Occupational Choice Research Articles

One Size Does Not Fit All: A Field Experiment on Countering Gendered Occupational Choices

One Size Does Not Fit All: A Field Experiment on Countering Gendered Occupational Choices

Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Italy

Abstract Censorship makes new ideas less available to others, but also reduces the number of people choosing to develop non-compliant ideas. We propose a new method to measure the effect of censorship on knowledge growth, accounting for the agents’ choice between compliant and non-compliant occupations. We apply our method to the Catholic Church’s censorship of books written by members of Italian universities and academies over the period 1400–750. We highlight new facts: once censorship was introduced, censored authors were of better quality than the non-censored authors, but this gap shrank over time and the intensity of censorship decreased over time. We use these facts to identify the deep parameters of a novel endogenous growth model that links censorship to knowledge diffusion and occupational choice. We conclude that the average log publication per scholar in Italy would have been 43% higher if censorship had not been present, while the effect of adverse macroeconomic processes is almost four times smaller. The induced reallocation of talents towards compliant activities explains half the effect of censorship.

한국어 교사의 교육 경험에 대한 질적 연구

Objectives This study aims to qualitatively investigate the life and educational experiences of Korean language teachers and explore in-depth the topics and implications they show in common.
 Methods It is one of the qualitative research methods and the most suitable narrative method was used to explore the meaning inherent in human experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with five Korean language teachers with at least 10 years of experience using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data. The specific data analysis was conducted by following the data analysis steps of narrative research proposed by Creswell(2013).
 Results As a result of data analysis, the main topics that appeared in educational experiences of Korean language teachers were ‘the start of the career as a Korean language teacher by chance’, ‘students are the biggest reward as a teacher’, ‘the ambiguous status of a Korean language teacher’, ‘burden about work other than education’, and ‘emotional stability gained from fellow teachers’.
 Conclusions First, the participants highly rated the value of self-realization in occupational choice. Second, learners were the ones that give the greatest reward and motivation to the participants as teachers. Third, they were pressured by the burden of work other than education, as well as concerns about their status as a Korean language teacher. Fourth, all of the participants claimed they want improved treatment for Korean language teachers. Fifth, relationships with fellow teachers had a great impact on job satisfaction.

When does gender occupational segregation start? An experimental evaluation of the effects of gender and parental occupation in the apprenticeship labor market

The apprenticeship market is the earliest possible entry point into the workforce in developed economies. Since early labor market shocks are likely magnified throughout professional life, avoiding mismatches between talent and occupations – for example due to gender- or status-based discrimination – appears crucial. This experimental study investigates the effects of applicant gender and its interaction with parental occupation on the probability of receiving an invitation to an interview in the Swiss apprenticeship labor market. We find no robust evidence of differential treatment by employers in most cases. Policies aimed at fostering gender equality across occupations should therefore focus on removing gender related educational or cultural barriers influencing occupational choices at young ages.

Risk aversion and entrepreneurship under uncertainty: Further results

The extant literature has shown that (i) the positive relation between assets and the rate of business startups and (ii) the increase in the relative return to risky entrepreneurship for the marginal individual when his assets increase are both driven by risk preferences that exhibit decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA). In this paper, we contribute to the theory of entrepreneurship under uncertainty by proving that DARA is not only sufficient but also necessary for these two results. DARA as such plays an essential role for the understanding of the occupational choice between risky entrepreneurship (self-employment) and secure employment when uncertainty prevails.

Parental Occupation, Social Class, and School Choice in Southern Philippines: Their Implications to Educational Public-Private Partnership vis-à-vis the K-12 SHS Voucher Program

This study explores the education inequality brought about by senior high school (SHS) choice of families in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, considering a nonmonetary approach to social class based on parental occupation. Furthermore, it underscores implications for educational public-private partnership (EPPP) regarding the K-12 SHS Voucher Program in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). We used the explanatory sequential mixed methods research design, wherein quantitative research is complemented by qualitative research. A survey of family education, parental (breadwinner) occupation, and SHS school choice was conducted among Grade 12 public, private, and charter schools students. Data analysis considered social status, power of school choice, and the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) government. Results showed more SHS participation from the middle class. Although the charter SHS entails social cohesion, overall findings suggest student segregation in the municipality, considering the public and private SHSs student compositions. As such, there is education inefficiency and inequity, revealing EPPP inefficiency. Based on document analysis, a complementary method, these education inequality issues are attributed to the partial implementation of ARMM regional autonomy posing constraints to government service delivery and compounding poverty. Therefore, government support and regional mechanisms to strengthen capability and accountability are recommended to enhance the state capacity and service delivery in BARMM, Philippines.

Effect of Occupation-Based Intervention Using the ADOC-H Combined With Physical Function-Based Intervention on Patients With Distal Radius Fractures: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Occupation-based intervention (OBI) involves daily and meaningful activities for evaluation and intervention. Recently, the "aid for decision-making in occupation choice for hand" (ADOC-H) was developed to facilitate OBI in patients with hand injuries. We aimed to examine the efficacy of OBI using the ADOC-H combined with physical function-based interventions (PBI) for patients with distal radius fractures (DRF). Patients with DRF were retrospectively allocated to two groups, ADOC-H group (n = 14) and PBI group (n = 14), and compared. Improvements in the Pain Catastrophizing Scale magnification and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire scores were significantly higher in the ADOC-H group than in the PBI group (p < .05). The groups showed no differences in measure of physical function, such as range of motion and grip strength. OBI using the ADOC-H combined with PBI is clinically useful for patients with DRF as it promotes use of the injured hand for daily activities in a step-by-step approach, improving psychological difficulties in using the hand.

Influences of parental occupation on children's occupational choices

PurposeThis study examines the relationships between parents' and children's occupations to determine the existence of intergenerational transmission of occupations.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the purpose of the study, four predominant occupational types based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO): agriculture and forestry; services and sales; managerial/administrative; and professional/technical are examined using data from the latest (7th) round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS). Two complementary methods involving the correlational analysis and regression-based techniques are used.FindingsThe findings indicate the presence of parental influences on children's occupational choices (same-sex and cross-sex) in the Ghanaian labour market, with maternals and same-sector effects having a more substantial influence on children's occupational choices, especially in agriculture and forestry, and services and sales sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThe lack of panel data in observing children's occupational choices over time makes it challenging to assume direct causation.Originality/valueThe study is the first to highlight the relative strengths of paternal influence (father's effect) and maternal impact (mother's effect) on sons' and daughters' occupational choices in Africa. The findings have several implications for intergenerational (im)mobility of occupations including how policymakers can make career guidance more effective.Peer reviewThe peer-review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-10-2022-0705

433 Outcome measures demographics and characteristics in predicting hand eczema severity in atopic dermatitis patients

433 Outcome measures demographics and characteristics in predicting hand eczema severity in atopic dermatitis patients

The wrong of mercenarism: a promissory account

The wrong of mercenarism: a promissory account

Misallocation of talent, teachers’ human capital, and development in Brazil

In this study, we investigate the allocation of talent in an economy where teachers play a critical role in developing the human capital of the workforce. To this end, we formulate a Roy model with externality in the occupational choice, as the quantity and quality of teachers are key determinants of workers’ human capital. Our analysis suggests that when individuals with greater abilities opt for teaching careers, the entire workforce benefits. However, frictions in the labor and educational goods markets may lead to a suboptimal allocation of talent and hinder economic growth and development. Our model is calibrated to the Brazilian economy, and our findings reveal a negative correlation between frictions in the teacher’s occupation and per capita output in the Brazilian states. Our results indicate that eliminating friction in the labor market could result in a 16.94% increase in Brazilian income.

Health-related quality of life of adult, non-surgically treated patients with idiopathic scoliosis and curves above 45°: a cross-sectional study at an average follow-up of 30years.

Previous studies on the natural history of moderate to severe idiopathic scoliosis show contradictory results. Some studies reported an increased incidence of back pain and disability in severe curves, while other studies reported no difference in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared to age-matched adult controls. None of these studies addressed HRQoL using currently recommended and validated questionnaires. To examine the long-term HRQoL in non-surgically treated adult idiopathic scoliosis patients with a curve of 45° or higher. In this retrospective cohort study, all patients were retrospectively identified in the hospital's scoliosis database. Patients (1) with idiopathic scoliosis; (2) born before 1981 (to ensure 25-year follow-up after skeletal maturity); (3) with a curve of 45° or more by Cobb's method at the end of growth; and (4) no spinal surgical treatment were selected. Patients received digital questionnaires of the Short Form-36, Scoliosis Research Society-22, Oswestry Disability Index and Numeric Rating Scale. Outcomes of the SF-36 were compared with a national reference cohort. Additional measures with questions regarding choice of education and occupation were used. Forty-eight of 79 (61%) eligible patients completed the questionnaires, at an average follow-up time of 29.9 ± 7.7years. Their average age was 51.9 ± 8.0, and median Cobb angle at adolescence was 48.5°. Five of the eight SF-36 subdomains were significantly lower in the scoliosis group compared to the nationwide cohort: physical functioning (73 vs 83, p = 0.011), social functioning (75 vs 84, p = 0.022), role physical functioning (63 vs 76, p = 0.002), role emotional functioning (73 vs 82, p = 0.032), and vitality (56 vs 69, p = < 0.001). The scoliosis-specific SRS-22r score of the patients was 3.7 ± 0.7 on a 0-5 scale. The mean NRS score for pain of all patients was 4.9 ± 3.2, and eight patients (17%) reported a NRS of 0 and 31 (65%) a NRS above 3. At the Oswestry Disability Index, 79% of the patients reported minimal disabilities. Thirty-three patients (69%) reported that their scoliosis had influenced their choice of education. Fifteen patients (31%) reported that their scoliosis had influenced their choice of work. Patients with idiopathic scoliosis and curves of 45° or higher have reduced HRQoL. Although many patients experience back pain, the disability reported on the ODI was limited. Scoliosis had noteworthy effect on choice of education.

Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Meslek Seçimi Yeterliliği ve Etkileyen Faktörler

Amaç: Yaşamın önemli dönüm noktalarından biri olan meslek seçimi, bilinçli olarak ve isteyerek yapıldığında; mesleki gelişim ve tatminin yanı sıra, bakım sonuçlarındaki başarıyı ve hasta memnuniyetini de beraberinde getirecektir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı hemşirelik öğrencilerinin meslek seçimi yeterlilik düzeylerinin ve meslek seçimini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı araştırmanın örneklemini 6-10 Mart 2018 tarihleri arasında araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 216 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, “Anket Formu” ve “Meslek Seçimi Yeterliliği Ölçeği” kullanılarak yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle toplandı ve SSPS 21.0 programıyla değerlendirildi. Verilerin analizinde; ortalama, standart sapma, frekans, yüzde, t testi ve korelasyon analizleri kullanıldı. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin Meslek Seçimi Yeterliliği Ölçeği puan ortalaması orta düzeydeydi (2,96 ± 0,73). Ölçek puan ortalamaları; yaşı ve sınıfı daha küçük olanlarda, mesleği isteyerek seçenlerde, meslek seçiminden memnun olanlarda ve bölüm değiştirmeyi düşünmediğini belirtenlerde anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p

Genetic basis of STEM occupational choice and regional economic performance: a UK biobank genome-wide association study

BackgroundScience, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals are regarded as the highly skilled labor force that fosters economic productivity, enterprise innovation, and international competitiveness of a country. This study aims to understand the genetic predisposition to STEM occupations and investigate its associations with regional economic performance. We conducted a genome-wide association study on the occupational choice of STEM jobs based on a sample of 178,976 participants from the UK Biobank database.ResultsWe identified two genetic loci significantly associated with participants’ STEM job choices: rs10048736 on chromosome 2 and rs12903858 on chromosome 15. The SNP heritability of STEM occupations was estimated to be 4.2%. We also found phenotypic and genetic evidence of assortative mating in STEM occupations. At the local authority level, we found that the average polygenic score of STEM is significantly and robustly associated with several metrics of regional economic performance.ConclusionsThe current study expands our knowledge of the genetic basis of occupational choice and potential regional disparities in socioeconomic developments.

Entrepreneurial intention in adolescents: The impact of psychological capital

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) of adolescents provides an early window on the entrepreneurial process when young people are forming their occupational identity. Using a neo-configurational perspective, we illuminate the complex causality of EI in a large sample of adolescents and reveal individual differences based on combinations of their psychological capital (PsyCap), gender, academic performance, parent entrepreneurs, and urban environment that culminate in the intention to become an entrepreneur. The empirical evidence provided here reveals synergy, substitution, and suppression effects among the causal conditions indicating multiple pathways to explain both high EI and low EI (indicative of employment intention) which are not the simple inverse of each other. We conduct both deductive hypothesis testing and abductive theory development based on the inductive results, such that this paper contributes to the literature on occupational choices made by adolescents, with implications for educational policy and further research.

Changes in Satisfaction with Meaningful Activities and Onset of Depressive Symptoms among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults: A Population-Based Study Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study aimed to clarify the association between changes in satisfaction with meaningful activities and the occurrence of depressive symptoms before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A population-based prospective cohort study (Tarumizu Study). A total of 231 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65years without depressive symptoms at baseline. The participants completed baseline (June to December 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic) and follow-up (September to December 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic) assessments. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and defined by a GDS-15 score of ≥5. Participants selected meaningful activities from the 95 activities included in the Aid for Decision-Making in Occupation Choice, and their satisfaction levels were evaluated. Satisfaction with the most meaningful activities was assessed as to whether it was maintained/improved or decreased at follow-up. In the follow-up survey, 31 (14.3%) participants reported the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic, the rates of meaningful activities during the COVID-19 pandemic decreased for interpersonal interaction and social life and increased for leisure, sports, self-care, and domestic life. Logistic regression analysis revealed that changes in satisfaction with meaningful activity were associated with the occurrence of depressive symptoms after adjusting for demographic variables, baseline GDS scores, cognitive and physical status, and instrumental activities of daily living (odds ratio, 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-6.59, P= .020). To avoid decreasing satisfaction with meaningful activities, supporting older adults may be protective against the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Our findings highlight the need for health care professionals to not only encourage older adults to participate in activities for their mental health but also consider whether the activities are meaningful or satisfying for them.

Occupation Choice in the Rural Labor Market from the C&amp;oacute;rdoba Department in Colombia

This article aims to establish if the rural labor market of the Department of C&amp;oacute;rdoba holds structural problems that encourage members of the rural labor force to search for other work alternatives in the urban area, by identifying factors related to supply conditions, such as human capital, age, home location area [dominion], gender, and others that affect the choice of the kind of work. A multinomial Logit econometric model was estimated to achieve this purpose, using statistical information from the Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) carried out by DANE from the third quarter of 2019, whereby the employment choice of men and women in rural and urban areas was analyzed among four categories, i.e. low manual (1), high manual (2), low non-manual (3), and high non-manual (4). Results reveal that the estimated model shows a good fit and that the education, gender, and domain variables are statistically significant with confidence levels greater than 95%. Similarly, figures of the marginal effects, which reveal changes in probabilities of choosing one job or another, may be evidence of the little consolidation that the rural labor market has to motivate its inhabitants to choose countryside activities, allowing to conclude that the migration phenomenon from the countryside to the city is largely explained by the search for better jobs, thus revealing the structural problems of the rural labor market in the Cordoba Department.

Did the unemployment benefits extension between 2009–2013 deter entrepreneurship in the US? Some evidence and a model of unemployment benefits and entrepreneurship

The 2007–2008 financial crisis severely dampened the American entrepreneurial sector, and the rate of business formation remained low until 2014. This study empirically assesses whether the extensions of unemployment benefits (EUB) contributed to the delay in recovery in entrepreneurship. We then introduce a general equilibrium occupational choice model of unemployment benefits and entrepreneurship and use sharp discontinuity and variations across states in the maximum duration of benefits at the end of 2013 to identify the negative impact of EUB on startups. Eliminating the EUB increased entrepreneurship by 1.4–1.78 percentage points in 2014. Regarding the model, moderate increases in unemployment benefits primarily affect entrepreneurship through the extensive margin by deterring low-ability and necessity entrepreneurs while having little impact on decisions for high-ability agents; however, overly generous unemployment benefits can negatively impact entrepreneurship, the labor market and the overall economy.

Offshoring, matching, and income inequality

This paper develops a matching framework of offshoring in which offshoring is defined as cross-country matching between workers and managers with complementary production technology. We study the distributional effects of offshoring by embedding the matching framework in a two-country, two-task model in which workers and managers possess a continuum of skills. Offshoring alters the matching mechanism, changes the span of control, and thereby influences inequality through differential distributional impacts between-task and within-task in each country. We then introduce an endogenous task choice into the model and show that offshoring changes the occupational choice mechanism, which feeds through into distributional consequences. In one case with an endogenous task choice, offshoring leads all workers to match with better managers, thereby increasing within-worker inequality in both countries. This outcome provides new insight into the distributional consequences of offshoring.

How Gender Stereotypes Impact the Career Choice of High School Students

Nowadays, gender stereotypes are a common belief or prejudice for both males and females. Negative or positive gender stereotypes may coexist: women are typically defined as vulnerable, whereas gender stereotypes of men are mostly positive, such as men being more dynamic and logical. Previous research has evidenced that gender stereotypes are perceived differently by the sexes. However, how diverse gender stereotypes can influence adolescents' choices requires comprehensive investigation. This study focuses on the influence of gender stereotypes on adolescents' occupational choices. The study found that most adolescents are influenced by gender stereotypes in their career choices, either from family upbringing or from school upbringing. However, there is a small percentage of adolescents who are firm in their career choice from the beginning to the end and are not influenced by gender stereotypes. To reduce the negative impact of gender stereotypes on adolescents' occupational choices, this experimental study also suggests several strategies, including schools offering courses to properly guide adolescents' gender perceptions.