Occupancy Density Research Articles

Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infection in Toddlers : A Case Control Study

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that attacks the upper and lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria and viruses. ARI is one of the causes of high morbidity and mortality in under-fives. Purpose(s): This study aims to determine the relationship between toddler age, immunization status, smoking habits of family members, mother's knowledge, and residential density to the incidence of ARI in the working area of the Namlea Health Center in 2021 Methods: This study is a research study quantitative analysis using a case control research design. The sample in the case group was taken using the simple random sampling method and the control group was taken using the accidental sampling method. Results: the age of toddlers who were 36 months (55.2%), incomplete immunization status (46.9%), smoking habits of family members (68.8%), low maternal knowledge (30.2%), and density of bedroom occupancy (60.4%). The results of the chi-square test showed that the p-values for each variable were age (p = 0.035), immunization status (p = 0.017), room occupancy density (p = 0.022), mother's knowledge (p = 0.046), and smoking habits. family members (p = 0.036). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age, immunization status, room occupancy density, mother's knowledge, and smoking habits of family members with the incidence of ARI in children under five in the working area of the Namlea Health Center in 2021.

Determinants Of The Incidence Of Acute Respiratory Infections (Ari) In Toddlers In The Working Area Of The Health Centers Simpang Pandan, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency In 2022

Disease (acute respiratory infection) Ari is one type of Environmental-based infectious diseases. In Indonesia, cases of Ari always ranks first cause of infant mortality and the prevalence of Ari disease in Jambi province amounted to 3.2% and in Tanjung Jabung Timur amounted to 4.44%. ISPA in East Tanjung Jabung regency is a disease trend every year. In general, the risk factors for ARI are physical environmental factors, host/host factors, agent factors and social environmental factors. The type of research used is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study aims to find the relationship between the variable occupancy density, floor type, wall type, ceiling of the house, lighting, smoking family members, maternal knowledge with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. The population in this study were toddlers in the Working Area of the Simpang Pandan Health Center and the sample of this study was 103. Sampling technique in this study using Stratified Random Sampling technique. How data collection is done by interviews, observations, and measurements using tools. The results showed that there is a relationship between : occupancy density (P - value=0.003 and PR = 1.976), floor type (p= 0.014 and PR = 1.874), wall type (p=0.020 and PR = 1.852) lighting (p=0.018 and PR = 1.790), smoking family members (p= 0.020 and PR = 1.852 ) and maternal knowledge (P-value=0.035 and PR = 1.678) with acute respiratory infections in toddlers. While the variables that are not related to the incidence of ARI in this study is the variable ceiling of the House (p-value = 0.968 and PR = 1.080). It is recommended that family members do not smoke in the house, pay attention to the residential density of the House, home lighting, and the type of floor in the House.

Identifying occupancy patterns and profiles in higher education institution buildings with high occupancy density – A case study

ABSTRACT Building occupancy patterns are an important factor in considering the energy efficiency of buildings and a key input for building performance modelling. More specifically, the energy consumption associated with heating, cooling, lighting, and plug load usage depends on the number of occupants in a building. Identifying occupancy patterns and profiles in buildings is a key factor for the optimisation of building operating systems and can potentially reduce the performance gap between the planning stage and the actual energy usage. This study aims to identify the patterns and profiles of the occupants in a selected case study building in England. In this study, occupancy data were collected over 12 months at five minutes intervals. A sensor was used to obtain high accuracy occupancy data compared to previous studies that encountered uncertainties in data collection. A set of clustering analyses was carried out to identify occupancy patterns and profiles in the building. The results of this study identified three different occupancy patterns and profiles as well as four drivers that influenced the occupants in the case study building: the beginning of the academic term, the examination period, the weekday/weekends, and the vacation driver.

Effects of occupant behaviors on perceived dormitory air quality and sick building syndrome symptoms among female college students.

We performed a cross-sectional survey of 2143 female students in a university in Tianjin, China regarding perceived air quality (PAQ) and sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms in the student dormitory. The prevalence of general, mucosal, and skin symptoms was 22.1%, 21.9%, and 26.3%, respectively. The three most prevalent PAQ complaints were "dry air" (48.9% often), "stuffy odor" (18.2%), and "other unpleasant odors" (5.1%), and they were significant risk factors for 11-12 out of 12 SBS symptoms (adjusted odds ratios [AOR]: 1.6-5.8). Survey data of 1471 undergraduates, whose dorms were of uniform layout and furnishing, were used to further investigate the influences of occupancy level and occupant behaviors on PAQ and SBS symptoms. Frequent use of air freshener/perfume was a significant risk factor for "dry air," less frequent room cleaning and higher occupancy density were significant risk factors for "stuffy odor," and less natural ventilation was a significant risk factor for both "stuffy odor" and "pungent odor." These factors were also significantly associated with some SBS symptoms. In particular, the use of air freshener/perfume exhibited a significant dose-response pattern with "fatigue" (sometimes: AOR 1.3; often: AOR 2.0) and with "irritated, stuffy, or runny nose" (sometimes: AOR 1.6; often: AOR 2.2).

RELATIONSHIP OF HOME SANITARIAN WITH THE EVENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has infected nearly a third of the world's population with 1.5 million deaths due to pulmonary tuberculosis. This disease is closely related to slum and unhealthy environmental conditions, poor sanitation conditions, lighting, occupancy density, ventilation, and room humidity are related to the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The study used observational analytic methods, the design used case control. The population is all who suffer from tuberculosis. Data were collected and analyzed univariate and bivariate with Chi Square test with 95% confidence level. The results obtained ventilation with p value = 0.003, OR = 0.057, lighting with p value = 0.259, OR = 0.108, humidity with p value = 0.001, OR = 0.444, temperature with p value = 0.056, OR = 0.111, and occupancy density with p value = 0.003, OR = 0.141. There is a relationship between ventilation area, occupancy density, and humidity with tuberculosis. There is no relationship between temperature and lighting on the incidence of tuberculosis.

KONDISI FISIK RUMAH DAN PERILAKU MEMBUANG SAMPAH DI PEMUKIMAN NELAYAN CUMPAT KECAMATAN BULAK KOTA SURABAYA TAHUN 2022

A healthy house can be assessed from the physical condition of the house and behavior in disposing of waste. The coverage of healthy homes in Kedung Cowek Village in 2019 was 26%, in 2020 and 2021 it was 27%. The Cumpat Fisherman Settlement Community has the behavior of throwing garbage in the sea because of the irregular transportation system. The purpose of this study was to analyze descriptively the physical condition of the house and the behavior of disposing of garbage in the Cumpat Fisherman's Settlement, Bulak District, Surabaya City.
 This research uses descriptive method, the sample size is 84 houses and 83 respondents using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Collecting data using observation sheets and questionnaire sheets. The results of the study were analyzed and presented through a frequency distribution table.
 The results of the study on the physical condition of the house met the requirements of a healthy house (97.6%) by reviewing the ceiling, walls, floor, lighting, ventilation, temperature, humidity, and occupancy density. The results of the study regarding the behavior of disposing of waste were in good category (83.3%) but the action component was in the sufficient category (16.7%).
 The conclusion of the study on the assessment of the physical condition of the house obtained results that met the requirements and the behavior of disposing of garbage obtained a good category. It is necessary to hold outreach on the impact of disposing of waste on marine ecosystems and healthy homes, training on recycling, and making banners containing the prohibition of throwing garbage.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE HOUSE AND THE HABITS OF THE PATIENT WITH THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ISPA)

Unhealthy housing conditions will have a negative impact on human health, one of the impacts is ISPA. From the results of the Stabat Health Center data, ISPA is included in the 10 biggest diseases. Based on 2019 data, there were 1572 cases, an increase in cases occurred in 2020 to 1692 cases with a total of 206 cases in Sidomulyo Village. As well as the physical condition of the existing houses in Sidomulyo, there are still those that do not meet the requirements of a healthy house. This research is an analytic survey by exploring the causes of a phenomenon to occur with a cross sectional study design. The total population is 1.346 heads of families with a sample of 93 respondents. From the results of the study, it was found that there was a significant relationship between bedroom occupancy density and ISPA with a p value of 0.03, a significant relationship between ventilation and ISPA with a p value of 0.03, a significant relationship between smoking habits and ISPA with a p value of 0.011. there is a significant relationship between the habit of opening windows and ISPA with a p value of 0.01.

Gambaran Faktor Kejadian ISPA pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pijoan Baru Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Tahun 2019

ISPA in Indonesia often occupies the first sequence of todler pain. Data of P2 ISPA management in Puskesmas Tanjung Jabung Barat in January-August 2018, the number of ISPA cases found in the city was quite high, namely in Puskesmas Pijoan Baru with a total of 1,132 visitors. The aim of this research is to find out the impact of the ISPA on toddlers which include the occupancy of sleep, ventilation, air conditioning, humidity, room humidity, smoking habits, family habits and the use of burned-mosquito repellent. The type of research was descriptive research with a survey approach. This research was implemented in March until May 2019. The population in this researh were toddlers who were positive infected with ISPA and recorded in Puskesmas Pijoan Baru during October-December 2018 that addresed at the work area of Puskesmas Pijoan Baru. The results of the study showed that 80 respondent homes, the occupancy density of sleeping rooms that filled the population was as big as 3.75%, the habit of ventilation which filled the population as much as 15% of the patients, the total age was as much as 65% of the patients, the majority of patients were filled with 25% of total age, and as much as 3.75% of toddlers did not have ISPA. The community is advised to open windows every morning regularly, not smoke inside the house, provide adding ventilation such as fan, using mosquito nets or anti-comfort packages as replacements for burned-mosquito repellent.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THE INCIDENCE OF ISPA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE PULAU BANYAK HEALTH CENTER, ACEH SINGKIL REGENCY

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ISPA) is one of the main causes of death, killing ± 4 million children under five every year. Banyak Island showed an increase in ISPA cases from 8.5% in 2017, increasing to 10.4% in 2018, and in 2019 it increased to 16.4% of toddlers experiencing ISPA. The research aims to determine the relationship between home environmental conditions and the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children under five in the Pulau Banyak Health Center Working Area, Aceh Singkil Regency. Method: This research is descriptive analytical with a case-control design. Data collection was carried out by interviews using questionnaires. The population in this study was 60 toddlers and the sample was determined using a total sampling technique, namely 60 toddlers. This research was conducted on 02 -16 November 2020. The statistical test used was the Chi Square Test (α=95%). Results: The results of univariate research showed that toddlers who experienced Acute Respiratory Infection (ISPA) (50%), ventilation did not meet the requirements (81.5%), overcrowding (82.1%), and smoking habits (80.8%). The results of bivariate statistical tests obtained ventilation (p value=0.001, OR=13.7), occupant density (p value=0.002, OR=16.4), and smoking habits (p value=0.001, OR=11.7) with the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection in toddlers in the Pulau Banyak Health Center Working Area, Aceh Singkil Regency. The results of this research show a relationship between ventilation, occupant density, and smoking habits with the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection in toddlers in the Pulau Banyak Health Center Working Area, Aceh Singkil Regency. Recommendation: It is recommended that the Pulau Banyak Community Health Center can improve the early alert system for ISPA incidents by increasing mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the importance of healthy physical sanitation at home.

Pengaruh Faktor Lingkungan terhadap Kejadian Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) di Kabupaten Jember

Tuberculosis is a chronic and contagious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tubeculosis. In terms of TB treatment, it still can’t be handled optimally, but there is a new problem namely Multidrug –Resistant which is now a global problem in various worlds. In Jember Regency, the detection of Multidrug –Resistant TB cases was known to increase rapidly in 2018. In the occurrence of a disease, according to H.L Blum (1981), there are 4 main factors the occurance of a diseas: lifestyles, environment, health care services, and pshycobiology. Environment have the biggest role out of those factors.This study to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the incidence of Multidrug –Resistant Pulmonary TB patients in Jember Regency.This study used SEM –PLS (Structural Equation Modeling –Partial Least Square) correlation test. The samples are collected using area sampling method and the sample size is determined using Slovin’s formula becausethe population size is already known (144 respondents). Questionnaire that has been tested for validity is used as measuring instrument in this research.Based on the analysis of the SEM –PLS (Structural Equation Modeling –Partial Least Square) program which was carried out in a multigroup analysis of environmental factors.The Outer Model shows that the loading factor of occupancy density, family and job’s values is >0,6. Furthermore, the inner model shows that t-count of physical variables in MDR –TB cases is higher than the t-table(1,96). The results of the structural model for SEM –PLS analysis indicate a relationship between the occupancy density of the physical environment variables and the incidence of MDR –TB.There is a relationship between occpancy density in physical environment variables and the incidence of MDR –TB in Jember Regency.

ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

ABSTRACTPneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that adversely affects the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi, where pneumonia accounts for 15 percent of under-five deaths in the world and resulted in 808,694 children dying in 2017 (WHO, 2019). The purpose of this study was to analyze family behavior and the condition of the physical home environment with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia. The method in this study is a literature review. The data sources in this study came from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed then sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained 28 research articles.The results of the analysis of several studies show that smoking habits of family members (83.3%), use of mosquito coils (50%), house occupancy density (72.7%), and type of house floor (50%) are associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. . It is hoped that the puskesmas can make efforts to control the risk of pneumonia in toddlers by conducting periodic counseling about the dangers of smoking to toddlers and how to overcome them, as well as relating to factors that affect the physical condition of the home environment, especially in the density of residential houses with a house building area that should be sufficient. for the occupants in it.Keywords: Pneumonia Incidence, Literature Review, Family behavior, Home Physical Environment Condition.ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

Ranking the environmental factors of indoor air quality of metropolitan independent coffee shops by Random Forests model.

Independent coffee shops are the alternative workplaces for people working remotely from traditional offices but are not concerned about their indoor air quality (IAQ). This study aimed to rank the environmental factors in affecting the IAQ by Random Forests (RFs) models. The indoor environments and human activities of participated independent coffee shops were observed and recorded for 3 consecutive days including weekdays and weekend during the business hours. The multi-sized particulate matter (PM), particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), CO, CO2, temperature and relative humidity were monitored. RFs models ranked the environmental factors. More than 20% of the 15-min average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and CO2 exceeded the World Health Organization guidelines. Occupant density affected TVOCs, p-PAHs and CO2 concentrations directly. Tobacco smoking dominated PM10, PM2.5, TVOCs and p-PAHs concentrations mostly. CO concentration was affected by roasting bean first and tobacco smoking secondly. The non-linear relationships between temperature and these pollutants illustrated the relative low concentrations happened at temperature between 22 and 24 °C. Tobacco smoking, roasting beans and occupant density are the observable activities to alert the IAQ change. Decreasing CO2 and optimizing the room temperature could also be the surrogate parameters to assure the IAQ.

Analisis Faktor Resiko Kejadian Pneumonia Pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sidorejo Kota Pagar Alam

Pneumonia is an infectious disease that is still a health problem in Indonesia, the third leading cause of death in Indonesia after cardiovascular and tuberculosis. The high incidence of pneumonia mainly attacks the age group of infants and toddlers. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of risk factors for pneumonia in children under five in the working area of ??the Sidorejo Health Center, Pagar Alam City in 2021, this study was a retrospective study with a case control approach. The research subjects consisted of two groups, namely the case group and the control group, each of which consisted of 63 subjects. Data was collected by means of interviews, observations and measurements. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate with chi square and multivariate analysis to determine the most dominant influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The analysis was carried out on the variables related to the bivariate analysis with a p value < 0.25 and an interval value of 95% CI not below 1. The analysis was carried out using logistic regression test with forward stepwise (conditional) with = 0.05 as a reference in decision making. test results. The results of this study that of the 12 variables studied, there are 6 variables that are at risk for the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers, namely ventilation, lighting, temperature, humidity, smoking habits, history of breastfeeding, the variable most at risk for the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers is lighting. In this study, it can be concluded that the floor of the house, the proportion of ventilation, the intensity of natural lighting (sunlight), temperature, humidity; occupancy density, smoking habit in the house, history of family members suffering from respiratory tract infections, type of fuel for cooking, nutritional status, immunization status and history of breastfeeding, have a relationship with the incidence of pneumonia.

Mapping of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Vulnerability in Toddlers Based on Physical Condition of Houses in Palu City, Indonesia

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the causes of high morbidity and mortality, especially in toddlers. The study purpose was to determine the susceptibility of ARI among children under five in these locations by considering the physical condition of houses (ventilation, density of occupancy, types of floors and walls). This research uses an ecological study with a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach. The research population in Talise health centre was 622 toddlers (sample 86) and Singgani health center was 1,167 toddlers (sample 93), samples were taken by Proportional Stratified Random Sampling based on the number of cases in each urban village in the study area. The results showed both of Talise and Singgani health centers the physical aspect of the houses was not associated with the incidence of ARI in children under five. Ventilation area with ρ-values 0.77 and 1.00, density with ρ-values 0.77 and 1.00, floor types with ρ-values 0.33 and 0.37, and wall types with ρ-values 0.75 and 1.00. Based on the results of the mapping at the two locations, it was found that the most vulnerable locations to ARI in infants with the highest number of vulnerable from all aspects of the physical condition of the house including ventilation area, occupancy density, type of floor, and type of wall were in the working area of the Singgani Health Center

Development of a Bayesian inference model for assessing ventilation condition based on CO2 meters in primary schools.

Outdoor fresh air ventilation plays a significant role in reducing airborne transmission of diseases in indoor spaces. School classrooms are considerably challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the increasing need for in-person education, untimely and incompleted vaccinations, high occupancy density, and uncertain ventilation conditions. Many schools started to use CO2 meters to indicate air quality, but how to interpret the data remains unclear. Many uncertainties are also involved, including manual readings, student numbers and schedules, uncertain CO2 generation rates, and variable indoor and ambient conditions. This study proposed a Bayesian inference approach with sensitivity analysis to understand CO2 readings in four primary schools by identifying uncertainties and calibrating key parameters. The outdoor ventilation rate, CO2 generation rate, and occupancy level were identified as the top sensitive parameters for indoor CO2 levels. The occupancy schedule becomes critical when the CO2 data are limited, whereas a 15-min measurement interval could capture dynamic CO2 profiles well even without the occupancy information. Hourly CO2 recording should be avoided because it failed to capture peak values and overestimated the ventilation rates. For the four primary school rooms, the calibrated ventilation rate with a 95% confidence level for fall condition is 1.96±0.31 ACH for Room #1 (165 m3 and 20 occupancies) with mechanical ventilation, and for the rest of the naturally ventilated rooms, it is 0.40±0.08 ACH for Room #2 (236 m3 and 21 occupancies), 0.30±0.04 or 0.79±0.06 ACH depending on occupancy schedules for Room #3 (236 m3 and 19 occupancies), 0.40±0.32,0.48±0.37,0.72±0.39 ACH for Room #4 (231 m3 and 8–9 occupancies) for three consecutive days.

Climate change and Indigenous housing performance in Australia: A modelling study

A rapidly warming planet provides a significant challenge to the design, delivery, and maintenance of habitable housing across Australia. Information on the adequacy of current measures for cooling Indigenous houses in regional and remote communities in relation to climate change and rising energy consumption costs is lacking. Such information is needed to better protect low socio-economic status householders, people with pre-existing health conditions, and people living in climatically exposed regions. This article models the thermal performance of both existing and ‘improved’ (built to current national construction code standards) housing stock in relation to various occupancy density, cooling system, and ventilation practice scenarios. This modelling was undertaken for housing in Australia’s tropical, arid, and hot/mild climate zones, matching the sites where most discrete Indigenous communities are located. Results show that retrofitting existing housing stock and even building new stock to meet recommended standards are not adequate measures for current or future climate changes. This paper challenges current knowledge, policy, and practices regarding Indigenous housing, demonstrating that significant reform is necessary to maintain habitable conditions and improve energy resilience.

Multiscale Molecular Simulation Strategies for Understanding the Delignification Mechanism of Biomass in Cyrene

In recent years, the cellulose-derived solvent Cyrene has piqued considerable interest in the green chemistry community despite only recently being available in the quantities required for solvent applications. Deconstruction of cellulose is an essential step in the production of fuel and value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. However, the high recalcitrance and heterogeneity of lignin hinder this process, necessitating the need to solubilize lignin. To understand the dissolution of lignin in Cyrene and Cyrene–cosolvent systems, multiscale molecular simulation approaches have been employed. Initially, the conductor-like screening model for real solvent (COSMO-RS) model was used to assess the thermodynamic properties of lignin in Cyrene and Cyrene–cosolvent systems. From the COSMO-RS calculations, the correlation between the predicted activity coefficient and the experimental lignin solubility was excellent. Further, classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the delignification of biomass by predicting structural and dynamic properties of lignin–solvent systems. The microscopic properties such as interaction energies, radius of gyration, solvent-accessible surface area, radial and spatial distribution functions (RDFs/SDFs), and hydrogen bonds were assessed to characterize lignin dissolution in these solvent mixtures and were validated with experimental data. From the MD simulations, it was observed that lignin adopts a coil-like structure in Cyrene and Cyrene:water mixtures, thereby dissolving the lignin, while lignin adopts a collapsed-like structure in the presence of water. The occupancy density of Cyrene is highly surrounded by the aryl and hydroxyl groups of lignin polymer rather than by water. The interaction energies between lignin and Cyrene and Cyrene–cosolvent were much stronger than that between lignin and water, explaining the higher biomass delignification in Cyrene-based solvents.

Examination and optimization of classroom indoor environments in China’s hot summer and cold winter regions

The school’s indoor environment significantly affects students’ health and learning performance. Although related studies have been carried out in many regions, only a few have examined indoor classroom environments and proposed the energy-saving optimization of heating and ventilation in winter in China’s hot summer and cold winter areas. This study aims to comprehensively investigate classroom indoor environmental quality in China’s hot summer and cold winter areas, and propose targeted optimization strategies. It first examined the indoor environment, including indoor air, acoustic, visual, and thermal quality, of two typical middle schools. The indoor CO2 concentration in winter was found to be unsatisfactory. Subsequently, how the indoor layout, outdoor wind and occupancy density influence indoor CO2 concentration was examined through simulation, which indicated that high occupancy density is the main cause. Finally, this study proposed several ventilation optimization strategies and performed an energy analysis to maintain sufficient air quality and a comfortable thermal environment in high-density classrooms. The results show that compared with the intermittent mode, the fixed ventilation and heating mode could maintain a more comfortable indoor environment and achieve a 30% energy saving. A reference for the improvement of classroom indoor environment in hot summer and cold winter areas was provided.

Infection risk in cable cars and other enclosed spaces.

As virus‐laden aerosols can accumulate and remain suspended for hours in insufficiently ventilated enclosed spaces, indoor environments can heavily contribute to the spreading of airborne infections. In the COVID‐19 pandemics, the role possibly played by cable cars has attracted media attention following several outbreaks in ski resort. To assess the real risk of infection, we experimentally characterize the natural ventilation in cable cars and develop a general stochastic model of infection in an arbitrary indoor space that accounts for the epidemiological situation, the virological parameters, and the indoor characteristics (ventilation rate and occupant number density). As a results of the high air exchange rate (we measured up to 180 air changes per hour) and the relatively short duration of the journey, the infection probability in cable cars traveling with open windows is remarkably lower than in other enclosed spaces such as aircraft cabins, train cars, offices, classrooms, and dining rooms. Accounting for the typical duration of the stay, the probability of infection during a cable‐car ride is lower by two to three orders of magnitude than in the other examples considered (the highest risk being estimated in case of a private gathering in a poorly ventilated room). For most practical purposes, the infection probability can be approximated by the inhaled viral dose, which provides an upper bound and allows a simple comparison between different indoor situations once the air exchange rate and the occupant number density are known. Our approach and findings are applicable to any indoor space in which the viral transmission is predominately airborne and the air is well mixed.

The Relationship Between The Physical Condition Of The House And Smoking Habits With The Incidence Of Acute Respiratory Infections In Toddlers In The Work Area Of The Rambah Health Center In 2022

Acute respiratory infektion (ARI) Are Infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract caused by viruses, fungi and bacteria. The candition of the home environment that has not met the requirements and the smoking habits of family members in the hous are, factors in the insidence of ARI toddlers in Rambah Tengah Hulu. The purpouse of this studi was to determini the relationship between physical home factors and smoking habits of family member with the insidence of ARI among children under Rambah Tengah Hulu. This type of research is quantitative using a cross sectional study design. Conducting interviews, observation and house measurements, namely house ventilation and house humidity with total sample of 100 respondents using the Purvosif sampling technique. The subjek of this study were monthers of toddlers 0-24 months. The research was conducted in Rambah Tengah Hulu in februare- march 2022. Data analysis was carried out unnivariate and bivariate using the Chi Square test with a 90% degree of confidence. From the results of research and discussion it can be concluded that of the 5 variabels all there is a relationship between the area of house ventilation pvalue = 0,049 ( α 0,05 ), Use of cooking fuel = 0,0013 ( α 0,005), Occupancy density Pvalue= 0,000 ( α 0,05), Smoking habits of family members Pvalue= 0,008 (α 0,05), Use of mosquito coils Pvalue= 0,008 (α 0,05) Whit the incidence of ari in toddlers in Rambah Tengah Hulu in 2022. The results of this study are expected to provide prevention and control for the community and can be used as a reference for knowing physical factors of the house and smoking habits of family members that cause ARI in toddlers.