Obvious Character Research Articles

Judicial practice of solving energy disputes by international and national courts

The dynamics of modern socio-economic relations at different levels demonstrate the presence of conflicts, the resolution of which is considered effective and final in a judicial manner. Energy disputes arise both in domestic relations and international, mainly bilateral, as well as supranational ones. In connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, we are observing their increase, as well as the terrible consequences of the destruction of energy infrastructure facilities, violations of human rights to energy security, energy services, etc. The article analyzes energy disputes at different levels, the experience of their resolution, in particular with the participation of international and national judicial bodies, generalization and identification of problems in this context, ways of solving them. Despite the active development of energy relations at various levels - from local, national, supranational and cross-border, regional to international, universal or global – the implementation of the provisions of international energy law, as well as the energy law and legislation of Ukraine and other countries, many problems of theoretical and practical are obvious character They relate to gaps and contradictions in international and national regulation, to a certain extent the discretion of authorized bodies (national regulators etc.), long and inconsistent reforms in the energy sector, corruption risks and manifestations, and are also caused by significant destruction of energy facilities infrastructure due to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine, etc. International law defines imperative norms and principles of cooperation in various spheres, special sectoral principles and other features of dispute resolution between states and other entities. At the same time, a number of questions arise regarding their effectiveness, timeliness, etc. There are also relevant institutional mechanisms, the most effective of which, as practice shows, are judicial ones. Therefore, cases and decisions of the UN International Court of Justice, the EU Court, and arbitration were analyzed. The practice of the UN IC is few in relation to the resolution of energy or related disputes, on the other hand, the precedent practice of the EU Court in this area is growing significantly, especially regarding the controversial issues of «green energy», climate and energy policy etc. Of scientific interest are the legal positions of the Supreme Court regarding disputes about debt collection for balancing services under natural gas transportation contracts; in the field of «green energy» (recovery of arrears by electricity producers according to the green tariff); disputes arising from violations of the rules for the use of electrical energy; according to calculations between subjects of the electric energy market using a special algorithm, tariff appeals, subsoil use, as well as legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. In order to properly ensure and protect energy and other human rights, legal entities, increase the investment attractiveness of the country, in our opinion, changes and additions to legislation in this area, strict observance of established guarantees, restoration of energy infrastructure, ensuring energy security and independence of the Ukrainian state are on the way. fulfillment of international obligations in the energy sector, harmonization of national legislation with EU legislation. Among the promising areas of further scientific research and discussions, it is worth highlighting the expediency of creating energy courts at the international and supranational levels; monitoring of judicial practice in this field; research on the state of compliance by courts with the principles of unity and predictability of judicial practice; the state of fulfillment of international contractual obligations in the energy sector and ways to solve existing shortcomings; timely and appropriate response of law-making and control bodies to problems identified by judicial and other law enforcement practice. Key words: energy disputes, international judicial practice, arbitration, UN International Court of Justice, EU Court, Supreme Court.

Postdramatic Tendencies in Martin Crimp’s Fewer Emergencies

Martin Crimp has been one of the most prominent playwrights on the British stage since his first appearance. Although his oeuvre consists of absurdist and postdramatic plays, he translated classic texts such as Cyrano De Bergerac, Rhinoceros, The Seagull and The Misanthrope. Fewer Emergencies is a short play that forms part of Crimp's triptych, which also includes Whole Blue Sky and Face to the Wall. In Fewer Emergencies, Crimp creates a theatrical atmosphere that deconstructs the tenets of conventional dramatic theatre. In the playlet the characterisation is reminiscent of his earlier thought-provoking Attempts on Her Life, which had no obvious character attributions. In Fewer Emergencies he makes a similar kind of characterisation. He simply numbers the characters 1, 2, 3. In this way, Crimp creates an inspiring theatrical space. The aim of this study is to uncover the postdramatic theatricality of Crimp's Fewer Emergencies.

Intramolecular charge transfer enhanced optical limiting in novel hydrazone derivatives with a D1-D-Ai-π-A structure.

The present paper investigates one of the hydrazone derivatives (BTH with a D-π-A structure) based on density functional theory. With the computation results of ground state absorption (GSA), excited-state absorption (ESA) and multi-photon absorption (MPA), the optical limiting effect observed in the experiment for the BTH molecule can be well predicted and elucidated by the MPA-ESA mechanism. The analysis of the hole-electron and the electron density differences between two transition states reveal that the main transitions involved in the GSA and ESA of BTH could be recognized as local excitation. Based on these observations, four novel hydrazone derivatives based on the BTH unit with a D1-D-Ai-π-A structure were designed to promote intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). It shows that the ICT effect is well improved by adding the D1 and Ai units. Compared with the original BTH molecule, the main bands of GSA and ESA of D1-D-Ai-π-A molecules are both red-shifted. In addition, GSA, ESA and MPA probabilities are all improved because the obvious charge transfer character results in the transition dipole moment change from localized to delocalized. Accordingly, the optical limiting effect in these hydrazone derivatives is well enhanced. These observations provide guidance for designing novel optical limiting materials based on the hydrazone derivatives.

Characterization of Himawari-8/AHI to Himawari-9/AHI infrared observations continuity

ABSTRACT As the ‘twin imagers’, Himawari-8/AHI and Himawari-9/AHI are both the new generation imagers operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After more than 7 years of operation, Himawari-8/AHI turned into stand-by status and Himawari-9/AHI began operation as the successor. To continuous users of both imagers, it is essential to characterize continuity of Himawari-8/AHI to Himawari-9/AHI observations, which can provide beneficial information to quantitative retrieval and satellite assimilation algorithm developer. In this research, cross-comparison are performed to Himawari-8/AHI and Himawari-9/AHI infrared (IR) observations, and ‘observation minus background (O - B)’ characters of two imagers under clear-sky condition over ocean are also compared. The results are as follows: 1) Himawari-8/AHI and Himawari-9/AHI IR observations are in good consistency with largest absolute bias less than 1.437 K and RMSE below 1.663 K. Biases and RMSEs for Himawari-8/AHI and Himawari-9/AHI channel 7 show obvious diurnal variation character and RMSEs for all channels have evident temporal cycle variation characteristics, with cycle time of about 10 days; 2) IR observations of Himawari-8/AHI are more closed to RTTOV simulations under clear-sky condition than those of Himawari-9/AHI, especially for channels 7, 9 and 16. Dependence of O – B biases and RMSEs for two imagers IR channels on satellite scan angles are almost identical.

Spiro Boron‐Nitrogen Molecules Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractSpiro compounds with unique structural and electronic properties are beneficial for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. Herein, a series of spiro boron‐nitrogen (B‐N) compounds are reported with donor–acceptor (D‐A) interaction through homoconjugation. Three phenyl acridine‐containing spiro B‐N compounds exhibit highly efficient photoluminescence (PL) in degassed toluene and solid‐state with obvious TADF character. The separation of HOMO and LUMO for these compounds is confirmed by theoretical calculations, as is the small ΔEST of phenyl acridine‐containing compounds. These three compounds are used as emitting layers in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), resulting in deep‐blue to green emission colors with different acceptor moieties. Impressively, an excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.1% is recorded for the TPA‐s‐FMesBF‐based OLED device, which is comparable with the highest value from solution‐processed OLEDs based on spiro D‐A emitting materials. This work presents a facile synthetic route to novel B, N‐substituted spiro compounds, as well as the structure‐property relationship of spiro D‐A compounds for highly efficient TADF emitters.

What is a genus-interpreting structural diversity among species of urothripine Phlaeothripinae (Thysanoptera).

Variation within and between species is discussed in several obvious character states, including the number of visible antennal segments, prolongation of the anterior margin of the head, metaepimeral setae, and anal setae. As a result, Bebelothrips and Conocephalothrips are considered new synonyms of Amphibolothrips, and Baenothrips a new synonym of Stephanothrips. The revised generic classification suggests that urothripines are largely absent from the Neotropics, with four recorded species all likely to be introductions from the Old World.

Theoretical aspect of the character accentuation influence on the academic performance of adolescents in educational activities

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical aspect of the influence of character accentuation on the academic performance of adolescents in educational activities. It is known that in adolescents, a balanced character is extremely rare. Most teenagers have certain character traits overly enhanced; there is a selective vulnerability in some situations and incredible resilience in others. The degree of such disharmony in adolescents may be different, and most importantly, the accentuation of character may have peculiar qualitative features – it may correspond in different ways to the ethical norms accepted in society. It is noted that adolescents with obvious character accentuations constitute a group of “high risk” – they are susceptible to certain harmful environmental influences or mental trauma. With the transition to adolescence, there is a significant restructuring of the student’s educational activity. A new, higher level of educational activity is determined by the degree of its independence. The beginning of adolescence is associated with the beginning of the formation of the highest level of educational activity. The study of the attitude of accentuated adolescents to educational activities is necessary, since it is during adolescence that a steady interest in meaningful activities, the choice of a future profession and educational activities is actively formed.

Microwave solvothermal synthesis of Component-Tunable High-Entropy oxides as High-Efficient and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction

Transition-metal-based high-entropy oxides (HEOs) are appealing electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their unique structure, variable composition and electronic structure, outstanding electrocatalytic activity and stability. Herein, we propose a scalable high-efficiency microwave solvothermal strategy to fabricate HEO nano-catalysts with five earth-abundant metal elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, and Mn) and tailor the component ratio to enhance the catalytic performance. (FeCoNi2CrMn)3O4 with a double Ni content exhibits the best electrocatalytic performance for OER, namely low overpotential (260 mV@10 mA cm−2), small Tafel slope and superb long-term durability without obvious potential change after 95 h in 1 M KOH. The extraordinary performance of (FeCoNi2CrMn)3O4 can be attributed to the large active surface area profiting from the nano structure, the optimized surface electronic state with high conductivity and suitable adsorption to intermediate benefitting from ingenious multiple-element synergistic effects, and the inherent structural stability of the high-entropy system. In addition, the obvious pH value dependable character and TMA+ inhibition phenomenon reveal that the lattice oxygen mediated mechanism (LOM) work together with adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) in the catalytic process of OER with the HEO catalyst. This strategy provides a new approach for the rapid synthesis of high-entropy oxide and inspires more rational designs of high-efficient electrocatalysts.

Configuration-dependent photovoltaic properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based Ir complexes for organic solar cells

Organometallic complexes with diverse spatial configurations have been rarely investigated in organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, two octahedral cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes of bis-heteroleptic DPPTBzIr and tris-homoleptic DPPTBz3Ir are designed from a highly planar diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-containing ligand DPPTBz. Upon coordination, gradually increased optical absorption was observed with the maximum molar extinction coefficient (ε) of 3.80×104, 5.19×104 and 1.39×105 M-1 cm-1 for DPPTBz, DPPTBzIr and DPPTBz3Ir, respectively. Unexpectedly, owing to the large π-conjugation and strong intraligand donor-acceptor interactions from the cyclometalated DPPTBz ligand, no obvious triplet character is determined for the DPP-containing Ir complexes from both experimental and theoretical methods. When employed as electron donor materials for OSCs by blending with fused-ring electron acceptor N3, substantially improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) with average values from 0.74%, 2.2% to 3.41% are achieved for DPPTBz, DPPTBzIr and DPPTBz3Ir, respectively. The best photovoltaic performance for DPPTBz3Ir is originated from strengthened light harvest, suitable energy levels, manipulated blend morphologies and favorable carrier dynamics in the corresponding devices.

Theoretical Understanding of Reactions of Rhenium and Ruthenium Tris(thiolate) Complexes with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Noninnocent Nature of the Ligand, Mechanism, and Origin of Differential Reactivity

In retrospect to the complexity induced by the noninnocent ligands in identifying the transition metal's oxidation state and correlating the ligand's noninnocence with reactivity, the reactions of alkene/alkyne addition to rhenium/ruthenium tris(thiolate) complexes are particularly good cases for shedding light on the chemistry of the dppbt ligand, including its noninnocent nature, ligand-centered mechanism, and origin of differential reactivity. Density functional theory (DFT) combined with the high-level ab initio calculations performed herein demonstrates that, upon alkene/alkyne addition, the orbital symmetry properly regulates the reaction to form ligand-centered cis-interligand dithioethers as the most favorable pathway. The neutral and cationic Re and Ru dithioethers are revealed via DFT calculations to be in a low-spin ground state; on the contrary, high-level ab initio methods confirm that the dicationic Re-dithioethers exhibit obvious multireference character with antiferromagnetic coupling between Re-dyz and S1-py. The metal-stabilized thiyl radicals play a pivotal role in delivering the reactivity of [RuL3]+ and [ReL3]+/2+ toward alkene/alkyne rather than [ReL3], where [RuL3]+ and [ReL3]+/2+ present significant radical characters on ligand S2, yet neutral [ReL3] has little such feature, from which differential reactivity arises. Faster styrene addition to Ru tris(thiolate) in contrast to Re tris(thiolate) has been properly interpreted using DFT calculations with major products assigned. The deeper understanding gained in this work would illuminate further experimental exploration in adding alkene/alkyne to other metal-stabilized thiyl radicals.

The Last Roman King

This article revisits one of Shakespeare’s later, often rather neglected, plays. Shakespeare is thought to have written Cymbeline in 1609 or 1610, at much the same moment, it is commonly surmised, as other so-called ‘problem’ plays such as Pericles and The Winter’s Tale. Critics have rarely enthused over Cymbeline, lacking an obvious lead character, the action moving unsettlingly between Roman Britain and Renaissance Italy. Cymbeline has, though, something important to say about the constitutional politics of Jacobean England. King James I liked to style himself as the ‘new Augustus’. He also liked the absolutist idea of kingship which he discovered in his reading of the ‘old’ Augustus. In writing Cymbeline, Shakespeare sought a delicate balance, paying homage to the affinity, whilst also cautioning against uncritical reliance on Roman conceptions of magistracy.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Carbon Emissions and Their Driving Factors in the Yellow River Basin.

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is a significant area of economic development and ecological protection in China. Scientifically clarifying the spatiotemporal patterns of carbon emissions and their driving factors is of great significance. Using the methods of spatial autocorrelation analysis, hot-spot analysis, and a geodetector, the analysis framework of spatiotemporal differentiation and the driving factors of carbon emissions in the YRB was constructed in this paper from three aspects: natural environment, social economy, and regional policy. Three main results were found: (1) The carbon emissions in the YRB increased gradually from 2000 to 2020, and the growth rates of carbon emissions in the different river reaches were upper reaches > middle reaches > lower reaches. (2) Carbon emissions have an obvious spatial clustering character from 2000–2020, when hot spots were concentrated in the transition area from the Inner Mongolia Plateau to the Loess Plateau. The cold spots of carbon emissions tended to be concentrated in the junction area of Qinghai, Gansu, and Shaanxi. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the driving factors of spatial differentiation of carbon emissions in the YRB and its different reaches tended to be diversified, so the impacts of socioeconomic factors increased, while the impacts of natural environmental factors decreased. The influence of the interactions of each driving factor showed double factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement. This study will provide a scientific reference for green and low-carbon development, emphasizing the need to pay more attention to environmental protection, develop the green economy vigorously, and promote the economic cycle, so as to achieve green development and reduce carbon emissions.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS: SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL MODELING, ANALYTICS AND PRACTICE

The analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent decades has acquired an obvious interdisciplinary character, with various industry projections in the fields of economics, manufacturing, medicine, culture, education, as well as in the development and application of military equipment. The main conceptualizations and theoretical models of AI belong to the Western analytical tradition, proving to be in demand both for substantiating the conditions for achieving sustainable development and the positions of political and economic leadership of the United States of America and Western European countries, and for drawing attention to the ever-increasing riskiness of society and the radicalization of modernity. One of the many industry projections of artificial intelligence analysis has become its application in business. Here, as well as in continuation of the "tradition" of analytics in other areas, the constancy of the confusion of terms is obvious, therefore one of the subsections of the article is devoted to terminological clarifications. The dynamics of changes in recent years related to the development of AI is also disclosed. The article considers the formation of modern business landscapes, which is taking place with the increasing rooting of the impact of AI in everyday practices. It is shown that decision-making using business intelligence tools controlled by artificial intelligence is becoming a relevant innovative trend for large corporations interested in achieving strategic leadership and interaction. The social aspects of the AI service model are revealed, as well as the strengthening of the relationship between artificial intelligence and big data, the formation of a competitive business environment that significantly increases management and consumer risks. The results of research on the use of AI in Russian business, confirmed by industry experts, are presented.

Self-Assembling Oligo(2-oxazoline) Organogelators for the Encapsulation and Slow Release of Bioactive Volatiles.

Herein, we report a class of distinctive supramolecular nanostructures in situ-generated from the cationic ring-opening polymerization of a particular 2-oxazoline monomer, i.e., 2-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonylaminomethyl)-2-oxazoline (Ox1). Driven by side-chain hydrogen bonding between neighboring molecules and van der Waals interactions, the growing oligomers of Ox1 precipitate in the form of macroscopic platelets when the degree of polymerization reaches 5–7. A similar self-assembly occurred in the block copolymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) or 2-pentyl-2-oxazoline (PeOx) and Ox1 as the second monomer. These polymeric aggregates were found to disassemble into rod-like nanoparticles under appropriate conditions, and to form stable organogels in some polar solvents like dimethylformamide as well as in natural liquid fragrances such as (R)-carvone, citronellal, and (R)-limonene. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the morphology of their xerogels was solvent-dependent, mainly with a lamellar or fibrous structure. The rheology measurements confirmed the as-obtained organogels feature an obvious thixotropic character. The storage modulus was about 7–10 times higher than the loss modulus, indicating the physical crosslinking in the gel. The fragrance release profiles showed that the presented supramolecular gel system exhibits good sustained-release effect for the loaded bioactive volatiles.

Fluorinated/non-fluorinated triphenylamine axially substituted silicon phthalocyanine: Synthesis and photophysical properties

Three novel fluorinated/ non-fluorinated triphenylamine axially substituted silicon phthalocyanines with AIE character were synthesized. They shows typical emission for phthalocyanine moieties at 678–688 nm as well as an emission at 396 nm for TPA moieties. • Three fluorinated/ non-fluorinated triphenylamine substituted silicon phthalocyanines with AIE character were synthesized and characterized. • Three molecules showed an typical emission for phthalocyanine moieties at 678–688 nm as well as an emission at 396 nm for TPA moieties. • Silicon phthalocyanines with fluorinated and triphenylamine substitutions possessed the highest fluorescence intensity, fluorescence quantum yield and singlet oxygen yield. • Silicon (IV) phthalocyanine with only triphenylamine (TPA) substitutions exhibited obviously AIE character in THF/water mixtures. Three novel fluorinated/non-fluorinated triphenylamine axially substituted silicon phthalocyanines (TPA-FBPA-SiPc, TPA-BPA-SiPc and TPA-SiPc) with aggreagtion-induced emission (AIE) character were synthesized by using silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) as a core, triphenylamine (TPA) moieties as terminal groups, and fluorinate or non-fluorinate-bisphenol A as bridge groups. Such designed molecules showed typical emissions for SiPc at 675–688 nm as well as emissions for TPA moieties at 396 nm. Their photophysical and photochemical properties are affected by both the fluorinate-bisphenol A substitutions and TPA substitutions. TPA-FBPA-SiPc with both fluorinate-bisphenol A and TPA substitutions possessed the highest fluorescence intensity, fluorescence quantum yield as well as singlet oxygen yield. Besides, TPA-SiPc with only TPA substitutions could not only avoid the aggregation-caused quenching of phthalocyanines but also exhibite obvious AIE character in THF/water mixtures due to the presence of TPA moieties. This work could provide some useful structure and photophysical properties relationship for design novel phthalocyanine for photodynamic therapy.

Orthodox Tradition in the Linguistic and Poetic Rarity of the Poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Blessed is the Gentle Poet” (to Help the Teacher of Russian Literature)

In the article, considerable attention is paid to the role of the Orthodox component in the creation of artistic images in this work, and the means of poetic expression are also comprehensively studied. The relevance is due to the fact that this poem has not yet been analyzed in terms of identifying the role of the Orthodox spiritual tradition in shaping the ideal of the poet. The goal is to study the linguistic and poetic means of the work, which serve to form the ideal of the poet, taking into account the Orthodox tradition. The novelty of the article lies in the study of these means on the basis of a cultural and dogmatic approach, the essence of which lies in the fact that the religious component is found in the relationship of the author and the characters of his works to enemies and friends, to the Motherland, people, God through the prism of the religious (Orthodox) worldview. Such an approach helps to reveal the implementation of religious and moral categories in the work of the master of the artistic word, taking into account their refraction in accordance with the author’s position. Based on the work done, the following results were obtained. It is established that the composition of the poem has an obvious antonymic character. It was revealed that the expressive background of the poem is created due to expressive tropes that carry a huge charge of generalization, as well as due to phonetic repetitions and forms of the present tense verb. It is determined that in the semantic space of the poem, thematic groups of words are in opposition and enter into mutually exclusive relationships. It is proved that the poem reflects the traditions of the hagiographical genre, expressed in asceticism, deprivation and sacrifice of a true poet. The value of the study is expressed in the possibility of applying the approach used in it to the study of poetic works of both Nekrasov himself and other Russian poets and writers, which will help to identify the switching of religious energy characteristic of the Russian soul to non-religious phenomena and objects.

Pyrimidine-based thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials with unique asymmetry for highly-efficient organic light-emitting diodes

We have designed and synthesized three thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters as 2-phenypyrimidine (PPM)-10H-spiro[acridan-9,9′-fluorene] (SPAc) hybrids, collectively named X-SPAc-PPM, featured an asymmetrical D-A-D molecular architecture, through the para-/ortho-, para-/meta-, and para-/ortho- positions of the phenyl spacer in SPAc with PPM unit. The effect of the hybrid connection at ortho-, meta-, or para-positions on the different properties of pyrimidine derivatives is detailed discussed. The investigation suggests that the localization of the HOMO has the preferential choice tendency in asymmetric X-SPAc-PPM, and following the order of para-position arms, ortho-position arms, which adjust effectively the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character between SPAc and PPM unit. As a result, three isomers have the smaller ΔEST of 0.05–0.16 eV, and exhibit obvious TADF character. In addition, p,m-SPAc-PPM endowed its OLED device with impressive performance, including the maximum external quantum efficiency around 25.1%, and reduced efficiency roll-offs. The smaller ΔEST, over 25% EQE, and lower efficiency roll-offs of three isomeric X-SPAc-PPM emitters further prove the great potential of asymmetrical design strategy with the same donor for highly efficient TADF devices.

A Review of Sensors and Biosensors Modified with Conducting Polymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Used in Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan.

Recently, the studies on developing sensors and biosensors—with an obvious interdisciplinary character—have drawn the attention of many researchers specializing in various fundamental, but also complex domains such as chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biophysics, biology, bio-pharma-medicine, and bioengineering. Along these lines, the present paper is structured into three parts, and is aimed at synthesizing the most relevant studies on the construction and functioning of versatile devices, of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, respectively. The first part presents examples of the most representative scientific research focusing on the role and the importance of the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan amino acids, selected depending on their chemical structure and their impact on the central nervous system. The second part is dedicated to presenting and exemplifying conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers used as sensitive materials in achieving electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The last part of the review analyzes the sensors and biosensors developed so far to detect amino acids with the aid of conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers from the point of view of the performances obtained, with emphasis on the detection methods, on the electrochemical reactions that take place upon detection, and on the electroanalytical performances. The present study was carried out with a view to highlighting, for the benefit of specialists in medicine and pharmacy, the possibility of achieving and purchasing efficient devices that might be used in the quality control of medicines, as well as in studying and monitoring diseases associated with these amino acids.

How wet is too wet? Modelling the influence of weather condition on urban transit ridership

Drawing on transit smart card data coupled with weather station records across a 12-month period, this paper investigates the influence of local weather on urban transit ridership in Brisbane, Australia. A set of negative binomial regression models is applied at both daily and half-hourly levels to approximate the weather–transit ridership relationship across different passenger types. In addition, combining genetic algorithm and partial correlation, a new analytic approach is developed to capture the critical points in the weather–transit ridership relationship. The modelling results reveal that the influence of weather condition on transit ridership is not consistent in terms of passenger type and transit mode, and such characterised influence also has an obvious character of spatiotemporal heterogeneity. At the daily level, senior is found to be more sensitive to variations in weather condition compared to other types of passengers. At the half-hourly level, weather is shown a stronger influence on transit ridership during midday off-peak hours vis-à-vis either morning peak or evening peak. Furthermore, grounded in the new analytic approach, our modelling results also highlight that there exist critical points when weather variable reaches transit ridership varies substantially and those critical points are differed by transit mode, trip origin and time period. We argue our findings would be important in enriching an evidence base with the capacity to inform transit operators to (re)schedule and (re)design their transit services in response to all weather conditions.

Electronic, elastic, mechanical and anisotropic response of W3XC2 (X: Si, Ge and Al) alloys via first-principles

First-principles calculations were carried out for the electronic, elastic, mechanical and anisotropic behavior of W3XC2 (X: Si, Ge and Al) alloys. Electronic bands analyses reveal an obvious metallic character for all of the investigated alloys. In addition, the calculated magnitudes of Young's modulus of the alloys follow the range of W3SiC2> W3AlC2> W3GeC2. Similarly, the hardness values of the alloys also follow the same sequence. Amongst the surveyed alloys, W3GeC2 has the highest ductility when compared to W3SiC2 and W3AlC2 alloys. According to obtained results, the most anisotropic alloy was found to be W3SiC2. On the other hand, W3GeC2 and W3AlC2 alloys are found to be more machinable than the W3SiC2 alloy.