Occupation Of Mother Research Articles

Prevalence and Determinants of Early Antenatal Care Visits Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Rural Gambia

An estimated 303,000 maternal deaths occurred worldwide in 2018. The Gambia has a MMR of 400/100,000 live births. In the Gambia, 24% of pregnant women receive antenatal treatment four times. Insufficient knowledge of the value of prenatal care and lack of subsidized ANC services are the main causes of the growing maternal and newborn mortality rate in Gambia. The study's major goal was to investigate factors influencing pregnant women in rural Gambia who attend early prenatal care. A cross-sectional community-based survey using structured questionnaires was used for the investigation. Cluster random sampling was utilized in the study to choose samples from 5 distinct districts. The study found that socioeconomic factors, economic factors, and accessibility to antenatal care service center influenced early ANC Attendance. After multivariate analysis, marital status, number of children, mother's occupation, cultural acceptance, and education level significantly correlate with early ANC attendance. The Foni district's early ANC attendance rate (ANC) was comparatively low compared to WHO criteria and fell short of the national requirement. This finding may explain the high mother and child mortalities observed in the Foni districts. The study found significant knowledge of ANC services, but this did not help increase early ANC attendance rate.

Knowledge and Practice Regarding Prevention of Covid-19 in Children among Mothers of Underfive Children

Aim: A study titled “knowledge and practice regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children among mothers of underfive children” is a descriptive study conducted on 300 mothers of underfive children admitted in pediatric medical wards of Sree Avittam Thirunal Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge of mothers of underfive children regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children, to assess the practice of mothers of underfive children regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children, to find out the correlation between knowledge and practice of mothers of underfive children regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children, to determine the association between knowledge of mothers of underfive children regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children and selected socio demographic variables, to determine the association between practice of mothers of underfive children regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children and selected socio demographic variables and to prepare a module regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children. Materials and Methods: The theoretical framework of the study was based on Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model. Data regarding mother’s knowledge were assessed using questionnaire and practice through rating scale. Results: The study revealed that of the 300 mothers, 51% mothers had overall good knowledge, 41.3% had average knowledge and 7.7% had poor knowledge regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children. Of the 300 mothers, 82.3% had good practice and 17.7% had average practice regarding prevention of COVID-19 in children. Conclusion: It was observed in the study that there was a weak positive correlation between knowledge and practice (r= 0.265, p< 0.01) and there was a significant association between knowledge of mothers and sociodemographic variables such as age, educational qualification, occupation and income of mother. It was also found that there was a significant association between practice of mothers and educational qualification of mother. The study findings inferred that, even though majority of mothers are following good practices, they lack scientific knowledge regarding preventive practices.

Determinants of undernutrition among children aged 6-59 months during the COVID-19 pandemic: A hospital-based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia.

The public health problem of undernutrition is common in Ethiopia, particularly among children aged 6-59 months. However, determinants of undernutrition among children in this age group are not well investigated particularly within the context of COVID-19 pandemic. This study was, therefore, designed to assess the magnitude and determinants of undernutrition among children aged 6-59 months at Tirunesh Beijing general hospital, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 283 children aged 6-59 months in March 2022. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Undernutrition was defined as a Z-score value of weight for height (WFH), height-for-age (HFA), and weight-for-age (WFA) <2SD as calculated by the world health organization plus software. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the independent factors associated with undernutrition. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The response rate in this study was 97.9%. The overall magnitude of undernutrition was 34.3%, of which 21.2%, 12.7%, and 9.5% were stunted, underweight, and wasted, respectively. Occupation of mothers [AOR = 13.64, 95% CI (4.21-14.77)], amount of meal [AOR = 14.68, 95% CI (4.09-52.81)], feeding by caregivers [AOR = 8.96, 95% CI (2.81-18.60)], and breastfeeding [AOR = 0.06, 95% CI (0.02-0.22)] were significant predictors of undernutrition. The prevalence of undernutrition among children under the age of five remains high. Therefore, promoting breastfeeding and motivating children to feed adequate amount of meal are recommended. Besides, counseling and/or guiding caregivers on how to feed children shall be suggested. The findings could help inform the design and prioritization of effective intervention strategies at early life stage.

A hospital-based cross-sectional study on health problems and the factors affecting the health of adolescent girls in rural population

Background: Many adolescent girls die prematurely due to various preventable or treatable reasons, and many more suffer from chronic ill-health and disability. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status, gynaecological problems, and psychological problems of adolescent girls attending the Paediatric OPD and ward. The aim was to study the prevalence of malnutrition in adolescent girls attending paediatric OPD and ward. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on adolescent girls attending Paediatric OPD and ward of Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences and research centre, B. G. Nagara from November 2019 to November 2020. A total of 374 adolescent girls (10-17 years) were enrolled. Clinical examination was done after recording their weight and height. Body Mass Index was computed. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 13.05 years, and majority of them were from low socioeconomic status. Around 41.2% of the fathers had semi-skilled jobs, and 19.3% of the mothers had clerical jobs, shop owners, or farmers. About 71.1% of the adolescents attained menarche with a mean age of 13.2 ± 0.11 years. 62% had normal BMI, followed by 25.1% with underweight, overweight in 9.4%, and obese in 3.5% of the adolescents. Around 62% of the adolescents were normally nourished, and 38% were malnourished. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status, occupation of mothers, family types and diet of the adolescents had a significant association with poor nutritional status. It is important to understand the need for evaluation of malnourished adolescent females and their causes to prevent chronic illness and death among them.

A POOLED DATA ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE RISK FACTORS OF CHILDHOOD STUNTING IN INDONESIA

Background: Stunting among children remains a public health concern in Indonesia, where the prevalence of stunting in rural areas is higher than in urban areas.Objectives: This study aimed to analyze risk factors for stunting and severe stunting among children aged 0-59 months in rural and urban Indonesia.Method: This cross-sectional study used pooled datasets from Indonesia’s Basic Health Research in 2007, 2010, and 2013. Our study samples included 38,246 children aged 0-59 months whose height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) was between -5.99 and 5.99 standard deviations. The primary outcomes were stunting and severe stunting, whereas dependent variables included factors at the child, household, and community levels. We apply Stata 13 for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis.The prevalence of stunting and severe stunting was higher in rural than urban areas. On one hand, risk factors significantly associated with stunting and severe stunting in urban areas were low birth weight, maternal height, informal father’s occupation, low economic level, and children from East Indonesia and Sumatra. Furthermore, the father’s height was only associated with stunting, while the number of children &gt;3 was only associated with severe stunting. On the other hand, risk factors age, low birth weight, maternal height, father’s height, household member 5-9 people, middle and low economic level were significantly associated with stunting and severe stunting in rural areas. Moreover, poor WASH was only associated with stunting, while informal mother occupation, low father education, number of household members &gt; 9 people, and living in Sumatra and East Indonesia were associated with severe stunting in rural areas.Conclusion: Low birth weight, short parents, and economic income were risk factors for stunting and severe stunting children in urban and rural areas. Keywords: Children; Pooled data; Risk factors; Stunting

The Relationship of Mother's Knowledge Level and Occupation with Feeding Patterns of 12-60 Months Children in Melapeh New Village Kutai Barat Regency

Background: Diet in toddlers plays an important role in the growth process in toddlers, because foods that contain lots of nutrients can support the child's growth and development process. So, there is malnutrition in toddlers. The level of knowledge and work of the mother will greatly affect the pattern of feeding the child, the mother's ignorance of the pattern of feeding the child will result in errors in the selection of food ingredients so that it will cause malnutrition. Objective: To determine the relationship between mother's level of knowledge and occupation with feeding patterns in children aged 12-60 months in Melapeh Baru Village. Methods: This type of research is an observational study using a Cross Sectional approach. The population of mothers with toddlers aged 12-60 months in Melapeh Baru Village in January 2021 amounted to 124 toddlers. Results and Discussion: The test results obtained that there was a relationship between the level of mother's knowledge (p-value = 0.035) and work (p-value = 0.000) with eating patterns in children aged 12-60 months. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the level of knowledge and mother's occupation with feeding patterns in children aged 12-60 months in Melapeh Baru Village

Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Preterm Birth in Manipur, Northeast India: A Community-Based Study

AbstractBackground Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the world's leading health concerns, affecting both the mother and the children. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and socioeconomic factors associated with PTB among the Meitei women of Manipur.Materials and Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in postpartum Meitei women of Manipur. Participants were 126 postpartum women that gave birth to a singleton live-born infant and were classified as women giving birth before 37 weeks of gestation (PTB) and women giving birth at ≥37 weeks (term). Data were compared using univariate analysis, and the association of socioeconomic factors with PTB was determined through multivariate logistic regression using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 25 version software program, and statistical significance was taken at a p-value &lt; 0.05.Results The overall prevalence of PTB is 23.01%, of which 13.79% are of extremely preterm. This study revealed a significant association of PTB with mother's occupation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40–14.26, p = 0.012), tobacco consumption during pregnancy (AOR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.01–8.33, p = 0.048), having family history of PTB (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.09–9.04, p = 0.034), and early age at menarche (AOR = 4.26, 95% CI: 1.49–12.12, p = 0.007).Conclusion The study highlights the high prevalence of PTB and its association with various socioeconomic factors. Such community-specific studies should be performed to understand the differential risk factors of PTB to control premature death in under 5 years children and to promote women's reproductive health.

The Influence of Mother's Occupation and Employment Status on Emotional Behavior of School-age Children

Women have career opportunities in various sectors of life, thus shifting from the role of mothers in household matters to being involved in the public sector and other social activities. One of the effects is that they spend limited time with children, which will affect their children’s emotional development. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the mother’s employment status and their interaction with their children and the emotional behaviour of preschool-aged children (4-6 years old), and also, to identify the relationship between the mother’s occupation with emotional behaviour of preschoolers (4-6 years). The design of this study was a cross-sectional approach with a sampling technique using stratified random sampling (N=46). This research was conducted at TK Aisyiyah 24 Malang on April 22 – 28, 2019. Questionnaire-Revised (PACHIQ-R) and Emotional Behavior Problems (KMPE) instruments were used in this research. Multivariate linear regression was used to know the impact of children‘s emotional behaviour problems. The results showed only the level of mother-child interaction significantly affected children’s emotional behaviour in a negative direction (t count &gt; t table; -3,419 &gt; 2,013; p-value = 0.01). Meanwhile, the value of F count &gt; F table (6.965 &gt; 2.42; p-value = 0.00). R2 = 0.465, adjusted R2 = 0.399. Data were collected using The Parent-Child Interaction instrument. The results showed only the level of mother-child interaction significantly affected children’s emotional behaviour in a negative direction.&#x0D; Keywords: work status, interaction intensity, emotional behavior, preschool age

Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Test Anxiety Among Adolescent School Students in A South Indian Town – A Cross-Sectional Interventional Trial.

Test anxiety is a common issue among students. Some students find that anxiety interferes with their learning and testtaking to such an extent that their performance suffers. These students may study hard but perform poorly because they may have anxiety-provoking thoughts, such as a desire for perfection or a fear of failure. Furthermore, these negative thoughts may have other consequences, such as dissatisfaction with studies, which can lead to poor academic performance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of test anxiety among adolescent students and to correlate the level of test anxiety among adolescent students with selected demographic variables. The research design was quantitative descriptive. Purposive sampling was used to select 144 adolescent students who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were available during the data collection period at selected schools in Puducherry. They were divided into two groups to receive a writing intervention. The standardized Westside test anxiety scale was used to collect data. The majority of subjects (71 – i.e., 49.3%) had a high level of test anxiety. Among the others, 56 (38.8%) reported severe test anxiety. But only 17 (11.9%) had extremely high test anxiety. The test anxiety score was associated with selected demographic variables, with statistically significant associations in socio-demographic variables such as the mother's occupation and family monthly income. Test anxiety is one of the most common problems among students, and it is also regarded as one of the most significant barriers to academic success. Writing intervention was very effective in decresing tets anxiety. Therefore, interventions to reduce test anxiety among adolescents should be promoted to make the examination atmosphere more congenial.

The Determinants of Stunting in the Under-five in Three Municipalities in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the global decline in public health status. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of stunting in the under-five in three municipalities in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-December 2020 with 460 pairs of mothers and children selected by simple random sampling. Stunting was measured using a conventional anthropometric index (length/height-for-age), and anthropometric failure was measured using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 41.5%,35%, and 19.8%, respectively, and 62% of the under-five experienced anthropometric failure. The dominant factor associated with stunting was immunization record (p-value = 0.011; AOR = 2.360; 95%CI = 1.218–4.573). Children who did not receive complete basic immunization were at a 2.4 times greater risk of stunting than children who received complete basic immunization. The dominant factors associated with underweight, wasting, and anthropometric failure were the father's educational level, mother's occupation, and balanced nutrition practice. Increasing coverage of complete basic immunization, improving balanced nutrition practices and socioeconomic conditions is necessary to prevent undernutrition, especially stunting.

Frequency of Postpartum Depression and Investigation of Related Factors

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the rates of postpartum depression by using Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale among mothers who visited our clinics 6-8 weeks after giving birth, and the effects of some sociodemographic and obstetrical factors on postpartum depression. &#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 318 women who gave birth 6-8 weeks ago and visited obstetrical and gynecology or pediatrics clinics for routine control. Some sociodemographic and obstetrical data which were thought to be a potential risk factor for postpartum depression were recorded and Edinburgh postpartum Depression Scale was conducted for each patient. &#x0D; &#x0D; Results: 104 patients (32.7%) were diagnosed with postpartum depression. Postpartum depression rates were significantly higher in patients with low education levels and occupations of both mothers and their partners, depression history, dissatisfaction from marriage, smoking, increased number of parity and abortion, unplanned pregnancy, nausea and emesis during pregnancy, birth before 36 week pregnancy, increase in length of hospitalization, baby care in incubator, insufficient support and lack of breastfeeding. &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between some sociodemographic and obstetrical conditions and postpartum depression. Identification of the risk groups and early precautions can reduce the high prevalence of the disease during the pandemic.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Partisipasi Ibu Dalam Penimbangan Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Posyandu Kasih Ibu Lebak Bulus

Monitoring the growth of toddlers at the posyandu can be seen based on the coverage of the participation of mothers under five. Several factors can reduce interest in posyandu activities and low participation of mothers under five. The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors of participation of mothers in weighing toddlers in the working area of Posyandu Kasih Ibu Lebak Bulus using a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional design. A total of 50 mothers of children under five became the subject of research and data collection by filling out questionnaires. The results showed that only the mother's work factor had a significant relationship with the mother's participation in weighing toddlers at the Kasih Ibu Lebak Bulus Posyandu (p=0.023). It concluded that the involvement of parents in taking time from busy work to participate in weighing toddlers is very much needed so that the process of monitoring toddler growth can be carried out to prevent nutritional problems in children. Keywords: mother's occupation; mother's education, mother's knowledge, mother's age

Assessment of obesity among children aged 4’17 years using waist-to-height ratio and its correlation with blood pressure

Background: A tool to detect overweight and obesity among children should be simple, reliable, valid, and cost-effective. There is a need to monitor obesity among children in different populations. For this, there should be only one tool that is accepted worldwide or nationally which can be used to detect and compare the trends in different population settings.Objective: To assess obesity among children aged 4–17 years using waist-to-height ratio and to study its correlation with blood pressure.Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 261 children aged 4–17 years. Different variables such as age, sex, residence, parent's education and occupation, total family income per year, total family members, height, weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were considered.Results: The mean age was 8.05 ± 2.75 years. The mean height was 122.71 ± 16.06 cm. The mean waist-to-height ratio was 0.45 ± 0.05. Males were more than females. Children from rural areas were more. The prevalence of obesity based on waist-to-height ratio was 19.2%. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly correlated with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), DBP, father education, mother education, and mother occupation. SBP was not correlated with waist-to-height ratio, but DBP was significantly correlated. As waist-to-height ratio increased by one unit, DBP increased by 0.157 mmHg. Age and weight were significantly associated with waist-to-height ratio.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of obesity using waist-to-height ratio was 19.2%. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly correlated with age, height, weight, BMI, DBP, waist circumference, father education, mother education, and mother occupation. Age and body weight were significantly associated with waist-to-height ratio.

Association of Socioeconomic Factors with Nutritional Status of 3–6-Year-Old Preschool Children in Urban Slum Areas of Karad

Background: Children are the most important foundation and future of country. Malnutrition is an indirect cause of death in preschool children living in urban slum and they belong to lower socioeconomic condition with inadequate basic facilities such as food, housing, and sanitation, as these cause malnutrition, morbidity and mortality in children. Objective: The objective is to determine the association of socioeconomic factors with nutritional status of 3–6-year-old Preschool Children. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in six urban slum areas of Karad, Maharashtra. Data were collected from 137 mothers and their preschool children selected by convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by self-structured questionnaire on demographic variables and anthropometric measurements (height and weight) of preschool children. Malnutrition was classified based World Health Organization classification by calculation of Z score for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results show that the prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting was 43%, 36.5%, and 28.41%, respectively. There was a significant association between the age of child in months and stunting of children (χ2 = 15.868, P = 0.003). A significant association between height for the age of preschool children and demographic variables of mother such as monthly income of the family (χ2 = 15.944, P = 0.014) and weight-for-height of preschool children and occupation of mother (χ2 = 10.218, P = 0.037). Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition was high in urban slum areas in spite nutrition supplements provided by Anganwadis under integrated child development scheme (ICDS) Scheme so there is a need for improvement of living conditions and sanitation in these areas and empowerment of women through education and occupation so mothers can afford good healthy nutritious diet and health care facility for their children.

Impact of School-Based Health Education on Dengue Prevention and Control in an Urban Area during an Epidemic

Background: Most school communities lack awareness and health education toward dengue and its transmission. Aim: To assess the impact of implemented school-based health education intervention program on cognitive and affective domain as well as behavior of high school children as a change agent in the prevention and control of dengue fever in an urban area. Methods: All the children were self-administered a pretested semi-structured questionnaire to assess the baseline knowledge and attitude on dengue fever and its prevention in an epidemic. Multimodal health education intervention was provided and after 1 week, the same questionnaire was used to assess the postintervention level of knowledge and attitude. The Chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression were performed in R. v. 3.5.2. Sample of students was administered observation checklist to document the practices. Results: Majority belonged to the Class X 379 (60.64%) and their level of knowledge during pretest was higher compared to Class VIII and IX. Posttest, level of education of father's (P = 0.006), student's (P = 0.000), and occupation of mother's (P = 0.048) significantly associated with knowledge of students. While mother's education significantly associated with both knowledge (P = 0.000) and (P < 0.036) attitude of the students toward dengue fever. Knowledge and attitude of the students toward dengue significantly improved posttest. There was significant change in behavior practices as evident by reduction of breeding sites after intervention. Conclusion: The cognitive and affective domain of the high school students toward dengue fever improved after the health education program along with behavioral change which highlights the role of students as change agents.

An Exploratory Study to Assess the Factors Responsible for Stress among the Adolescents Studying at Select School of Rahata Tehsil, Ahmednagar District, M. S

Introduction: Previous research studies show high prevalence of stress among the adolescents. It is significant to explore the factors responsible for stress among the adolescents so that preventive and remedial strategies may be planned. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objectives (1) to assess the level of stress among adolescents, (2) to explore the factors causing stress among adolescents, and (3) to find out association of stress with their selected demographical variables. Materials and Methods: An exploratory study was conducted on 100 adolescents studying at select school of the Rahata Tehsil, M. S. Participants were recruited in the study by adapting purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using interview technique with the help of adolescent stress questionnaires which are a 56 items checklist with five point rating scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Findings of the study revealed factors responsible for stress among the adolescents which included home life, school performance, school attendance, peer pressure, interaction with the teachers, future uncertainty, conflicts in the school, financial pressure, and emerging adult responsibility. About 67% and 33% adolescents were having moderate and low stress, respectively. There was a significant association of stress with occupation of mother, religion, and family income. Conclusion: The present study reported moderate stress among 67% of the adolescents, which is alarming. This study highlights the need to orient parents and teachers to factors of stress and ways of modifying them.

OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE ON DELIVERY AND POSTNATAL CARE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HOSPITALS

Abstract &#x0D; Background: Pakistan is a developing country of South Asia and currently facing many challenges and public health especially maternal health is one of the emerging issues. There is limited empirical evidence on the out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) on selection of public and private healthcare facility. This area was overlooked in the research and the current study has tried to investigate the impact of OOPE on public and private hospital selection for delivery and postnatal care.&#x0D; Methods: survey approach was used. Primary data was collected from the Rajanpur district of Punjab Pakistan. Descriptive statistics and backward binary logistic regression were used. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used for selection of sample size. Total 368 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis.&#x0D; Findings/Results: results revealed that Results also revealed that mothers with high in age, education were found significant and their spouse with government jobs, self employed prefer to go to public sector hospitals for delivery. Those respondents having income between 10 thousand PKR to 20 thousand PKR likely to go to public sector facility and mothers having more children such as 3-4 or above like to go public hospitals for delivery. Moreover distance from home to hospital and transportation charges and OOPE also play significant role in selection of healthcare facility. On the other hand age of mother, transportation and distance from home to hospital does not play any significant role for postnatal care while remaining factors such as education of mother, occupation of mother and household head, family income, number of children and out of pocket medical expenses plays significant role in selection of hospital for postnatal care.

Knowledge, Practice, and Factors Affecting Sunlight Exposure of Infants Among Mothers at Governmental Health Facilities in Dessie Town, Ethiopia, 2021.

Human being needs sunlight for physical and mental well-being. Sunlight helps the body to produce vitamin D, an important vitamin for skeletal development, immune function, and blood cell formation. So, the community should be counseled to get sufficient sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation to uphold the serum 25 (OH) D levels. This study designed to assess the mothers' knowledge, practice, and factors affecting the sunlight exposure of their infants. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at governmental health facilities in Dessie Town, 2021. A total of 398 mothers were interviewed using semi structured questionnaires. Data were entered into the EPI data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 23. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were also performed. In multivariate analysis, a significant association was considered at P-value of <.05. Response rate was 98.9%. About 76.6% and 58.9% of the mothers had poor knowledge and poor practice regarding sunlight exposure of infants respectively. Mothers' occupation (aOR = 0.124, 95% CI = 0.042, 0.365), mothers' source of information (aOR = 18.604, 95% CI = 7.564, 45.75), and attitude (aOR = 2.773, 95% CI = 1.474, 5.215) had showed a significant association with mothers' knowledge. On the other hand, mothers' age (aOR = 3.191, 95% CI = 1.334, 7.633), mothers occupation (aOR = 4.226, 95% CI = 2.321, 7.694), and baby age (aOR = 1.989, 95% CI = 1.260, 3.140) had a significant association with their practice about sunlight exposure of infants. Mothers' knowledge and practice of sunlight exposure of infants are poor in Dessie Town. Hence measures should be taken to increase and improve mothers' responsiveness of sunlight exposure of infants.

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding water birth among 3rd year GNM students at selected nursing school at Ramanagara

Hypothesis H1: There will be a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score regarding water birth among 3rd year GNM students. H2: There will be a significant association between pre-test knowledge score with selected demographic variables of 3rd year GNM students regarding water birth.Methods: A pre-experimental approach was used for this study. The study was carried out in selected nursing schools in Ramanagara. The research design was pre-experimental one group pretest post test Research Design. The sample comprised of 100 3rd year GNM Major findings and results. The pre-test mean percentage knowledge score was shows that highest mean of subject is 10.56 with standard deviation is 2.1039 and mean percentage of 35.20% obtained for knowledge on 3rd year GNM students and the post test study shows that highest mean of subject is 10.56 with standard deviation is 2.1039 and mean percentage of 35.20% obtained for knowledge on students, knowledge regarding water birth. The association of Paired t Test is accepted because a calculated value is 48.1171 and df is 99, hence it is more than calculated value. So Null hypothesis is rejected and Research hypothesis is accepted. The χ2 value computed between the pre-test level of knowledge with selected socio-demographic variables. Variables of age (χ2 = 0.01), Religion (χ2 = 0.07), Variables of Occupation of Father (χ2 = 0.15, Variables of occupation of mother (χ2 = 0.03), type of family (χ2 = 0), 01, Variables of monthly income of family (χ2 = 0.12), Variables of source of information of water birth (χ2 = 0.03), were found to be not significant at 0.05 level. Thus it can be interpreted that there is no significant association between pre-test levels of knowledge of 3rd yearConclusion: The above table shows the pre-test score level of knowledge of mothers, in which 50 (50.0%) were had poor knowledge, 48 (48.0%) were had good knowledge, and 02 (02.0%) were had Excellent knowledge water birth among nursing students. The above table shows the post-test score level of knowledge of mothers, in which 93 (93.0%) were had Excellent knowledge, 04 (04.0%) were had poor knowledge, and 03 (03.0%) were had good knowledge water birth among nursing students.Implications of the study: The findings of the study can be used in the following areas of nursing profession

Knowledge Regarding Childhood Anemia among Mothers of Under Five Children in a Maternal and Child Health Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital

Introduction: Anemia is the commonest nutritional problem in the world, mostly in developing countries. In Nepal, more than half of children aged six to 59 months are anemic. Anemia causes a lot of morbidity and mortality in children under five years. Thus, objective of this study is to find out the level of knowledge regarding childhood anemia among mothers of under five children. Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study among mothers having children under five years of age selected by using non-probability purposive sampling method. Structured questionnaire in Nepali version were used to interview with mothers in a Maternal and Child Health Clinic of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The study was conducted for 12 weeks. Results were analyzed by using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range) and inferential statistics (Chi Square test) in SPSS version 20. Results: Total 206 mothers participated in the study. Nearly two third (62.1%) had high level of knowledge regarding childhood anemia among mothers of under-five children. There is statistical association between level of knowledge and occupation of mothers (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The level of knowledge is high in nearly two third of mothers of under five children regarding childhood anemia. Therefore, health education program should be launched by management committee to increase the knowledge of the mothers.