Relative Occupancy Research Articles

Artists of the World/Internationale Datenbank bildender Künstlerinnen und Künstler (International Database of Visual Artists)

Artists of the World (AOW) is a biographical source for artists, artisans, craftspeople, designers, architects, and related occupations: It is “the world's most current, reliable, and extensive reference work on artists” (De Gruyter n.d.a.). It is the newer version of De Gruyter's Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon ‐ Internationale Künstlerdatenbank Online (AKL). Much of the content behind AOW is derived from AKL and its corresponding 119-plus print series built on previous art biographies in print. This fully digital resource has a new interface, search options, features, and a plan to expand, revise, and add content going forward. The scope is international but Western Europe is especially well covered.The look and search options of the interface are likely to continue to evolve, as marketing materials for the product indicate “preliminary version: web design still in process”for many of the screenshots.The database is still in its infancy, and it will take time for users to discover it, utilize it, attempt searches, learn of its new features, and discover its pros and cons. New features—versus those of AKL—include a handful of free articles, maps that cite places where an artist has lived, a focus on groups of artists around a theme or an art/architecture prize, the Connected artists feature, and artist groups and families (included in the Artist search).AOW, for those able to access it (a one-time purchase fee has not yet been made available), will likely become one of the most comprehensive and complete artist biographical tools available. German-language entries and lengthy biographies/Biogramm, especially for more obscure names, will attract a specialist audience such as academics, representatives from the art market and art trade, art specialists, library catalogers, museum and gallery personnel, and collectors, but AOW will certainly stand out as an essential tool for in-depth art and architecture research.

Health and social burden of alcohol use disorders in an industrial population of India

Background: In the last two decades the rate of alcohol consumption has substantially increased in India but the socioeconomic burden of alcohol use disorders (AUD) is understudied. Methods: 48613 patients admitted from January 2009 to December 2018 for diseases directly or indirectly related to alcohol use (40.1% of total admission) were analysed. Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained data was used as current study design. Diagnosis were arrived at by history, clinical examination and relevant investigations. Social data included demography, alcohol related information, social, emotional, psychological aspects and occupation related issues. Results: There was a rising trend of both direct (59.3%) and indirect (40.7%) alcohol related disorders over the years with the following rates: injuries (30.6%), gastrointestinal disorders (16.7%), AUD (6.2%), other substance abuse (4.1%), seizures (1.7%), infections (16.7%), only diabetes mellitus (1.9%), gastrointestinal cancer (4%), cardiovascular disease (4.3%), neurovascular disease (8%) and chronic kidney disease (5.8%). 39.7% patients had pulmonary tuberculosis. This entailed a yearly hospital expenditure of INR 165.54 million and an additional INR 10.3 million for work absenteeism. 37.6% died whereas disability and poor work productivity led to relocation and premature retirement in 7.2%. Social aspects revealed early initiation of drinking (73% at <30 years of age) at instances of family/ friend in a conducive setting of easy availability and permissive “drinking environment” furthered by vissisitudes in later life. Heavy consumption of spirits (average 118 gm/day), often in binges, fortends serious health consequences. Conclusions: Alcohol related socioeconomic burden is rapidly rising in India and needs urgent attention.

A Dualistic Arrangement of a Chiral [1]Rotaxane Based on the Assembly of Two Rings and Two Rods

We demonstrate the synthesis and chiroptical properties of doubled molecules of a chiral [1]rotaxane, based on the assembly of an achiral ring of a phenylacetylene macrocycle (6PAM) and a p-phenylene ethynylene rod. Two molecules of [1]rotaxane constituted the doubled molecule through the ring fusion of 6PAMs to a 10PAM, which assured stationary occupation relative to each optically active unit. The absorption properties of the 10PAM-based doubled molecule and 6PAM-based original unit were consistently characterized by the independent existence of m-phenylene ethynylene ring(s) and p-phenylene ethynylene rod(s). Thus, molar circular dichroism (CD) was directly compared between the doubled molecule (n = 2) and the original unit (n = 1) to show that molar CD was increased more than expected by an increase in the number of units, or by an increase in absorbance. Due to the invariance of the configuration and the relative occupation of two units arranged adjacent to each other in 10PAM, one more comparison was available with an isomeric molecule of two rings and two rods in a threaded-and-unthreaded form. The additional arrangement of an optically inactive unit in an unthreaded form also led to an increase in molar CD, compared to that of the original chiral unit in a threaded form.

Probing the Degree of Coherence through the Full 1D to 3D Crossover.

We experimentally study a gas of quantum degenerate ^{87}Rb atoms throughout the full dimensional crossover, from a one-dimensional (1D) system exhibiting phase fluctuations consistent with 1D theory to a three-dimensional (3D) phase-coherent system, thereby smoothly interpolating between these distinct, well-understood regimes. Using a hybrid trapping architecture combining an atom chip with a printed circuit board, we continuously adjust the system's dimensionality over a wide range while measuring the phase fluctuations through the power spectrum of density ripples in time-of-flight expansion. Our measurements confirm that the chemical potential μ controls the departure of the system from 3D and that the fluctuations are dependent on both μ and the temperature T. Through a rigorous study we quantitatively observe how inside the crossover the dependence on T gradually disappears as the system becomes 3D. Throughout the entire crossover the fluctuations are shown to be determined by the relative occupation of 1D axial collective excitations.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in the Cnidarian Model System Exaiptasia diaphana.

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) and other epigenetic modifications regulate the chromatin accessibility of genes to the transcriptional machinery, thus affecting an organism's capacity to respond to environmental stimuli. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) has been widely utilized to identify and map protein-DNA interactions in the fields of epigenetics and gene regulation. However, the field of cnidarian epigenetics is hampered by a lack of applicable protocols, partly due to the unique features of model organisms such as the symbiotic sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, whose high water content and mucus amounts obstruct molecular methods. Here, a specialized ChIP procedure is presented, which facilitates the investigation of protein-DNA interactions in E. diaphana gene regulation. The cross-linking and chromatin extraction steps were optimized for efficient immunoprecipitation and then validated by performing ChIP using an antibody against the histone markH3K4me3. Subsequently, the specificity and effectiveness of the ChIP assay were confirmed by measuring the relative occupancy of H3K4me3 around several constitutively activated gene loci using quantitative PCR and by next-generation sequencing for genome-wide scale analysis. This optimized ChIP protocol for the symbiotic sea anemone E. diaphana facilitates the investigation of the protein-DNA interactions involved in organismal responses to environmental changes that affect symbiotic cnidarians, such as corals.

STEM Career Pathways for Transition-Age Youth With Disabilities

Background:Although there is an increasing demand for workers in STEM fields, people with disabilities are underrepresented in STEM educational programs and related occupations. Among those who achieved competitive integrated employment after serving under an Individualized Plan for Employment (IPE) by the state-federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) system, only 5.3% of individuals with disabilities were engaged in STEM jobs/careers during the years 2017–2019. Of those with an employment outcome in STEM fields, 8,348 (40.9%) were transition-age youth aged 14–24.Objective:Using Rehabilitation Service Administration (RSA-911) data for the fiscal years from 2017 to 2019, the current study investigated the characteristics of transition-age youth with disabilities aged 14–24 in the state-federal VR system that predicted employment outcomes in STEM fields.Methods:A logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between individual characteristics and STEM career attainment.Findings:Results illustrated that gender, race, living arrangement, and the receipt of general assistance/SSI/SSDI/TANF predicted employment outcomes in STEM fields.Conclusions:The research findings provide support for the understanding of demographic characteristics of transition-age youth with disabilities successfully closed in STEM jobs/careers after serving under an IPE. A discussion of the strategies and interventions associated with promoting career development and decisions toward the STEM field for transition-age youth with disabilities is provided.

More trees with your coffee? Diversity and habitat associations of terrestrial medium- and large-sized mammals in shade-grown coffee plantations of the highlands of Guatemala

Agricultural practices can have detrimental impacts on biodiversity, but some studies have shown the benefits of agroforestry practices like shade-grown coffee to bird communities and, to a lesser extent, to mammal communities. To better understand whether shade-grown coffee plantations can contribute to the conservation of mammal communities, we deployed camera traps in private reserves with a matrix of shade-grown coffee plantations and forest in the highlands of Guatemala. At each reserve we estimated species richness of terrestrial medium- and large-sized mammals. We also estimated mammal relative abundance and occupancy probabilities as proxies for mammalian habitat associations and evaluated how these were affected by key landscape features (e.g., land-use type, asphalt roads, and distance to protected areas). We used hierarchical multi-species Bayesian abundance models that account for imperfect detection to estimate our parameters of interest and model the influence of landscape features on site-level species richness and species relative abundance. We detected 14 species across all reserves and found a strong influence of land use and presence of asphalt roads on mammalian relative abundances and species richness. More species used areas around the camera traps in forest than in shade-grown coffee plantations and far from asphalt roads. Our study shows that reserves with shade-grown coffee plantations can harbor terrestrial mammalian communities of conservation interest. Our results also suggest that to maintain mammalian diversity and abundances in our study area, shade-grown coffee crops should be mixed in with natural forests and the presence of asphalt roads within these should be avoided or minimized.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Mental Health Status of Trainees in Selected Health Institutes Regarding COVID-19 in Uttar Pradesh, India

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Knowledge about COVID-19 is an important determinant towards successful disease control. This study was designed to elucidate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) and mental health status regarding COVID-19 amongst trainees of two institutes in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2021. A bilingual survey recorded the responses of 400 participants from the institutes. Variables, such as sex, age, marital status, occupation, level of education, number of family members and living place, were collected in a structured proforma. Unstandardised regression coefficients (95%) were used for evaluating the association among variables with KAP and mental health during COVID-19. The statistical significance level was determined at p<0.05.The mean correct answer score regarding knowledge about COVID-19 was 23.5 (SD=2.1), indicating an overall 87% correct rate. The mean correct answer score regarding attitude towards COVID-19was 18.4 (SD=2.3), indicating an overall 87.2% correct rate. The mean correct answer score regarding practice towards COVID-19 was 35 (SD=3.4), indicating an overall 89.7% correct rate. The mean correct answer score regarding mental health status during COVID-19 was 24 (SD=4.7), indicating an overall 80% correct rate. Thus, the results showed that being female; belonging to a higher age group; having a healthcare related occupation; being married; and having a higher level of education were significantly associated with higher KAP test scores. Furthermore, belonging to a higher age group; having a healthcare related occupation; being married; and having a higher level of education were significantly associated with poor mental health.

Case Study of Audit Failure of Soling Shares

With the rapid development of the capital market, the competition of listed companies is intensifying, the pressure faced by enterprises is becoming more and more obvious, financial fraud is also emerging, and the problem of related party capital occupation is becoming increasingly prominent. The increasing number of financial frauds has not only reduced the fairness of capital markets, but also triggered a crisis of public confidence in the effectiveness of accounting firm audits. Therefore, how to audit the appropriation of funds by related parties and reduce audit failures is of research significance to the future audit work of accounting firms in China. Taking the failure of the audit of Soling shares as an example, this paper studies the failure of the audit of the use of equity pledge by the major shareholder and the failure of the audit of the appropriation of funds by related parties, analyzes the problems existing in the audit process of Ruihua Law Firm, and puts forward conclusions and suggestions based on the analysis.

Visualization of latent components assessed in O*Net occupations (VOLCANO): A robust method for standardized conversion of occupational labels to ratio scale format.

Occupations are typically characterized in nominal form, a format that limits options for hypothesis testing and data analysis. We drew upon ratings of knowledge, skills, and abilities for 966 occupations listed in the US Department of Labor's Occupational Classification Network (O*NET) database to create an accessible, standardized multidimensional space in which occupations can be quantitatively localized and compared. Principal component analysis revealed that the occupation space comprises three main dimensions that correspond to (1) the required amount of education and training, (2) the degree to which an occupation falls within a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) discipline versus social sciences and humanities, and (3) whether occupations are more mathematically or health related. Additional occupational spaces reflecting cognitive versus labor-oriented categories were created for finer-grained characterization of dimensions within occupational sets defined by higher or lower required educational preparation. Data-driven groupings of related occupations were obtained with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Proof-of-principle was demonstrated with a real-world dataset (470 participants from the Nathan Kline Institute - Rockland Sample; NKI-RS), whereby verbal and non-verbal abilities-as assessed by standardized testing-were related to the STEM versus social sciences and humanities dimension. Visualization of Latent Components Assessed in O*Net Occupations (VOLCANO) is provided to the research community as a freely accessible tool, along with a Shiny app for users to extract quantitative scores along the relevant dimensions. VOLCANO brings much-needed standardization to unwieldy occupational data. Moreover, it can be used to create new occupational spaces customized to specific research domains.

High-rise apartment quality evaluation and related demographic factors: lesson from RentSafeTO programme

ABSTRACT With the rapid increase in urbanization and the number of residents living in high-rise apartment buildings, the quality of living environments in terms of the facility, safety and hygiene of high-rise housing has become an important topic. Although numerous studies have investigated occupant satisfaction through subjective assessment, only few studies have used objective assessment methods, such as expert evaluation, to elucidate the quality of high-rise apartments and the related occupancy factors. According to the dataset from Toronto's RentSafeTO programme, which provides the results for 9928 high-rise apartments evaluated using 20 quality indicators, this study conducted a factor analysis and identified two main factors for assessing high-rise housing: building structure and building facilities. Furthermore, this study used multiple regression models and census data to analyse the housing quality at the regional level. The results of social housing and private housing differed. Labour force attributes, education, immigration and ethnic origin significantly affected the quality of private housing. The results provide important directions for the post-occupancy evaluation of high-rise apartments. In addition, demographic factors significantly affected residential quality. This study provides a basis for the government to formulate equal and unbiased support for high-rise building maintenance and management.

Multiscale molecular dynamics simulations predict arachidonic acid binding sites in human ASIC1a and ASIC3 transmembrane domains.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) play important roles in inflammatory pathways by conducting ions across the neuronal membrane in response to proton binding under acidic conditions. Recent studies have shown that ASICs can be modulated by arachidonic acid (AA), and, in the case of the ASIC3 subtype, even activated by AA at physiological pH. However, the mechanism by which these fatty acids act on the channel is still unknown. Here, we have used multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to predict a putative, general binding region of AA to models of the human ASIC protein. We have identified, in agreement with recent studies, residues in the outer leaflet transmembrane region which interact with AA. In addition, despite their similar modulation, we observe subtle differences in the AA interaction pattern between human ASIC1a and human ASIC3, which can be reversed by mutating three key residues at the outer leaflet portion of TM1. We further probed interactions with these residues in hASIC3 using atomistic simulations and identified possible AA coordinating interactions; salt bridge interactions of AA with R65hASIC3 and R68hASIC3 and AA tail interactions with the Y58hASIC3 aromatic ring. We have shown that longer fatty acid tails with more double bonds have increased relative occupancy in this region of the channel, a finding supported by recent functional studies. We further proposed that the modulatory effect of AA on ASIC does not result from changes in local membrane curvature. Rather, we speculate that it may occur through structural changes to the ion channel upon AA binding.

Refinement of multiconformer ensemble models from multi-temperature X-ray diffraction data.

Conformational ensembles underlie all protein functions. Thus, acquiring atomic-level ensemble models that accurately represent conformational heterogeneity is vital to deepen our understanding of how proteins work. Modeling ensemble information from X-ray diffraction data has been challenging, as traditional cryo-crystallography restricts conformational variability while minimizing radiation damage. Recent advances have enabled the collection of high quality diffraction data at ambient temperatures, revealing innate conformational heterogeneity and temperature-driven changes. Here, we used diffraction datasets for Proteinase K collected at temperatures ranging from 313 to 363K to provide a tutorial for the refinement of multiconformer ensemble models. Integrating automated sampling and refinement tools with manual adjustments, we obtained multiconformer models that describe alternative backbone and sidechain conformations, their relative occupancies, and interconnections between conformers. Our models revealed extensive and diverse conformational changes across temperature, including increased bound peptide ligand occupancies, different Ca2+ binding site configurations and altered rotameric distributions. These insights emphasize the value and need for multiconformer model refinement to extract ensemble information from diffraction data and to understand ensemble-function relationships.

Two-ring chirality generated by the alignment of two achiral phenylacetylene macrocycles.

When two achiral rings are bound mechanically, a chiral source is generated in the assembly. The chiroptical properties could be modulated according to the relative occupation of each ring in the assembly. In fact, we have found that two isomeric assemblies (1 and 2) show unique properties in each assembly with two achiral rings of phenylacetylene macrocycle (PAM). When considering the difference in the chiroptical properties of these two isomeric assemblies (6PAM × 2), no comparison was available based on no activity of the achiral component element itself (6PAM). In this work, we synthesized a two-ring chiral analog (4) by the ring-fusion of two 6PAMs to an 11PAM, and examined the chiroptical properties of 4, since the single helix was imparted as a chiral source. By comparison of the chiroptical properties (molar circular dichroism and molar optical rotation) of 1 and 2 to those of 4, we demonstrated that the disparity was related to the alignment of the two achiral rings.

Western European Musical and Performance Professionalism in Historical-Evolutionary and Social-Cultural Contexts

The purpose of the article is to reveal the regularities of the polymorphism of the Western European music-performance paradigms of professionalism in historical and socio-cultural coordinates from the Middle Ages to the end of the 19th century. The research methodology: source studies for the formation of ideas about the scientific and applied-practical basis of performance principles and educational systems of different eras laid out in treatises, methods, instrumental schools of European thinkers, teachers, and performers-practitioners of the past; retrospective and system-analytical in the selection and analysis of scientific literature; cultural-historical to trace the historical dynamics of musical and performing expertise in the lens of the aesthetic and spiritual superstructure of society. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the consideration of the problem of epochal changes in performing traditions is carried out contextually. Taking as a basis the definition of the musical professionalism of the performers, their activity as the main profession, provided with relevant skills and knowledge, which is the basis for obtaining a means of livelihood (not a related occupation, a form of leisure, or hobby), the musical and performing forms characteristic of certain historical eras and are relevant to public demands and requirements for specialists in various performing industries. In parallel, methods and means of understanding musical professionalism are considered. Conclusions. The detection of regularities in the evolution of the criteria of performers’ musical professionalism in the historical and sociocultural projection demonstrates a gradual shift from church and court performance to secular (concert and every day) performance. This dictates the polymorphism and adaptability of the category of musical and performing professionalism. At the same time, there were processes of deeper differentiation of individual specialties, improvement of tools, development of a system of special education centres, development of music science from philosophical generalisation to the study of specific practical-executive and special-pedagogical issues. The named objective manifestations of evolution were accompanied by an increased concentration of attention on the personal and individual growth of the performer and their spiritual and intellectual development.
 Key words: musical professionalism, performance practice, public concerts, vocational education, forms of artistic life, evolution.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortality by Industry and Occupation — United States, 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease, is characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation (1). COPD accounts for most of the deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in 2020.* Workplace exposures and tobacco smoking are risk factors for COPD; however, one in four workers with COPD have never smoked (2-4). To describe COPD mortality among U.S. residents aged ≥15 years categorized as ever-employed (i.e., with information on their usual industry and occupation), CDC analyzed the most recent 2020 multiple cause-of-death data† from 46 states and New York City.§ Among 3,077,127 decedents, 316,023 (10.3%) had COPD¶ listed on the death certificate. The highest age-adjusted** COPD death rates per 100,000 ever-employed persons were for females (101.3), White persons (116.9), and non-Hispanic or Latino (non-Hispanic) persons (115.8). The highest proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs)†† were for workers employed in the mining industry (1.3) and in food preparation and serving related occupations (1.3). Elevated COPD mortality among workers in certain industries and occupations underscores the importance of targeted interventions (e.g., reduction or elimination of COPD-associated risk factors, engineering controls, and workplace smoke-free policies) to prevent COPD from developing and to intervene before illness becomes symptomatic or severe.

The impact of bimodal pore size distribution and wettability on relative permeability and capillary pressure in a microporous limestone with uncertainty quantification

Pore-scale X-ray imaging combined with a steady-state flow experiment was used to study the displacement processes during waterflooding in an altered-wettability carbonate, Ketton limestone, with more than two orders of magnitude difference in pore size between macropores and microporosity. We simultaneously characterized macroscopic and local multiphase flow parameters, including relative permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, and fluid occupancy in pores and throats. An accurate method was applied for porosity and fluid saturation measurements using greyscale based differential imaging without image segmentation. The relative permeability values were corrected by considering the measured saturation profile along the sample length to account for the so-called capillary end effect. The behaviour of relative permeability and capillary pressure was compared to other measurements in the literature to demonstrate the combined effects of wettability and pore structure. Typical oil-wet behaviour in resolvable macropores was measured from contact angle, fluid occupancy and curvature. The capillary pressure was negative while the oil relative permeability dropped quickly as oil was drained to low saturation and flowed through connected oil layers. Brine initially largely flowed through water-wet microporosity, and then filled the centre of large oil-wet pore bodies. Thus, the brine relative permeability remained exceptionally low until brine formed a connected flow path in the macropores leading to a substantial increase in relative permeability. Overall, this work demonstrates that not only wettability but also pore size distribution and microporosity have significant impact on displacement processes.

WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE OF BANGLADESH

The majority of Bangladesh's population relies on agriculture for their livelihood. Almost half of Bangladesh's population works in agriculture, either directly or indirectly. Industry in the agricultural sector contributes 14.17 percent to GDP. Women's widespread but underrecognized involvement in the agricultural sector Women in rural areas are the unsung heroes of the economy. Women make up 18.3% of the workforce in agriculture and related occupations, while men make up 22.3%. Women's labor force participation increased by 192.84% from 1999-00 to 2016-17, compared to a rise of 55.97% for all workers. A decrease of 16.26% in male participation in agriculture has been observed during this time. Women's labor force participation in agriculture is inversely related to their level of education and access to electricity in rural areas. Information such as non-farming income, land size, and ownership status. There has been a rise in the number of women working in agriculture, but they continue to face barriers to education and advancement in the field. Women do a disproportionate amount of work in agriculture but are rarely credited for their efforts. Bangladesh received a 0.66 on the WEAI, with a 5DE score indicating that 75% of women are not empowered and a GPI score indicating that 61.22% of women do not have gender parity. Increasing women's access to production inputs, educating women to develop confidence in carrying out agricultural businesses, and improving extension workers' skills in handling female farmer groups are all necessary initiatives for empowering women in the agricultural sector. The ease with which women can perform agricultural tasks requires the attention of both the government and conscientious citizens.

Occupations Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Vaccination, US Blood Donors, May 2021-December 2021.

There are limited data on the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the United States by occupation. We identified occupations at higher risk for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection as defined by the presence of infection-induced antibodies among US blood donors. Using a nested case-control study design, blood donors during May-December 2021 with anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) testing were sent an electronic survey on employment status, vaccination, and occupation. The association between previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and occupation-specific in-person work was estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for sex, age, month of donation, race and ethnicity, education, vaccination, and telework. Among 85 986 included survey respondents, 9504 (11.1%) were anti-N reactive. Healthcare support (20.3%), protective service (19.9%), and food preparation and serving related occupations (19.7%) had the highest proportion of prior infection. After adjustment, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with healthcare practitioners (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-2.54) and healthcare support (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.39-2.40) occupations compared with computer and mathematical occupations as the referent group. Lack of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination (aOR, 16.13; 95% CI, 15.01-17.34) and never teleworking (aOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30) were also independently associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Construction and extraction occupations had the highest proportion of unvaccinated workers (30.5%). Workers in healthcare, protective services, and food preparation had the highest prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Occupational risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection remained after adjusting for vaccination, telework, and demographic factors. These findings underscore the need for mitigation measures and personal protection in healthcare settings and other workplaces.

Site-to-site cross-talk in OST-B glycosylation of hCEACAM1-IgV

N-glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of secreted proteins in eukaryotes. This modification targets asparagine residues within the consensus sequence, N-X-S/T. While this sequence is required for glycosylation, the initial transfer of a high-mannose glycan by oligosaccharyl transferases A or B (OST-A or OST-B) can lead to incomplete occupancy at a given site. Factors that determine the extent of transfer are not well understood, and understanding them may provide insight into the function of these important enzymes. Here, we use mass spectrometry (MS) to simultaneously measure relative occupancies for three N-glycosylation sites on the N-terminal IgV domain of the recombinant glycoprotein, hCEACAM1. We demonstrate that addition is primarily by the OST-B enzyme and propose a kinetic model of OST-B N-glycosylation. Fitting the kinetic model to the MS data yields distinct rates for glycan addition at most sites and suggests a largely stochastic initial order of glycan addition. The model also suggests that glycosylation at one site influences the efficiency of subsequent modifications at the other sites, and glycosylation at the central or N-terminal site leads to dead-end products that seldom lead to full glycosylation of all three sites. Only one path of progressive glycosylation, one initiated by glycosylation at the C-terminal site, can efficiently lead to full occupancy for all three sites. Thus, the hCEACAM1 domain provides an effective model system to study site-specific recognition of glycosylation sequons by OST-B and suggests that the order and efficiency of posttranslational glycosylation is influenced by steric cross-talk between adjoining acceptor sites.