Occupation In Brazil Research Articles

How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect occupational accident notification in different economic activities and occupations in Brazil? An ecological study using p-score

Resumo Objetivo: mensurar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nas notificações de acidentes do trabalho (AT) no Brasil, por atividade econômica e ocupação. Métodos: estudo ecológico que utilizou os casos de AT registrados entre 2015 e 2020 no Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social. Os AT foram analisados por setor de atividade econômica, ocupação e códigos da 10ª revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10). Uma adaptação do p-score foi aplicada para comparar os casos de AT pré-pandemia com os do primeiro ano da pandemia. Resultados: os p-scores variaram de -60,2%, para AT por nexo técnico epidemiológico, a -13,9%, para AT típico. As doenças do trabalho apresentaram p-score de 151,1%. Houve aumento notável nos casos de doenças ocupacionais dos capítulos I e X da CID-10. As notificações de AT diminuíram em todas as categorias de atividades econômicas, exceto nas de saúde humana e serviços sociais (p-score = 8,0%). Na maioria das categorias, os valores foram negativos, exceto nos subgrupos forças de segurança e profissionais de saúde de nível superior, técnico e gestores. Conclusão: houve redução geral na notificação de AT durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil, que evidenciou desigualdades entre diferentes setores de atividades e ocupações, além de mudança no perfil de adoecimento dos trabalhadores.

Trends in Brazil’s Forestry Education—Part 3: Employment Patterns of Forest Engineering Graduates from Two Public Universities in the Last 15 Years

The employment rate of graduates and the interest of organizations in a high-skilled professional workforce are essential drivers of actions within the universities to improve the qualifications of college students. Our objective was to identify the sectors of employment pursued by graduates from forestry engineering programs of the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP) and of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). We also conducted a survey among companies affiliated with the Forest Science and Research Institute (IPEF) to understand the percentage of forest engineers employed by these organizations to gain insights into the scale of this occupation in Brazil. We established two graduate cohorts to investigate the impact of changes in the last five years. In the first cohort (2008–2017), 82% and 40% of graduates from ESALQ/USP and UFRPE were involved in the forestry sector, respectively. However, in the second cohort (2018–2022), the percentage increased from 82% to 97% for graduates from ESALQ/USP, and after changes in the program, the percentage of graduates from UFRPE engaged in the forestry industry significantly rose from 40% to 73%. We discussed the reasons for these increases, mainly in terms of the growing market demand for forestry professionals. In the case of UFRPE, the boost in employment was attributed to the creation of a group for forestry practices along with actions to approach the private sector. We also found a strong ratio of one forest engineer to 4000 ha of planted forest among the enterprises associated with IPEF, indicating a substantial potential of employment in the forestry sector.

Students’ occupations in Brazil in 2015 and 2016: subjects and trajectories

RESUMO O artigo comunica resultados gerais de pesquisa nacional sobre as ocupações secundaristas no Brasil em 2015 e 2016. Teve como objetivo a interpretação dos sentidos da participação de adolescentes nesse movimento estudantil, destacando a caracterização dos sujeitos nas ocupações e as trajetórias educacionais, familiares e políticas pós-ocupação. Como metodologia, a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de 80 entrevistas semiestruturadas concedidas em 2019 e 2020 por jovens que, em 2015 e 2016, eram estudantes do Ensino Médio que ocuparam suas escolas, de 10 diferentes estados. Orientam a análise, as categorias de subjetivação política de Jacques Rancière, de significado de González Rey e de trajetória (inspirada em Lahire e Bourdieu). Os resultados que se destacam: o caráter popular do movimento; o protagonismo feminino e a influência decisiva da experiência da ocupação para a definição de trajetórias educacionais entre outros aspectos.

Ocupações secundaristas no Brasil em 2015 e 2016: sujeitos e trajetórias

ABSTRACT This article communicates general results of a national study on high school occupations in Brazil in 2015 and 2016. It aimed to interpret the meanings of the participation of teenagers in this student movement, highlighting the characterization of the subjects who played a leading role in the occupations and educational, family, and political trajectory. The methodology employed included qualitative and quantitative analysis of 80 semi-structured interviews granted in 2019 and 2020 by young people from 10 different states, who were high school students in 2015 and 2016 and occupied their schools. The analysis was guided by the following categories: political subjectification, (Jacques Rancière’s), meaning (González Rey’s), and trajectory (inspired by Lahire and Bourdieu). The results: revealed the popular character of the movement; female students’ protagonism, and the decisive influence of the occupation experience in the definition of educational trajectories, among others aspects.

Marketization in cultural domains: the case of Brazilian YouTubers

The motivation to develop this research comes from the marketization which was happening in some cultural domains and led to the orientation change in the cultural domains from cognitive rationality to instrumental rationality. The cognitive rationality is based on values, ethical principles, and religious beliefs to reach an objective. On the other hand, the instrumental rationality is based on a utility evaluation or a cause and consequence analysis (Weber, 2009). From that, it is relevant to comprehend how a new occupation in a particular cultural domain is affected by the marketization process. This research aims to analyze and describe how the marketization process affected the YouTuber occupation in Brazil. For the achievement of this research, 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Brazilian YouTubers. The results show that still does not exist a clear definition of a YouTuber, and the term is still in construction. During the development of this research, it was identified that YouTuber’s activities are oriented by more than one type of rationality; however, in some moments, there is a prevalence of only one type.

Ocupações domésticas no Brasil: uma análise a partir do conceito de Trabalho Decente

The concept of Decent Work is based on the notion of work as a powerful way of social inclusion, indispensable for overcoming poverty and guaranteeing access to a dignified life. The reality of domestic work differs from this concept because it presents elements that detract from working conditions, such as low wages, high informality and low social security protection. Given this situation, the objective of the present research is to analyze the evolution of the Decent Work deficit in domestic occupations in Brazil during the period from 2012 to 2018, through the construction of a representative indicator of this deficit. The methodology is based on the principles of Factor Analysis by Main Components, which allows the obtaining of representative factors of an original set of interdependent variables that comprise secondary data obtained through the Continuous PNAD ( national survey by household sample) database, namely: rate of black or brown housekeepers, rate of informality, rate of exclusion from social security, rate of housekeepers who received up to one minimum wage, rate of housekeepers working up to 14 hours/week, rate of housekeepers who stay less than one year in the position, and rate of underemployment due to insufficient hours worked. It was found that the deficit behavior may be associated with the economic performance of the period and that the highest rates are concentrated in the North and Northeast regions.

Exploring the future impact of automation in Brazil

PurposeBrazil is struggling as the unemployment rate is 12.4% and nearly 13m people are unemployed. The fourth Industrial Revolution is advancing, and the country needs to consider how it will impact the labor market. This work explores the impact of automation on the Brazilian workforce to supply decision-makers with information about the subject.Design/methodology/approachThe authors converted the probability of computerization from the seminal work of Frey and Osborne to each of the more than 2,500 occupations in Brazil. They then crossed the automation probability with socioeconomic information about workers and companies available in the Brazilian Ministry of Labor Database.FindingsIn total, 60% of employment in Brazil is expected to be highly impacted by automation in the coming decades, with eight out of the ten occupations with the biggest workforce being highly automatable. Automation probability decreases as workers' education level increases, with the most significant difference between workers with higher education and those without it. The results show other inequalities in the impact of automation: the higher the wage, the lower the automation probability of occupations; the bigger the company, the lower the automation index; and workers from 16 to 24 years old have considerably higher chances of being automated.Originality/valueThis work is the first to study, in the context of the fourth Industrial Revolution, the impact of automation in Brazil with a socioeconomic analysis.

Academic Exchange and Outreach Projects: Reflexions from an Experience on Refugees, Homeless and Occupations in Brazil and France.

Environmental engineering students conduct academic exchanges as part of their education. Refugees and homeless in many countries have in common the search for decent housing and basic survival conditions. Today's serious socio-environmental problems must be addressed by professionals who are able to propose effective and lasting solutions. Thus, and seeking to contribute to a full citizen formation of the individual and engineer of today's society, this article describes the experience of a French exchange student from EIVP (Ecole des Ingénieurs de Ville de Paris) in Environmental Engineering at UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) in the MUDA Outreach project, where the student had the opportunity to visit occupations supported by social movements in previously unoccupied places in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. From reflections on the concept of refugee in Brazil and France, were analyzed and compared initiatives of settlements and homeless in both countries. It is concluded that, although distinct, the displacement crises of individuals and families in both countries have several points in common, highlighting that successful solutions can occur when the main objective is to propose comprehensive social inclusion projects that begin with the consolidation of a new generation of global citizens, which is the main contribution of this work.

Balaios de plantas e animais

O crescente número de pesquisas em arqueobotânica e zooarqueologia tem evidenciado a importância dessas subdisciplinas no contexto das pesquisas sobre a ocupação humana no Brasil, principalmente para o estudo de como as populações utilizaram, manejaram e domesticaram plantas e animais ao longo do tempo. Por outro lado, essa realidade não é acompanhada por publicações sobre a conservação desses vestígios, que requer cuidados específicos em razão de sua natureza orgânica e da ação dos diferentes processos de degradação. Assim, este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar práticas empregadas na conservação de macrovestígios botânicos e faunísticos, incluindo desde sua recuperação em campo até o seu acondicionamento final, que possam ser aplicadas em diferentes contextos arqueológicos.

Occupation and maternal mortality in Brazil.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To estimate maternal mortality ratio according to occupation in Brazil.METHODS This is a mortality study conducted with national data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratios were estimated according to the occupation recorded in death certificates, using the Brazilian Classification of Occupation (CBO), version 2002.RESULTS A total of 1,738 maternal deaths records were found, corresponding to a maternal mortality ratio of 57.6/100,000 live births. It varied among occupational groups, with higher estimates among service and agricultural workers, particularly for domestic workers (123.2/100,000 live births), followed by general agricultural workers (88.3/100,000 live births). Manicurists and nursing technicians also presented high maternal mortality ratio. Maternal occupation was not reported in 17.0% of SIM registers and in 13.2% of SINASC data. Inconsistent records of occupation were found.“Housewife” prevailed in SIM (35.5%) and SINASC (39.1%).CONCLUSIONS Maternal mortality ratio differs by occupation, suggesting a work contribution, which requires further research focusing occupational risk factors. Socioeconomic factors are closely related to occupation, and their combination with work exposures and the poor access to health services need to be also addressed.

The wage gap in accounting positions

Abstract This research aimed to describe the wage differences among accounting occupations in Brazil. A descriptive, documental, and quantitative research was carried out with auditors, accountants, and accounting assistants (occupations defined by the Código Brasileiro de Ocupações - CBO). The study used regressions with binary variables analyzing data from 2009 to 2015. The results showed that low wages are significant among female black or mulatto workers; workers who completed high school and do not have a degree; with a disability; and in their first job or hired under a fixed-term contract. Also, the study observed that individuals who receive a higher wage are accountants, caucasian male, between 30 and 39 years old, holding a degree, and not disabled. The individuals with higher wages have work experience (they are at least in their second work contract), are employed in a company with up to four employees, and are residents of the Southeast region of Brazil.

The wage gap in accounting positions

Abstract This research aimed to describe the wage differences among accounting occupations in Brazil. A descriptive, documental, and quantitative research was carried out with auditors, accountants, and accounting assistants (occupations defined by the Código Brasileiro de Ocupações - CBO). The study used regressions with binary variables analyzing data from 2009 to 2015. The results showed that low wages are significant among female black or mulatto workers; workers who completed high school and do not have a degree; with a disability; and in their first job or hired under a fixed-term contract. Also, the study observed that individuals who receive a higher wage are accountants, caucasian male, between 30 and 39 years old, holding a degree, and not disabled. The individuals with higher wages have work experience (they are at least in their second work contract), are employed in a company with up to four employees, and are residents of the Southeast region of Brazil.

Intersections in Subaltern Urbanism: The narratives of women in urban occupations in Brazil

In the past decade in Brazil, we have witnessed the rise of a new subaltern space, which has prompted a new theoretical category, incorporated in the contemporary epistemologies of Subaltern Urbanism: Urban Occupations. These new terrains of livelihood and self-organization have prompted a series of new resistance strategies, everyday practices and narratives that must be understood and decodified. The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte—third largest in the country—accounts for over 25 housing occupations in its territory, more than half of which settled in the last five years. Occupation Rosa Leão, established in 2013, is one of them. As it happens in many other occupations, most of its dwellers are black women. They constitute majority in the coordination groups and are often more closely involved in the collective necessities of the community. The present article draws upon the experiences of these women as subjects of their own history to showcase urban occupation as a powerful place for understanding and dismantling the always existing but often overlooked intersection between coloniality and gender. It relies on the activist and academic engagement of both authors in these territories, and specifically in the experience with a women-only self-construction workshop organized in October 2017. Through this workshop, we sought to understand how “usually male” construction knowledge was employed (or not) by women, how it could be used as a tool for domination/emancipation and how gender relations intertwined with such issues in the process.

Sport supplement use in Brazilian cyclists: Where is the information coming from?

Sport supplement use in Brazilian cyclists: Where is the information coming from?

‘Fight like a girl’: Virtual bedroom culture in public school occupations in Brazil

Abstract The aim of this work is to analyse a possible association of feminist engagement, young women and media activism through observing the public school occupations (PSO) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2015. This issue has implications for education, gender and media policies, and citizenship. Cultural Studies was the main theory approach used, especially the concept of bedroom culture. The research design of this study was qualitative and exploratory with focus group data analysis. In the results we observe that gender had a specific relationship with the PSO due to the central role of females in the movement, which was highlighted by the six girls who participated in the focus group. The online and offline involvement with this movement helped increase gender awareness among the youth, enabling the development of a political posture for the confrontation of the oppression and domination of women, especially for girls who had never had contact with feminism out of their bedrooms.

Report on the midwives' experiences in the Brazilian National Health System: A qualitative research

Objectiveto describe the experiences of midwives who graduated from the University of São Paulo's midwifery program and the characteristics of their work within the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Designa descriptive, qualitative field study. Settinginterviews were scheduled by telephone or e-mail and were held with the midwives outside their work environment. Interviews lasted for up to one hour and were recorded. Participantsten midwives who had graduated from the University of São Paulo's midwifery program and were working or had worked in the SUS at the time of the study. Ethical issuesthe study protocol was approved by the internal review board of the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo. All pertinent ethical principles were followed. Measures and Findingsdata were collected at interviews focussing on the participants’ work and their experiences while working in the SUS. The dialogues during the interview sessions allowed the participants to build on and extend the proposed topics. After the data had been transcribed and read, the discourses were grouped in accordance with the similarity of their content, resulting in four thematic categories: the inclusion of midwives into the obstetric team; dealing with contradictions: challenges of the profession; working in the SUS: between precariousness and guaranteeing access to health services; and making a difference. The findings provoke reflection on the challenges faced by midwives in their work within the SUS: challenges associated with the difficulties in working in the public healthcare sector, difficulties in their relationships with other healthcare professionals, difficulties related to a general lack of knowledge on this specific occupation in Brazil, the absence of a midwifery model of care, difficulty in dealing with obstetric abuse, and the dilemmas facing the midwives during their daily practice of midwifery. Key conclusiondespite the difficulties encountered, the midwives consider the care they provide to be differentiated. They perceive gradual changes in the care offered to women by the healthcare facilities and by other professionals, and believe that they make a difference in their workplaces. In addition, they want to work in the SUS and are committed to transforming the quality of care provided to women in Brazil. Practical implicationsthe experiences related by midwives reflect the midwifery scenario nationwide, highlighting the perspectives for change. The emphasis placed by midwives on their social role and their commitment to changing current midwifery care models and to consolidating the SUS is noteworthy.

Arqueologia Jê no sertão paulista: os Kayapó Meridionais na bacia do Rio Grande - SP

Esse artigo apresenta informações relacionadas à arqueologia e etno-história da região norte do estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa concentra-se no contexto da bacia do Rio Grande tendo como foco os grupos indígenas Jê, denominados nos relatos históricos da área pelo etnônimo de Kayapó Meridionais, que ocuparam o território entre os séculos XVII e XX. Os relatos de cronistas, naturalistas, viajantes e exploradores que percorreram a região e produziram vasta documentação em conjunto com os dados arqueológicos fornecem subsídios que contribuem para o debate da inserção dos indígenas na formação da história regional. Por meio do levantamento e da sistematização destas informações busca-se elaborar e fornecer dados sobre esses povos que permitam uma melhor compreensão sobre a ocupação Jê no Brasil, colaborando assim, com as futuras apesquisas arqueológicas na área.

Shrinking gender wage gaps in the Brazilian labor market: an application of the APC approach

Abstract: Labor market literature attests that men tend to earn more than women in similar occupations in Brazil and elsewhere. However, some recent trends that have occurred in Brazil promote the narrowing of gender gaps in the labor market. This paper analyzes this issue empirically with the use of PNADs, Mincerian wage equations, and a hierarchical model based on the Age-Period-Cohort approach. We observed that gender wage gaps were shrinking and, although there might still be an unexplained advantage for men in the labor market, the evolution of women's endowments for the labor market and the decrease in labor market segregation significantly compensated for this difference. Due to these trends, after controlling for cohort differences, we observed non-significant gender wage gaps in some models.

Lideranças comunitárias e o cuidado com a saúde, o meio ambiente e o saneamento nas áreas de vulnerabilidade social

The main purpose of this article is to identify access to: social assistance inclusion programs; assistance from health agents; public water supply services; and water saving practices, in areas of irregular occupation in Brazil. A stratified random sampling technique by clusters was adopted with a simple sampling strategy. In the universe of 14,079 households, 68 community leaders were identified, representing 6,800 households on average, in a normalized distribution (mean zero, standard deviation 1), deemed to include situations covering 96% of the cases with a margin of error of + or - 1% of the average. The theoretical approach proposes a reflection and verification through questionnaires on the mechanisms of exclusion. Poverty perpetuates the vicious circle of inequality, risks to health and the environment, and it is necessary that these should be considered in the policies and procedures for urban expansion. As a conclusion, various challenges were identified for serving areas of social-environmental vulnerability - the needs to: improve the low quality of health and water services in subnormal agglomerations; modify the behavior of the population accessing the networks in a clandestine manner; and to put inclusive governance mechanisms in place.

In Harm's Way: Children's Work in Risky Occupations in Brazil

AbstractThere were large numbers of child workers in domestic services, street work, construction and selected areas of agricultural production in Brazil at the turn of the century. These kinds of occupations are often problematic for youth. We show that children engaged in these risky categories of work are more disadvantaged than other employed children and non‐employed children. Results from a large representative survey show that children in ‘risky’ work are more likely to have parents also engaged in hazardous activities or be living without both parents, characteristics that may be useful for targeting policy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.