage and transportation process.

Ultrastructural comparison of the compound eyes of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) under light/dark adaptation

The Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis is one of the most destructive pests of maize throughout eastern Asia and the South Pacific. In the present study the fine structure of the compound eyes of adult O. furnacalis was investigated under light/dark adaptation using light and electron microscopy. The compound eyes of male and female O. furnacalis are superposition eyes with electron-lucent clear zones. The sexual differences of the compound eyes of O. furnacalis are mainly reflected in eye size rather than ommatidial ultrastructure. Each ommatidium of both sexes contains 12 retinula cells, one of which is the basal retinula cell. All the retinula cells form a centrally-fused, two-tiered rhabdom, whose distal layer passes through the clear zone and distally connects with the crystalline cone. The ultrastructural changes under light/dark conditions mainly involve the rhabdom occupation ratio to retinula cell volume in the proximal layer of the rhabdom as well as the dimensions of the subcorneal zone and the crystalline tract. Pigment movements occur within the retinula cells and primary pigment cells, but are undetectable within the secondary pigment cells. Regardless of light or dark adaptation, in other words, the pigments never migrate into the clear zone.

A Method for Evaluating Structural Changes of Energy Flow Process with the Case Study of China from 2005-2015

In response to climate change and to achieve global sustainable development, countries should accelerate the transition of their energy systems. In order to clearly understand the underlying mechanism of the transition, it is necessary to investigate the structural changes along energy flow processes and find the driving factors. This paper proposes a quantitative method based on energy allocation Sankey diagrams and index including total amount change, relative growth rate and occupation ratio change (TRO) to evaluate the structural changes of energy flow process and presents a case study of China from 2005 to 2015. Firstly, China’s energy flow process in 2015 was mapped from energy sources, intermediate conversion, end-use devices, passive systems to final services in the form of a Sankey diagram. Secondly, based on TRO index, this diagram was compared with a previous one of 2005 to reveal and evaluate structural changes in the past decade. Finally, the driving factors of these changes were discussed from different perspectives. The main changes from energy sources level are the reduction of coal and the increase of natural gas, from final services level are the reduction of thermal comfort demand and the increase of structural materials (especially that from chemical industry). The key factors driving these changes are the infrastructure construction of natural gas, rapid urbanization, improvement of energy efficiency of buildings and the people’s pursuit of high-quality life.

Subacromial space outlet in female patients with multidirectional instability based on hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorder measured by ultrasound

The objective of the study was to compare the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) between patients diagnosed with hypermobility type of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) or hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) and healthy controls by evaluating the relative amount the tendon occupies in the subacromial area. Furthermore, the aim was to evaluate if there was a change in AHD with arm elevation within and between groups. Twenty-nine female patients with hEDS/HSD (aged 34 ± 12.9 years) and 20 healthy controls (aged 33 ± 10.8 years) participated in the study. The supraspinatus tendon (SST) thickness and AHD were measured using ultrasound. The interplay between the SST and the AHD was expressed as the occupation ratio (OcAHD), calculated as the SST thickness as a percentage of AHD. The measures were performed in the resting position and in subsequently 45° and 60° of active arm elevation in the scapular plane. The main finding is that patients with hEDS/HSDhave a larger subacromial space outlet compared with the controls when measured by ultrasound. Furthermore, in both groups, we found an increased OcAHD during active arm elevation compared with the resting position, which indicates that similar mechanisms occur for patients with hEDS/HSDand healthy controls. Patients with hEDS/HSDhave a larger available subacromial space outlet compared with healthy individuals. OcAHD increased during active arm elevation compared with the resting position in both groups. This knowledge is important when designing rehabilitation exercise programs for shoulder instability patients with abnormal glenohumeral biomechanics.

How Much Will High Tension Adversely Affect Rotator Cuff Repair Integrity?

To suggest a cutoff value of tension related to retear of a repaired chronically contracted rotator cuff and to analyze the correlation between predictive factors and integrity of repair in large to massive contracted rotator cuff tears (RCTs). We analyzed arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs for large to massive (>3cm) contracted RCTs, not amenable to complete repair by standard means with meticulous release, with a minimum of 1year follow-up. An intraoperative procedure was designed for the estimation of repair tension using a tensiometer. Clinical and radiological findings were compared between the healed group and the retear group, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed ∼1year postoperatively for the evaluation of integrity of the repair site. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify the cutoff value of the independent factors. Factors affecting postoperative retear were examined with multivariate analysis. Fifty patients were enrolled in this study and divided into the healed group (31 patients) and the retear group (19 patients) according to the follow-up magnetic resonance imaging findings. Significant results showed that tension (5.13 < 95% confidence interval [CI] < 58.15, P < .001) and acromiohumeral interval (AHI) (1.13 < 95% CI < 33.10, P= .013) were important factors for the integrity of rotator cuff repair. The cutoff value of tension was 35N, and an AHI <6.6mm may also be considered a predictor of retear. An occupation ratio of the tension >35N was the strongest predictor of retear, with an area under the curve of 0.799, sensitivity of 84.2%, and specificity of 67.7% (accuracy= 76.0%). The integrity of a large to massive rotator cuff repair is strongly related to the tension to reach the articular margin of the footprint and AHI. We found that the possibility of retear increases when tension ≥35N is required. AHI <6.6mm may also be considered a predictor of retear. Level III, retrospective cohort design.

Flare Activity and Magnetic Feature Analysis of the Flare Stars

Abstract We analyze the light curve of 1740 flare stars to study the relationship between the magnetic feature characteristics and the identified flare activity. Coverage and stability of magnetic features are inspired by rotational modulation of light-curve variations and flare activity of stars are obtained using our automated flare detection algorithm. The results show that: (i) the flare time occupation ratio (or flare frequency) and the total power of flares increase by increasing relative magnetic feature coverage and contrast in F–M-type stars; (ii) magnetic feature stability is highly correlated with the coverage and the contrast of the magnetic structures, as this is the case for the Sun; and (iii) stability, coverage, and contrast of the magnetic features, time occupation ratio, and total power of flares increases for G-, K-, and M-type stars by decreasing the Rossby number due to the excess of the produced magnetic field from dynamo procedure until reaching to the saturation level.

Development of an automatic muscle atrophy measuring algorithm to calculate the ratio of supraspinatus in supraspinous fossa using deep learning

Background and objectiveRotator cuff muscle tear is one of the most frequent reason of operations in orthopedic surgery. There are several clinical indicators such as Goutallier grade and occupation ratio in the diagnosis and surgery of these diseases, but subjective intervention of the diagnosis is an obstacle in accurately detecting the correct region. MethodsTherefore, in this paper, we propose a fully convolutional deep learning algorithm to quantitatively detect the fossa and muscle region by measuring the occupation ratio of supraspinatus in the supraspinous fossa. In the development and performance evaluation of the algorithm, 240 patients MRI dataset with various disease severities were included. ResultsAs a result, the pixel-wise accuracy of the developed algorithm is 0.9984 ± 0.073 in the fossa region and 0.9988 ± 0.065 in the muscle region. The dice coefficient is 0.9718 ± 0.012 in the fossa region and 0.9463 ± 0.047 in the muscle region. ConclusionsWe expect that the proposed convolutional neural network can improve the efficiency and objectiveness of diagnosis by quantifying the index used in the orthopedic rotator cuff tear.

Research on signals extrapolation in the time domain based on wavelet analysis

Characteristic of modulation spectrum is important for radar targets classification and recognition, while signals with high occupation ratio cause low spectral resolution. For this case, the authors present a method for splicing sub-band based on the Mallat algorithm. This method extracts the low-frequency parts in the different periods of the signals, and using the state-space method to extrapolate the signal between pulse sequence. This method sacrifices spectrum width to improve the local spectral resolution in the case of less sample data. The simulation results demonstrate that the method is effective.

Cauda Equina Occupation Ratio as a New Imaging Parameter for the Evaluation of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae

Because spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae (SDAVF) are rare and their clinical presentation is nonspecific, they are often overlooked during diagnostic evaluations. Typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are intramedullary T2-weighted signal hyperintensity and perimedullary flow voids. There are few reports on the characteristic signs of the cauda equina. We assessed the significance of a new imaging parameter, the cauda equina occupation ratio (CEOR), for the evaluation of SDAVF. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical charts and radiological findings of 20 SDAVF patients treated at our institutions. We evaluated sagittal T2-weighted MRI scans and assessed the CEOR, the occupation ratio of the cauda equina compared to the sagittal diameter of the corresponding lumbar spinal canal. The controls were 21 age- and sex-matched subjects. Of the 20 SDAVF, 10 were at the thoracic and 10 at the lumbar spine. There was no significant difference between the preoperative CEOR and the spinal level of the fistulae or the neurological signs. On preoperative MRI scans, the mean CEOR was 56.0 ± 7.8; postoperatively, it was 37.1 ± 7.4 (P= 0.000). The preoperative CEOR was significantly larger in SDAVF patients than in the controls (P= 0.000); postoperatively, it was smaller than in the controls (P= 0.14). The preoperative CEOR was larger in patients with SDAVF than in the controls. It normalized after successful occlusion of the fistula. Our findings indicate that the CEOR is a useful parameter for the pre- and postoperative evaluation of SDAVF.

Prediction of extreme wind by stochastic typhoon model considering climate change

Stochastic method in extreme meteorology such as typhoon involves the use of statistical models to represent the climatological characteristics of the typhoon and physical models consisting mainly of genesis, intensity, tracks and wind field. This paper presents an MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) based on models for genesis, intensity, tracks and wind field to estimate the extreme wind speed of future typhoons. This proposed method calculates GPIs (Genesis Potential Index) using ERA-interim data to consider the effects of climatological factors on the genesis of typhoons which are modelled based on the correlations between GPIs and past typhoon genesis locations. The intensity of typhoons is modelled using SST (Sea Surface Temperature) and OOR (Oceanic Occupation Ratio). The typhoon tracks are determined through an Auto Regression method. The wind field is estimated using a modified Batts’ model, and Global Circulation Models (GCM) is adopted to estimate future extreme wind speeds. In order to reduce the inherent uncertainty, the reliability ensemble averaging is applied. The comparison of the wind speed estimated for Korean peninsula with those of other researchers reveals that the proposed method can more reasonably predict the maximum wind speed used to determine structural design speed considering regional and climatic factors.

The radiographic morphology of the greater tuberosity is associated with muscle degeneration in patients with symptomatic rotator cuff tears

Atrophy and fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles portend poor findings in terms of postoperative function and the probability of retears. We assumed that sclerosis and spurs of the greater tuberosity (GT) on radiographs are associated with this rotator cuff muscle degeneration. We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative radiographs and magnetic resonance (MR) images of 91 shoulders (average age of patients, 59.7years; age range, 36-79 years) arthroscopically repaired between 2012 and 2016. The radiographic morphology of the GT was defined as normal, sclerotic, or spurring. Atrophy and fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles were evaluated using the occupation ratio and Goutallier classification, respectively, via the MR images. Diagnoses of rotator cuff tears were made during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Significant associations between the radiographic GT morphology and the severity of both supraspinatus muscle atrophy (P = .002) and infraspinatus muscle atrophy (P = .047) were found. The mean occupation ratios of both the sclerotic GT group and the spurring GT group were significantly reduced compared with the mean occupation ratio of the normal GT group. Patients with GT spurs were found to be prone to severe supraspinatus fatty degeneration (P = .020). For patients with rotator cuff tears, the presence of GT spurs or sclerosis on radiographs predicted the occurrence of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle atrophy, as well as supraspinatus fatty infiltration, based on MR images. The clinical relevance is that MR imaging is suggested for patients with radiographic GT sclerosis or spurs to detect advanced rotator cuff lesions.

Broadband microwave spectroscopy of semiconductor nanowire-based Cooper-pair transistors

The Cooper-pair transistor (CPT), a small superconducting island enclosed between two Josephson weak links, is the atomic building block of various superconducting quantum circuits. Utilizing gate-tunable semiconductor channels as weak links, the energy scale associated with the Josephson tunneling can be changed with respect to the charging energy of the island, tuning the extent of its charge fluctuations. Here, we directly demonstrate this control by mapping the energy level structure of a CPT made of an indium arsenide nanowire (NW) with a superconducting aluminum shell. We extract the device parameters based on the exhaustive modeling of the quantum dynamics of the phase-biased nanowire CPT and directly measure the even-odd parity occupation ratio as a function of the device temperature, relevant for superconducting and prospective topological qubits.

Relation between Hypertrophy of Teres Minor Muscle and External Rotation Lag Sign in Patients with Rotator Cuff Pathology.

Background:The purpose of this study was to determine the compensatory hypertrophy of the teres minor (TM) muscle in rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and also the relation between hypertrophy of TM muscle and external rotation lag sign (ERLS).Methods:In the period between June 2017 and April 2018, forty patients with RCTs of the shoulder joint came to our institution. We determined the ERLS of all the RCT patients along with the TM occupation ratio in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and correlated them together. The normal mean of TM occupational ratio was calculated from ten patients who have undergone MRI scan for other causes but with normal rotator cuff muscles.Results:In our study, the mean TM occupational ratio of 10 normal rotator cuff patients was 0.277. Of 40 rotator cuff pathology patients, the mean occupational ratio of the TM in RCTs is 0.359. Sixteen of the 40 patients had ER lag positive and the remaining 24 patients had ER lag negative. Those who were ER lag negative have an TM occupational ratio >0.401. A positive correlation was found between hypertrophy of TM and ERLS.Conclusion:ERLS will be negative in patients with hypertrophy of TM in the setting of posterosuperior cuff tears. There is a strong correlation between cuff tears and hypertrophy of TM muscle, which helps in better prognosis and functional outcome of the patients treated with surgical intervention.

Magnetic nanoparticles with low Curie temperature and high heating efficiency for self-regulating temperature hyperthermia

Both low Curie temperature (Tc) and high specific absorption rate (SAR) are desired for magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) used in magnetic induction hyperthermia (MIH). Here, we report novel MNPs (Zn0.54Co0.46Cr0.6Fe1.4O4) with a Tc of 48.8 °C, which meets the requirement for the self-regulating of MIH therapeutic temperature. This low Tc can be attributed to the weak A-B super-exchange interactions caused by the substitution of Zn2+ and Cr3+. The SAR of the MNPs under clinical applied AC magnetic field (16 kA·m−1, 100 kHz) is up to 6.53 W·g−1, which is mainly contributed by the relaxation loss. The short relaxation time, caused by the low magnetocrystalline anisotropy, may take responsibility for the occurrence of the relaxation loss. While the low magnetocrystalline anisotropy is related to the low occupation ratio of Co2+ in B sites. The in vitro experiments indicate the self-regulating temperature nature and biocompatibility of the MNPs.

Pattern Learning Electronic Density of States

Electronic density of states (DOS) is a key factor in condensed matter physics and material science that determines the properties of metals. First-principles density-functional theory (DFT) calculations have typically been used to obtain the DOS despite the considerable computation cost. Herein, we report a fast machine learning method for predicting the DOS patterns of not only bulk structures but also surface structures in multi-component alloy systems by a principal component analysis. Within this framework, we use only four features to define the composition, atomic structure, and surfaces of alloys, which are the d-orbital occupation ratio, coordination number, mixing factor, and the inverse of miller indices. While the DFT method scales as O(N3) in which N is the number of electrons in the system size, our pattern learning method can be independent on the number of electrons. Furthermore, our method provides a pattern similarity of 91 ~ 98% compared to DFT calculations. This reveals that our learning method will be an alternative that can break the trade-off relationship between accuracy and speed that is well known in the field of electronic structure calculations.