Housing Occupancy Research Articles

A Model for Determining the Thermal Comfort of Fishermen’s Houses on Coasts with Humid Tropical Climate

Fishermen’s houses on the coastal area of Dusun Karama Tengah, located at coordinates 119° 23’ 0” with 119° 23’ 9” BT, and 5° 13’ 28” LS with 5° 13’ 36” LS, with a humid tropical climate, has poor thermal comfort, and is not in the 22,8°C-27,1°C comfort category. Residents and house occupants feel stifled, hot, and uncomfortable during the day. Environmental factors, use of materials, construction, and the architecture of the fishing houses greatly contribute to the thermal comfort, apart from weather and climate factors. The aim of this research is to develop an innovative model for determining the thermal comfort of the fishermen’s homes. This research uses survey methods and observations of several factors that contribute to the thermal comfort during the day. It also uses expert system analysis techniques, certainty factors, based on Geographic Information System (GIS). A total of 107 fishermen’s housing units studied had poor thermal comfort, especially at 11:00-13:00 WITA or at 03:00-05.00 GMT. The poor thermal comfort of the fishermen’s houses is because they do not apply the principles of eco-building, green-architecture, and the lack of: facade, overhang, insulation, trees and parks, as well as the large use of low-density building projects in the form of zinc and triplex ceilings. This research has not taken into account the level of heat reduction of the house materials and the environment, so it is expected to be done in the upcoming research.

The Relationship between Home Environmental Sanitation and ISPA Incidence in Toddlers in Kaleroang Village, South Bungku District, Morowali Regency

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is the main cause of death in toddlers which is still a health problem in Indonesia, especially in the Kaleroang Health Center UPT work area which is increasing every year. Namely, in 2020 the prevalence of ARI cases is as much as (21.7%) in 2021 as many as (28.5%) and in 2022 the prevalence will increase (28.9%). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between home environmental sanitation and the incidence of ARI in toddlers in Kaleroang Village, South Bungku District, Morowali Regency. Methods: This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study were all mothers who had toddlers in Kaleroang Village, namely 106 people, the total sample was 84 people who were taken by random sampling . Retrieval of data using observation sheets and questionnaires. Data were analyzed statistically using the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between home ventilation and the incidence of ARI in toddlers with a value of X2 counts (5.841) > X2 tables (3.841), house occupancy density2 counts (7.171) > X2 tables (3.841), members smoking habits family X2 counts (4,701) > X2 tables (3,841), use of mosquito coils X2 counts (10,903) > X2 tables (3,841), and immunization status X2 counts (5,409) > X2 tables (3,841). Conclusions: it can be concluded that house ventilation, house occupancy density, smoking habits of family members, use of mosquito coils, and immunization status are related to the incidence of ARI in toddlers in Kaleroang Village. It is suggested to the UPT Kaleroang Health Center to further increase education related to the risk of ARI transmission based on the environment.

PENGGUNAAN MOTIF DAN ORNAMENTASI CINA DALAM PEMBINAAN RUMAH WARISAN: KAJIAN KE ATAS RUMAH DEMANG ABDUL GHANI

The Demang Abdul Ghani House is a heritage residence that has been gazetted as a museum under the Malacca State Heritage Department. Built at the end of the 18th century, this house holds high artistic value as it incorporates a mix of diverse motifs and architectural styles, including English, Javanese, Portuguese, Dutch, and Chinese. However, this study focuses solely on the Chinese motifs and ornamentation present in the house. The first objective of this research is to examine the forms of Chinese motifs and ornamentation found in the house. The second objective is to explore the underlying meanings behind the use of these Chinese motifs in the house. This study employs observational methods to collect data and descriptive methods to interpret each motif. The findings reveal that the Chinese motifs and ornamentation in the house fall into three categories: floral, animal, and cosmic. All these motifs are interrelated and possess implicit meanings believed to bring benefits and prosperity to the house's occupants, according to Chinese philosophy and culture.

A Review of Adequate Residential Housing Provision for Enhanced Occupants’ Work Performance

Adequate housing provision for the workforce ensures their maximum contribution to the fulfilment of the organisational goals and objectives; it ensures the comfort and security of the workers, thereby enhancing their work ethics, which results in increased efficiency and enhanced overall productivity. Housing is an essential contributor to a man's quality of life, as people spend a significant portion of their lives in their residential homes. Hence, the adequacy of residential housing has a significant influence on the occupants’ quality of life and work output. Therefore, it is important to improve the quality of residential housing to the satisfaction of the occupant. Thus, this study aims to present a literature review on the provision of adequate housing to increase workers' performance. Several literature sources are used to identify related studies that shed light on the relationship between adequate housing and occupant workers' productivity. The study revealed the conceptual dimensions of residential housing adequacy and occupants’ work performance, which include the physical conditions of the house, the suitability of facilities in the house for its occupants, and the affordability of the house in terms of occupation. The study further revealed that good quality and appropriate facilities in a house are essential for the occupant's physical and mental well-being, whereas unhealthy homes can negatively affect the occupant's work performance and overall productivity. Therefore, to improve home dwellers' work performance, stakeholders like owners, architects, estate managers, urban planners, builders, and construction engineers should prioritise the occupants' general well-being and implement housing systems that promote high performance.

The impact of financial regulation on changes in housing occupancy in the housing market

The impact of financial regulation on changes in housing occupancy in the housing market

Status of Livability in Indonesian Affordable Housing

Indonesia is experiencing population growth, as well as urbanization, thus increasing the needs of housing. As a result, land prices are soaring, and the housing supply cannot meet the demand. The most recent measure to overcome housing problems is the One Million House Program, which aims to provide more than a million homes annually, with the majority of them being simple housing. The main characteristics of simple housing are limited space, limited facilities, and the use of basic materials. Regulation stated that any housing must satisfy the requirement of livable housing, which means the fulfilment of safety, health, and living-area requirements. This paper looks at affordability, livability, and sustainability criteria based on government regulation. It is found that the performance of housing cannot satisfy some of the requirements. The problems come from either inherently limited housing design, occupant requirements, or local climates. The existing research only focuses on one of three factors. Intertwined relationships between the three factors make an integrated approach necessary. A solution based on integrated performance modeling of the criteria is proposed.

Resisting and Reclaiming: Squatting as Contentious Urban Politics in the U.S.

Abstract Squatting as contentious politics has been well studied globally, expanding knowledge of how everyday people resist injustices, strive to remake cities, and respond to local/regional conditions. These histories and contemporary struggles have largely been overlooked in the U.S. This article uses qualitative data to compare three recent cases of organized housing occupations in Detroit (2011), Oakland (2019), and Philadelphia (2020) by mothers of color with their children, to better understand how this form of global urban politics manifests in the U.S. Using this comparison, we identify important dimensions that have shaped these three cases of contentious politics and their outcomes, including differences in goals, tactics, and socio-spatial context. We also uncover the diagnostic and prognostic frames reflected in each case: despite common legal violations, each case purposefully diagnoses locally-rooted housing problems and suggests different property-relations as solutions. We find that each case varies in terms of what kind of property squatters target, how these spaces reflect broader structural problems in the U.S. housing market, and what kind of property-relations they envision with these occupations. In turn, our findings also advance understanding of this global urban politics by showing how squatting efforts may dovetail with place-based legacies, such as racial segregation and settler colonialism in the U.S. Researchers have long attended to organized housing struggles in their varied manifestations, but by foregrounding resistance to and reclaiming of property by squatters, we draw out understudied problems and possibilities related to land and housing occupations that are subverted within broader housing studies.

Risk Factors for The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Toddlers in The Working Area of Tarus Primary Health Center, Kupang District

AbstractIntroduction: ARI is an acute infection that attacks one or more parts of the respiratory tract, from the nose to the deep tissues of the lungs. The number of ARI in toddlers in the Tarus primary health center in 2020 was 1.352 people and in 2021 there was a decrease of 97 people recorded, in January 2022 to February 2023, the number of ARI in toddlers increased by 1.141 cases.Methods: This research used a case-control study design. The case group is toddlers who experience ARI events, while the control group is toddlers who do not experience ARI events. The total population of toddlers in the Tarus Primary Health Center for the period January 2022 to February 2023 was 5,370 toddlers with a case group population of 1,141 toddlers and a control group population of 4,229 toddlers. The sample obtained for the case group was 117 toddlers and for the control group was 117 toddlers with a total of 234 samples.Results: The results showed no significant relationship between age (p=1.000; OR=1.000), and gender (p=0.428; OR=0.738) with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. There was a significant relationship between immunization status (p=0.000; OR=25.143), exclusive breastfeeding history (p=0.000; OR=25.016), house occupancy density (p=0.000; OR=15.416), house ventilation (p=0.000; OR=9.079) and smoking habits of family members (p=0.000; OR=9.775) with the incidence of ARI in toddlers.Conclusion : The incidence of ARI in toddlers can occur due to several risk factors such as immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding history, house occupancy density, house ventilation, and smoking habits of family members

PERKEMBANGAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH LIAR (STUDI KASUS DUKUH KALISARI DESA BANYUDONO KEC. BANYUDONO KAB. BOYOLALI)

The problem of slum organizations begins with various interrelated variables, including education level, population density level, building density level, income and poverty level. Illegal slum settlements are defined as organizations that experience a decline in housing function with illegal land ownership status or not land with Ownership Rights Status. This research aims to (1) Analyze the development of slum organizations of liars in Kalisari Hamlet, Banyudono Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency in 2012, 2017 and 2022; (2) Find out the level of slum organization of liars in Kalisari Hamlet, Banyudono Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency; and (3) Analyze the incidence of fraudulent slum organizations in Kalisari Hamlet, Banyudono Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency. The research method used in this research is the case study method. In this research, the development of illegal slum organizations is analyzed through the development of the number of house occupants and the number of house rooms whose changes are analyzed in 2012-2017 and 2017-2022. The level of slums is determined using the 3x3x3 method, then from the level of slums the appropriate treatment can be identified based on the main problems in the slum organization area. Dukuh Kalisari developed into a fraudulent slum organization due mainly to errors in government policy, the legality of the land occupied by residents, and the condition of the organization located along the river.

Should I stay or should I go?: Reasons beneficiaries decide to stay or leave aid-provided in-situ housing

Providing in-situ housing after a disaster is thought to prevent issues resulting in housing inoccupancy. In-situ housing, or housing built at the original site, aims to retain beneficiary connection to people, place, and livelihoods, addressing many noted challenges of building at relocated sites. However, beneficiaries have left thousands of aid-provided in-situ houses in post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. This research conducted and analyzed questionnaires administered to beneficiaries that both stayed and left their provided in-situ housing almost two decades post-tsunami, exploring the reasons for their decisions. Results show that while place- and community-based reasons can be reasons to remain in in-situ housing, these can also cause beneficiaries to leave their housing due to place-based trauma and disrupted social capital due to loss. In addition, economic and personal conditions influence decisions to stay or leave. Economic conditions, including opportunities for education and more formal livelihoods, particularly for those that were younger, were stated as reasons beneficiaries left, whereas older beneficiaries with less education, more intact social capital, and livelihoods tied to the land, such as farming and fishing, tended to remain. These findings reinforce the importance of aligning post-disaster housing strategies with the lived dynamics of the affected individuals, emphasizing the need for solutions that not only address immediate housing concerns but also foster social and economic resilience to enable long-term housing occupancy.

The impact of window opening behavior on the indoor thermal environment and coping strategies in passive houses

China is actively developing passive houses to improve energy efficiency and reduce primary energy use. These buildings have low actual load characteristics, resulting in a smaller air conditioning terminal heating capacity. However, owing to this limited heating capacity, the air conditioning terminal provides modest indoor air regulation. In practice, occupants of passive houses often open windows for ventilation in winter, resulting in an indoor temperature that is lower than the set value, and it takes a long time for the temperature to return to the desired level. There are few studies that have investigated this issue. Two possible solutions to this issue are proposed: first, altering the external wall structure can enhance the thermal response rate, reducing the time needed for temperature recovery. Secondly, limiting the window-opening area can minimize heat loss during ventilation, thereby maintaining a reasonable indoor temperature. Notably, this may inconvenience occupants. Taking a passive house in Qinghai as a case study, this study discusses the influence of window-opening behavior on the indoor thermal environment. Simulations were conducted to study the window-opening behavior considering different window-opening areas and wall structures. Three different wall structures were considered: internal insulation combined with external insulation (IAE), sandwich insulation combined with external insulation (SAE), and external insulation structures. The results indicate that the IAE and SAE structures cannot effectively improve the indoor thermal environment after opening a window. Overall, changing the wall structure does not reduce the time required to restore room temperature. However, by limiting the opening area of the window, the room temperature can be effectively controlled. Under the given window opening ratio, the room temperature can be stabilized above 18 ℃. This study offers a practical method for controlling and enhancing the indoor thermal environment, which is applicable to the construction and development of passive houses.

A quantitative approach to investigate factors contributing to social housing occupants’ challenges in the semi-arid climate of Nigeria

PurposeSocial housing offers occupants comfort, safety and protection against extreme weather conditions. However, social housing occupants in various regions of Nigeria face various challenges. This paper aims to use a quantitative approach to examine the factors that contribute to the challenges faced by occupants in social housing within a semi-arid climate of Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory cross-sectional survey was used to administer 1,032 copies of structured questionnaires to occupants of social housing in Maiduguri, one of the largest urban centers of the semi-arid climate in Nigeria. A total of 955 responses were retrieved, giving a response rate of 92.5%. The statistical model used in analyzing data was relative importance indices and factor analysis.FindingsThe results show that poor quality of FM services provided, poor maintenance of building components, damage to materials and valuables in the Harmattan period and housekeeping problems due to dust deposition in doors, while the poor response to occupants’ complaints/reports is the least among the occupants’ challenges in order of importance. Moreover, the results of the factor analysis further established that inadequate FM services and poor environmental conditions are the two factors contributing to the occupants’ challenges in social housing within the semi-arid climate of Nigeria.Originality/valueThis paper seeks to examine the factors contributing to social housing occupants’ challenges in the semi-arid climate of Nigeria. The paper should inform policymakers, academics and professionals.

The Relationship of Residential Density and Smoking Habits with The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (Ari) In Toddlers in The Working Area at The Sausu Public Health Clinic, Parigi Moutong District, Central Sulawesi Province

ISPA is a respiratory tract disease that can cause mild to fatal infections due to environmental factors. ISPA in toddlers is caused by several factors including environmental factors, namely type of house, ventilation, type of floor, lighting, residential density, humidity, type of fuel and smoking habits. The aim of this research is to find out whether there is a relationship between population density and smoking habits with the incidence of ISPA in toddlers in the Sausu Community Health Center Working Area, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Analytical with the aim of finding relationships between one variable and other variables. The population was 167 samples, 62 toddlers suffering from ISPA and not suffering from ISPA. There is no relationship between the density of house occupants and the incidence of ISPA with a P-Value ≥ 0.252 > 0.05, so Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected. There is no relationship between home smoking habits and the incidence of ARI with a P-Value ≥ 1,000 > 0.05, so Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected. Keep the home environment clean and do not smoke near children, inside the house. Because it will have an impact on the health of the toddler and the entire family.

Classification of Receiving Electricity Subsidy Assistance in Blang Panyang Village Using the K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor) Method

The electricity subsidy program is one of the poverty reduction programs by providing electricity subsidy assistance funds to poor and disadvantaged households paid by the Government of Indonesia to PT PLN (Persero). The government implements a targeted electricity subsidy policy, the subsidy must be truly enjoyed by the poor. The purpose of this research is to test the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm in predicting the receipt of electricity subsidy assistance. In the dataset of beneficiaries used in this study, there are 45 records or tuples with four attributes (house condition, income, occupation and number of amperes). The prediction of new data categories is done by using the manual calculation stage of Euclidean Distance from three different K values. The results show that with K=15, K=30 and K=45 the new data (46) has an "Ineligible" category with an accuracy rate of 100%. Then with K=45, K=30 and K=45 the new data (D46) has a "Viable" category with an accuracy rate of 66.6%.

Increased Incidence of Influenza: Effects of Dense Housing Occupancy, Behaviour and Demographic Factors in Coastal Areas

Introduction: Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that is a seasonal pandemic and can be prevented by healthy behaviors. However, the fact is that influenza cases are still often outbreaks, even epidemics, both nationally and globally. Purpose: To assess demographic determinants, occupancy density, and preventive behavior with influenza incidence in the coastal area of Bungkutoko sub-district of Kendari city, in one of the islands of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 95 respondents selected by simple random sampling was used as a research design. Structured interviews used valid and reliable questionnaires to obtain data on age, sex, preventive behavior, and occupancy density. The chi-square test was used to analyze bivariates with a significant value of 0.05. Results: More than half (53.7%) of influenza cases were found out of 95 respondents. Age (p=0.002; OR= 3.251), gender (p=0.041; OR=2.133), preventive behavior (p=0.047; OR=2.163), and dense housing occupancy (p=0.000; OR= 5.775) was significantly associated with influenza (α 0.05). Conclusion: Influenza cases increased associated with risk factors for age, sex, preventive behavior, and dense housing occupancy in coastal areas in this study. Thus, indicating increased education on influenza prevention by paying attention to risk factors by community and interprofessional nurses is needed as early awareness of the potential for an epidemic.Latar belakang: Influenza merupakan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang pandemic musiman dan dapat dicegah dengan prilaku hidup sehat. Namun, kenyataanya kasus influenza masih sering menjadi outbreak, bahkan epidemic baik nasional maupun global. Tujuan: Untuk menilai determinan demografi, kepadatan hunian, dan prilaku pencegahan dengan kejadian influenza di wilayah pesisir kelurahan Bungkutoko kota Kendari, di salah satu kepulauan Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Metode: Studi cross-sectional digunakan sebagai desain penelitian, melibatkan 95 responden yang dipilih dengan simple random sampling. Wawancara terstruktur menggunakan kuesioner yang valid dan reable untuk memperoleh data usia, jenis kelamin, perilaku sehat, dan kepadatan hunian. Uji chi squre digunakan untuk menganalisis bivariat dengan nilai signifikan 0,05. Hasil: Ditemukan setengah lebih (53,7%) kasus influenza dari 95 responden. Usia (p=0,002; OR= 3,251), jenis kelamin (p=0,041; OR=2,133), perilaku hidup sehat (p=0,047; OR=2,163), dan kepadatan hunian (p=0,000; OR= 5,775) berhubungan secara signifikan terhadap kejadian inluenza (α 0,05). Simpulan: Kasus influenza terjadi peningkatan berhubungan dengan faktor risiko usia, jenis kelamin, perilaku pencegahan, dan kepadatan hunian di daerah pesisir pada studi ini. Sehingga, mengindikasikan peningkatan edukasi pencegahan kejadian influenza dengan memperhatikan faktor risiko oleh perawat komunitas dan interprofessional sangat diperlukan sebagai kewaspadaan dini potensi terjadi epidemic.

Flexible Architectural Interventions for Housing Issues in Bahrain

Houses are important to every living creature they are considered the center of our universe and our haven. Recently having a home that reflects the identity and fulfills the desires of the occupants became a challenge due to the lack of space due to overpopulation in the world, especially in areas with small surface area compared to population size like the island of Bahrain. The unaffordability of housing and lack of space pushed most governments to start producing social houses with design limitations and bulk production. This paper aims to identify the problems related to social housing in Bahrain and seeks the possibility of using flexible architectural interventions to solve these issues. Interviews are conducted with Bahraini families living in social housing projects to identify their issues and their thoughts about flexible solutions. The results show that almost all social housing occupants are not satisfied with their houses' spatial design and have made costly modifications. They also lack the knowledge of flexible interventions and refuse them as a solution while encouraging the idea of vertical housing. This study introduces the term flexibility in social housing and emphasizes the need to improve occupants’ satisfaction in Bahraini society by using efficient architectural interventions.

Risk assessment from radon in domestic water for the Greek population.

This study focused on assessing the risk from the exposure to radon contained in domestic water for a significant part (~20%) of the Greek population. Also, the variation of radon in domestic water was monitored from 2017 to 2023 in certain villages that showed relatively high radon levels and relied on boreholes for their water supply. The radon in domestic water activity concentrations measured in the investigated Greek places ranged from lower than the minimum detection limit (2BqL-1) levels up to 187BqL-1 with an average value of 9.1BqL-1. Overall, higher radon in domestic water activity concentrations were observed in places supplied from boreholes located inside granitic and metamorphic rock areas. Only one out of the 487 examined places, which accounts for 0.015% of the examined Greek population, showed an average radon-in-water activity concentration higher than the parametric value of 100BqL-1 adopted by Greece following the EURATOM Directive (2013/51/EURATOM). Therefore, radon-in-water does not pose a health concern (risk) for the investigated Greek population. The total (inhalation and ingestion) annual effective doses to adults, corresponding to the measured radon-in-water activity concentrations, ranged from nearly 0 to 1.20mSv y-1 with an average value of 0.059mSv y-1, while for children, they ranged from almost 0 to 1.26mSv y-1 with an average value of 0.061mSv y-1. Regarding the variation of radon in domestic water monitoring, places supplied with water from one borehole showed no significant fluctuations from their average radon-in-water activity concentration, with standard deviations of ~20% at a coverage factor of k=1. Even though some places supplied from three to four boreholes showed no significant fluctuations (standard deviation <= 30% at k=1) from their average radon level, special attention is needed for places supplied from many boreholes when one measurement over the year is to be performed for the annual effective dose assessment. This is because the prevailing during-year borehole combination may not exist on the measurement day, resulting in an underestimated or overestimated dose assessment. Radon removal from domestic water supplies in the Arnea village (due to elevated radon-in-water activity concentrations) did not affect the inhalation risk for the residents of an examined house in Arnea. However, radon removal from the water supply was essential to reduce the ingestion risk for the house occupants. There is a possibility of radiation overexposure (>20mSv y-1) for the workers in a thermal spa on Ikaria Island, and further investigation needs to be conducted with extended measurement periods.

Simulation of the Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Earth Brick Walls in Their Environment

Earth constitutes an attractive building material, not only for its eco-friendly characteristics but also for its hygroscopic qualities. In order to understand the influence of this quality on an earth brick interior wall, a comparison was drawn between earth and plaster interior walls. For this purpose, a numerical model was developed to evaluate the coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of the earth brick material. A scenario simulating a one-year T4-type house occupation in terms of indoor and outdoor temperature as well as moisture was studied. This house has four rooms: a living room and three bedrooms, plus a kitchen, bathroom, and toilet. The thermal, hygroscopic, and mechanical characteristics of the material were experimentally assessed to provide input into the numerical model. The one-year numerical simulation shows that the earth brick partition walls play a significant role in the hygrometric comfort in comparison with the plaster partition walls. In addition, it was observed that dynamic changes between the wall and the external environment generate more intense water transfer mechanisms in the first layer of the wall, which exposes it to critical situations that exceed the failure criterion.

Occupations as reparative urban infrastructure: thinking with Cissie Gool House

Understood as a direct claiming and remaking of vacant space by marginalized urban residents, occupations claim the right to housing and disrupt property relations, surfacing conflicting rationalities between different valorizations of land and infrastructure. We are interested in occupation as a reparative practice, intervening into the socio-material fabric of the city, with the potential to remake urban life-worlds. We draw inspiration from scholarship on infrastructural repair, conceived as the necessary labor of sustaining and filling in the gaps of fragile systems of provisioning that would otherwise be abandoned or left to decay. We situate our reflection in Cape Town, at the Cissie Gool House occupation, a former hospital that was vacant when it was occupied in 2017. In paying attention to the labors of endurance at CGH, this paper advances an expanded conceptual framework of repair, conceiving of occupations as a reparative urban infrastructure that includes material and affective practices. Our concern is with the enactment of more emancipatory forms of reparative practices that prefigure more hopeful futures. In thinking with CGH, we draw out a set of practices that can be read as central to sustaining, reclaiming, and future-making, naming these: infrastructural repair, prefiguration, defiant endurance, and refusal.

Settlement and conflict distribution responses to paleoclimate variation on the Columbia Plateau

Semi-subterranean house occupation in the southern Columbia Plateau of Western North America was episodic over the latter half of the Holocene. Several analyses of radiocarbon chronologies for house features have emphasized environmental change as a primary catalyst of shifts in subsistence strategies and house settlement. Our analysis incorporates summed probability distributions of radiocarbon dates for house occupations, climatic conditions, and evidence of conflict to assess the relationship among the three variables. Climate change is outlined using previously published proxy data. Results of our analysis indicate that climate had a strong influence on the settlement systems of the southern Columbia Plateau. Along with the direct influence of climate on resource availability, conflict became more frequent when house communities became larger. Developing a greater understanding of the cause and effect, and timing of environmental and social changes will ultimately require more robust datasets for house occupations, simulations of demographic trajectories, and higher resolution temporal and spatial models of climate change on the Columbia Plateau.