Obtuse Angle Research Articles

A new derived mosasaurine (Squamata: Mosasaurinae) from south-western Japan reveals unexpected postcranial diversity among hydropedal mosasaurs

Reported herein is a largely complete mosasaurine mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) skeleton from Wakayama Prefecture, south-western Japan. It is represented by many skeletal elements including the skull, a complete cervical and dorsal vertebral series with more than 40 vertebrae, paired ribs, right and left front flippers, and the left hind flipper. The specimen is from near the Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary (c. 72 Ma) within the Hasegawa Muddy Sandstone Member of the Toyajo Formation. We assign the specimen (WMNH-Ge-1140240002) to a new genus and species based on a unique combination of characters including: jaw bones gracile; premaxilla–maxilla suture terminating above or just posterior to fourth maxillary tooth; frontal median dorsal ridge robust; frontal alae broadly rounded; frontal descending processes extending parallel to each other; jugal process of postorbitofrontal extending laterally, constituting dorsal half of posterior orbital margin; anterior and posterior carinae on marginal teeth pinched out in cross-section; cervical centra compressed dorsoventrally; zygosphenes and zygantra present at least to the 19th (= posterior) dorsal vertebrae; neural spine orientation changing from procumbent to recumbent along posterior dorsal vertebrae; front and hind flippers longer than mandible; hind flipper longer than front flipper; and hyperphalangy of up to nine. The two sets of large, wing-shaped flippers were likely selected for fast manoeuvring, as seen in the humpback whale among extant mysticetes. The presence of a dorsal fin is suggested by the sweeping arrangement of the neural spines along the dorsal vertebrae, well posterior to the presumed centre of gravity. Finally, the pubis and the ilium articulate at an obtuse angle in anteroposterior view, allowing no bony contact between the latter and the axial skeleton.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E36B7A31-BFCA-47B8-9E97-AB249AC9D79B

Linking number and folded ribbon unknots

We study Kauffman’s model of folded ribbon knots: knots made of a thin strip of paper folded flat in the plane. The folded ribbonlength is the length to width ratio of such a folded ribbon knot. The folded ribbon knot is also a framed knot, and the ribbon linking number is the linking number of the knot and one boundary component of the ribbon. We find the minimum folded ribbonlength for [Formula: see text]-stick unknots with ribbon linking numbers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and we prove that the minimum folded ribbonlength for [Formula: see text]-gons with obtuse interior angles is achieved when the [Formula: see text]-gon is regular. Among other results, we prove that the minimum folded ribbonlength of any folded ribbon unknot which is a topological annulus with ribbon linking number [Formula: see text] is bounded from above by [Formula: see text].

Reliability of automatic finish line detection for tooth preparation in dental computer-aided software.

This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of automatic tooth finish line registration compared to manual registration with regard to various finish line configurations and dental computer-aided design (CAD) software. Finish line registrations were performed on 15 digital tooth models with different finish line configurations (edge roundness radius = 0 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.4 mm; edge angle = 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°) using automatic and manual methods for designing virtual copings (N = 150). The discrepancies between the registered finish line extracted from the copings and the actual finish line segmented from the digitized tooth model were measured. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc analyses with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05) were used to analyze the results. The finish line configurations, registration methods, and CAD software interacted with the accuracy of the registered finish line (p = 0.001). The automatic finish line registration method exhibited larger error values than the manual method, especially at high finish line edge roundness and obtuse edge angles for both EXOCAD and R2CAD software (p < 0.001). The difference in dental CAD software affected the registration accuracy in the automatic method (p < 0.001), but not in the manual method (p = 0.676). Finish line registration errors may occur when the automatic registration method is applied to the indistinct edge of tooth preparation. The accuracy of the automatic finish line registration could differ according to the CAD software program.

Synergism between walnut green husk extract and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate on cold rolled steel in 1.0 mol/L H2SO4 solution

Walnut green husk extract (WGHE) was prepared by the reflux method using the agricultural residues of walnut green husk as raw materials. Its synergistic inhibition effect with an anionic surfactant of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 1.0 mol/L H2SO4 solution at 20-50 ℃ was investigated using mass loss measurement, electrochemical techniques and surface analysis. Effective components for synergistic inhibition in WGHE were also explored in depth. The results show that individual WGHE or SDBS exhibits moderate inhibition, and the maximum inhibition efficiency of 100 mg/L is below 60%. However, the mixture of WGHE/SDBS has better inhibitive performance, and the maximum inhibition efficiency can reach as high as 95%. The corresponding synergism parameter is higher than 1, and the optimum concentration ratio is 1:1, but decreases at relatively higher temperatures. The adsorption of WGHE follows Freundlich isotherm, while SDBS and WGHE/SDBS obey Langmuir isotherm. Comparing with individual WGHE or SDBS, WGHE/SDBS inhibits both cathodic and anodic reactions simultaneously to more extent, and further increases charge transfer resistance for CRS corrosion. SEM and AFM microphotographs confirm that WGHE/SDBS exhibits greater inhibitive ability on CRS surface than individual inhibitor. XPS analysis confirms the adsorption of inhibitor molecules containing O and N atoms in WGHE on CRS surface. The synergistic inhibited CRS surface has superior hydrophobic properties with a larger obtuse contact angle. There is also a synergism between SDBS and the major components of rutin, quercetin and 1-methylnaphoqinone in WGHE, but their synergistic inhibition degree is a little weaker than WGHE/SDBS.

Morphology and distribution of Martian wedge dunes and their terrestrial analogs

Wedge dunes are widespread on Mars and contain important information about Mars surface processes and environmental characteristics. These dunes are wedge-shaped in plan-view, similar in scale to a barchan dune, with two slip faces intersecting at an obtuse angle and extending outward toward the main ridge downwind. And, the length of its main ridge does not exceed its width. At present, our understanding of wedge dunes and their development in nature is limited. The type, morphology, distribution and spatial composition of wedge dunes on Mars and Earth were investigated using high-resolution satellite image data. The results reveal that wedge dunes are simple in type and similar in size to barchan dunes. Martian wedge dunes are similar in shape to terrestrial wedge dunes but larger in size. The average angles between the sub-ridges of Martian and terrestrial wedge dunes are similar, at about 116°. Martian wedge dunes are mainly located in Abalos Undae, Siton Undae, and Aspledon Undae in the North Polar region, accounting for about 5% of the total area covered by dune fields. Wedge dunes are rare on Earth and can only be found on the edge of a few contiguous dune fields. These dunes indicate acute bimodal or obtuse bimodal wind regimes. Wedge dunes have distinct transitional characteristics and may be the initial stage of the development of various dune patterns. The implications of these findings are discussed, in particular the periodic changes in the regional wind direction reflected by the wedge dunes, as well as the significance of the distinctive transitional features of the wedge dunes for improving our understanding of the genesis of complex dune patterns.

Diagnostic strategy for the combined effects of microplastics and potentially toxic elements on microbial communities in catchment scale

Combined effects of potentially toxic materials (PTMs) released from production activities on microbial communities in environmental flimsy area are poorly recognised. Microplastics (MPs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were investigated in soils and river sediments in a headwater catchment from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Their co-effects on microbial communities and the controlling factors affecting communities were further explored. Results showed that MPs and PTEs significantly accumulated in soils and sediments. Among which fragment-shaped MPs and copper (Cu) dominated, with mean contents of 1.11 × 104 and 1.81 × 104 items kg−1 and 13.80 and 7.33 mg kg−1 in soils and sediments, respectively. Distribution index (0.54) suggested that fiber-shaped MPs preferred to transport into rivers and deposited in sediments. The film mulching contributed significantly to the occurrence of fragment-shaped MPs, while Cu may be derived from industrial wastewater. The antagonistic effect between fiber-shaped MPs and zinc (Zn) on soil microbial structure was found based on their obtuse angle in canonical correlation analysis. While the synergistic effect between total phosphorus (TP) and Cu on diversity was detected by interaction detector model (q(TP ∩ Cu) >q(TP) >q(Cu), p < 0.05). Soil TP and Cu were identified as controlling factors influencing diversity through random forest model and factor detector (q(TP) = 0.49, q(Cu) = 0.36, p < 0.05), which may be related to direct nutrient supply and microbial resistance, respectively. The negative effects of MPs on structure might be counteracted by increasing Zn content, while the co-existence of TP and Cu further increased diversity. A diagnostic framework, which involves background data collection, sampling analysis, characterisation and relationship investigation, was proposed to explore the co-effects of complex pollution and factors on communities. This study may provide strategies to mitigate the negative effects on microorganisms in the environment.

Effect on the conformations of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 due to mutation.

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates receptor binding and cell entry and is the key immunogenic target for virus neutralization and the present attention of many vaccine layouts. It exhibits significant conformational flexibility. We study the structural fluctuations of spike protein among the most common mutations that appeared in the variant of concerns (VOC). We report the thermodynamics of conformational changes in mutant spike protein with respect to the wild-type from the distributions of the dihedral angles obtained from the equilibrium configurations generated via all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the mutation causes the increase in distance between the N-terminal domain and receptor binding domain, leading to an obtuse angle cosine θ distribution in the trimeric structure in spike protein. Thus, an increase in open state is conferred to the more infectious variants of SARS-CoV-2. The thermodynamically destabilized and disordered residues of receptor binding motif among the mutant variants of spike protein are proposed to serve as better binding sites for the host factor. We identify a short stretch of region connecting the N-terminal domain and receptor binding domain forming a linker loop where many residues undergo stabilization in the open state compared to the closed one.

Constructing a ghost fluid layer for implementation of contact angle schemes in multiphase pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann simulations for non-isothermal phase-change heat transfer

The PP scheme (primitive pseudopotential-based scheme), the MP scheme (modified pseudopotential-based scheme) and the IVD scheme (improved virtual-density scheme) are the three most widely used contact angle schemes in pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann (LB) models to simulate wetting characteristics of multiphase flow over solid surfaces under isothermal conditions. In this paper, we apply these schemes to simulate the problem of sessile droplet evaporation on a heated substrate, which is an example of non-isothermal phase-change heat transfer process. It is found that the substrate heating effect destabilizes algorithms of these schemes in certain ranges of contact angles of a heated substrate. The droplet interface shapes simulated by the PP scheme and the MP scheme are inaccurate at obtuse contact angles due to large fluid density variations near the wall. The spurious currents near the droplet triple-phase contact line are very large in the MP scheme, causing the deformation of the Marangoni vortex shape inside the droplet and the erroneous droplet interface temperature distribution near the triple-phase contact line. The addition of a special ghost fluid layer on the wall proposed in this study can improve numerical stability of the PP and the MP schemes for application under non-isothermal conditions as well as under high saturated liquid/vapor density ratios. Although the IVD Scheme (with the nearest fluid layer temperatures above the heated wall chosen for calculating the effective mass of wall nodes) is also stable at low liquid/vapor density ratios, its numerical stability at high density ratios is not as robust as those of the PP and the MP schemes if a special ghost fluid layer is added in these schemes. It is shown that by adding such a special ghost fluid layer on the wall, large near-wall fluid density variations diminish in the PP and MP schemes and accurate droplet interface shapes can be recovered at obtuse contact angles. The spurious current in the MP schemes can be also reduced and accurate Marangoni vortex shapes in the droplet and droplet interface temperature distribution near the triple-phase contact line can be predicted.

Relaxation Subgradient Algorithms with Machine Learning Procedures

In the modern digital economy, optimal decision support systems, as well as machine learning systems, are becoming an integral part of production processes. Artificial neural network training as well as other engineering problems generate such problems of high dimension that are difficult to solve with traditional gradient or conjugate gradient methods. Relaxation subgradient minimization methods (RSMMs) construct a descent direction that forms an obtuse angle with all subgradients of the current minimum neighborhood, which reduces to the problem of solving systems of inequalities. Having formalized the model and taking into account the specific features of subgradient sets, we reduced the problem of solving a system of inequalities to an approximation problem and obtained an efficient rapidly converging iterative learning algorithm for finding the direction of descent, conceptually similar to the iterative least squares method. The new algorithm is theoretically substantiated, and an estimate of its convergence rate is obtained depending on the parameters of the subgradient set. On this basis, we have developed and substantiated a new RSMM, which has the properties of the conjugate gradient method on quadratic functions. We have developed a practically realizable version of the minimization algorithm that uses a rough one-dimensional search. A computational experiment on complex functions in a space of high dimension confirms the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. In the problems of training neural network models, where it is required to remove insignificant variables or neurons using methods such as the Tibshirani LASSO, our new algorithm outperforms known methods.

Nevadadromeus schmitti (gen. et sp. nov.), a New Basal Neornithischian with Affinities to the Thescelosaurinae, from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Willow Tank Formation of Southern Nevada

In 2008, and subsequent collecting trips, the remains of a partial basal neornithischian were recovered from the Cenomanian Willow Tank Formation of southern Nevada. Bones identified include the proximal femora, a series of vertebrae missing neural arches, several pedal phalanges, fragments of ossified tendons, and some as yet unidentified elements. Size and shape of the femora are consistent with other known basal neornithischians of both orodromine- and thescelosaurine-grade. The round femoral head exhibits a convex anterior side but a concave posterior surface. The neck beneath the head projects proximodorsally at an obtuse angle (∼100°) from the femoral shaft. The greater trochanter sits slightly posterior to and offset from the neck of the femoral head. Anterior and lateral to the greater trochanter is a pointed lesser trochanter. The three-sided lesser trochanter bows slightly posterior toward the greater trochanter. A prominent and deep notch separates the lesser from the greater trochanter and is characteristic of thescelosaurine-grade ornithischians. This deep intertrochanteric notch is absent in the femora of orodromines. A raised but taphonomically truncated base on the posterior femoral diaphysis likely represents the remnants of a pendant fourth trochanter. The vertebrae of the Nevada basal neornithischian are similar to both thescelosaurine- and orodromine-grade morphology. The laterally biconcave vertebrae are asymmetrical in having a boss on the posteroventral end of the centrum. The centra are nearly twice as long as they are tall with the oval articular surfaces, taller than they are wide. Due to the very fragmentary nature of this specimen, parsimonious phylogenetic analysis yields statistically insignificant results. Nevertheless, a few taxonomically important characters, particularly those of the femur, support the hypothesis that this is a thescelosaurine, and a new genus and species, herein referred to as Nevadadromeus schmitti gen. et sp. nov. This would represent the earliest occurrence of thescelosaurines in the fossil record of North America as all other thescelosaurines from the continent date to the Maastrichtian. The geographic position of the Willow Tank Formation depocenter, very proximal to the Sevier highlands of the time, likely experienced some biogeographic insularity from other areas represented by contemporaneous units of western North America, e.g., Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah, the Wayan Formation of Idaho, and the Blackleaf Formation of Montana.

Collapsing to Alexandrov spaces with isolated mild singularities

Let Mj be a sequence of Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature bound below collapsing to a compact Alexandrov space X of dimension k. Suppose that all but finitely many points of X are (k,δ)-strained and that the space of directions at each exceptional point contains k+1 directions making obtuse angles with each other. We prove that Mj admits a structure of locally trivial fibration over X for sufficiently large j. The same is true for collapsing sequences of Alexandrov spaces such that the infimum of the volume of the spaces of directions is sufficiently large relative to δ.

ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA GERAK TARIAN DOLO-DOLO MASYARAKAT LAMAHOLOT KABUPATEN FLORES TIMUR

This study aims to find out mathematical concepts in the dolo-dolo dance movements of the Lamaholot community, East Flores Regency. This mathematical concept is used to determine the existence of mathematics in culture, especially in the culture of the East Flores area, namely in Klanelo Village. The type of research used was qualitative research and the subjects in this study were traditional elders and dolo-dolo dancers in Kawatelo Village, Demon Pagong District, East Flores Regency. In obtaining data, researchers use observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique uses data analysis techniques from Miles and Huberman which are divided into four stages including data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions and verification. Based on the data from the research and discussion, it can be concluded that the dolo-dolo dance movement has mathematical concepts, namely: 1) Points, 2) Lines among others: Vertical Lines and Horizontal Lines, 3) Angles including: Taper Angle, Right Angle and Obtuse Angle, 4) Circle.

Extended Sine and Cosine Functions for Scalene Triangles

This article pushes the role of sine and cosine functions beyond the traditional purpose of determining the sides of a right triangle, into the realm of determining the lengths of the sides of any triangle with practically the same ease. Extended functions are formulated dependent on two angles (instead of the traditional one) &amp;mdash; sin*(&amp;alpha;,&amp;gamma;) and cos*(&amp;alpha;,&amp;gamma;)&amp;mdash;that allow (via direct application) the computation of the lengths of the two shorter sides of a scalene triangle, as a result of the angular projection (from reference angle &amp;gamma; and a variable obtuse angle ) of the longer side or extended hypotenuse (for right triangles, the obtuse angle is fixed to &amp;gamma;= 90 deg, allowing only the variation of &amp;alpha;&amp;mdash; a significant limitation). When integrated into larger more complex mathematical formula, the extended sine and cosine functions add greater flexibility and open the door for the mathematician or scientist to explore possibilities that are non-orthogonal. Solved exercises are provided at the end, with the purpose of illustrating the robustness and advantage of the application of these new extended sine and cosine functions to determine the normalized sides of a scalene triangle&amp;mdash;a requirement that is present virtually in any technical discipline.

Extended Angle Sum and Difference Identity Rules for Scalene Triangles

The present article extends the applicability of the angle sum and di erence identity rules sin(A&amp;plusmn;B) and cos(A&amp;plusmn;B) beyond the particular case of a right-angled triangle into the general case of scalene triangles as sin*(A&amp;plusmn;B,&amp;gamma;) and cos*(A&amp;plusmn;B,&amp;gamma;), adding the e ect of independently varying both the reference angle &amp;alpha; = A&amp;plusmn;B and the obtuse angle &amp;gamma;. Accompanied by appropriate theorems and proofs, the mathematical end result are four updated equations that supersede the traditional expressions sin(A&amp;plusmn;B) = sin(A)cos(b)&amp;plusmn; cos(A)sin(B) and cos(A&amp;plusmn;B) = cos(&amp;alpha;)cos(B) \mp sin(A) sin(B), where the conventional sin(&amp;alpha;) and cos(&amp;alpha;) functions are replaced by the [already proven] extended versions sin*(&amp;alpha;,&amp;gamma;) and cos*(&amp;alpha;,&amp;gamma;) enclosing modifications including two angles &amp;alpha; and &amp;gamma;. An open-source program scripted in Octave is provided for the verification of the derived expressions, including plotting the geometric results as a figure for both the cases of angle summation and subtraction.

Прогнозування основних акушерських ускладнень у вагітних із поєднаною безплідністю в анамнезі

The main gestational complications in pregnant women with a history of combined tubal-peritoneal and endocrine infertility are miscarriage, hypertensive and metabolic disorders. An adequate solution to the prevention of various obstetric complications became possible by developing methods of prognosis with using computer technology in clinics. Purpose - to develop an algorithm for predicting preterm birth, the development of isthmic and cervical insufficiency (ICI), gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes in pregnant women with a combined history of infertility. Materials and methods. The main groups: the Group 1 - 155 pregnant women who had a history of endocrine infertility; the Group 2 - 245 pregnant women who had a history of infertility of tubular-peritoneal genesis; the Group 3 - 83 pregnant women who had a history of combined infertility: tubular-peritoneal genesis with endocrine; the control Group 4 - 89 healthy pregnant women who did not have history of infertility. An algorithm for predicting the main gestational complications: hypertensive and metabolic disorders, miscarriage (ICI, preterm birth) was developed only in the most severe category of pregnant women (the Group 3). For the prediction of obstetric complications, the method of logistic regression was chosen, which allows to build a statistical model to predict the probability of occurrence of the event based on existing data. Results. With increasing age and in the presence of an obtuse cervical-uterine angle on ultrasound cervicometry, the risk of preterm birth dramatically increased. With increasing body mass index (BMI), increasing 17-OP, total testosterone, cortisol, the risk of preterm birth also increased. There was no significant increase in the risk of preterm birth with changes in dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). With increasing index of free testosterone (ІFТ), the risk of preterm birth, on the contrary, decreased. With increasing age and BMI, the risk of gestational hypertension dramatically increased. With the increase of 17-OP, total testosterone, cortisol, the risk of gestational hypertension also increased but the impact of these indicators was much less. There was no significant increase in the risk of gestational hypertension with changes in TSH, IFT. The presence of anemia and obtuse cervical angle of ultrasound cervicometry did not affect the risk of gestational hypertension. With increasing age, BMI and in the presence of an elevated glucose tolerance test (GTT), the risk of gestational diabetes dramatically increased. With increasing 17-OP, total testosterone, cortisol, TSH, the risk of gestational diabetes also increased. The risk of gestational diabetes, on the contrary, decreased with an increase in IFT. Conclusions. Our prediction algorithm (binary logistic regression model) allows to foresee the development of: preterm birth - in 73.43% (p=0.019938) pregnant women; ICI - in 91.30% (p=0.00004) pregnant women; gestational diabetes - in 80.43% (p=0.00004) pregnant women; gestational hypertension - in 82.61% (p=0.00322) pregnant women with combined infertility in history. The most informative clinical and laboratory predictive indicators (age, BMI, 17-OP, TSH, total testosterone, cortisol, GTT, cervical-uterine angle) were determined, which makes it possible to improve the management tactics of these pregnant women. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Three-dimensional orthodontic imaging in children across the age spectrum and correlations with obstructive sleep apnea.

To determine baseline facial convexity measurements in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) across the age spectrum. Polysomnogram, stereophotogrammetry, and biometric data were collected from children aged 0-18 years who were being investigated for OSA. Analyses evaluated differences in facial convexity according to OSA severity and other sleep parameters, while adjusting for age, ethnicity, and sex. Ninety-one children, aged 0.05-16.02 years, met the inclusion criteria for this study. Initial analysis showed that the logarithm of age had a significant effect on facial convexity (P = 8.3·10-7) with significant effects of sex (P = 1.3·10-2), while excluding OSA. Ordinal logistic regression taking into consideration age, sex, weight, height, and ethnicity with OSA severity categorized as obstructive apnea-hypopnea index negative, mild, moderate, or severe showed that facial convexity was associated with OSA severity (P = 2.2·10-3); an increasing obtuse angle of convexity increased the tendency to be classified as having severe OSA. Using three-dimensional imaging, we found an added impact of infancy on changes of facial convexity with age. While modeling could describe facial convexity without any OSA-associated sleep parameters, differences in facial convexity were present among groups with different levels of OSA severity adjusted for growth (age, weight, and height), sex, and ethnicity. The method provides a safer and cheaper alternative to other medical imaging techniques in children and holds potential for future use in studies of craniofacial structure. Tyler G, Machaalani R, Waters KA. Three-dimensional orthodontic imaging in children across the age spectrum and correlations with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(2):275-282.

Conjugate, Riedel-shear vein arrays: A new type of en echelon vein system

This paper presents the geometric analysis of sigmoidal en echelon vein system that formed by non-coaxial deformation within conjugate Riedel-shear zones. Both sinistral S-type and dextral Z-type vein arrays, which have a subparallel enveloping surface, are observed. Individual asymmetric quartz veins consist of (1) a central, thin slickenfibre shear vein that is separating (2) pennant-shaped extensional vein tips characterised by strong dilation. Our observations closely resemble the results from published analogue experiments, which suggest that dilation occurs along R and R′ Riedel shear fractures during progressive rotation and slip within brittle-ductile shear zones. The shear vein formed by incremental pull-apart in the extensional step of overlapping R′ shear fractures, as marked by the presence of solid inclusion trails and bands. The pennant veins opened in the obtuse angle between intersecting R’ and R shears. The close association with a kinked pre-existing tectonic foliation, which acted as a passive marker of non-coaxial deformation, allows a kinematic restoration of the initial conjugate shear zone geometry that formed under approximate NE-SW compression. This model could warrant the reassessment of the classic interpretation of sigmoidal en echelon vein systems that are associated with kink bands.

Influence of shear stress state on dynamic fracture of a glass ceramic Macor

The effect of shear stress on the dynamic failure of ceramic materials is not sufficiently investigated in the published literature. With the use of a bespoke split Hopkinson pressure bar, this paper presents an effort to investigate the dynamic shear compressive response of Macor, a model ceramic material with zero porosity and light weight characteristics. A cone specimen and cylindrical specimens with varying inclined angles are used to introduce the shear stress to the Macor ceramic. The dynamic failure initiation and crack propagation are monitored by the high speed photography and Digital Image Correlation techniques. It is found that the equivalent stress of Macor at the initiation of failure decreases nonlinearly with the increase of shear stress. The high speed images show that the crack originates from the minimum cross-section of the cone specimen and the obtuse angle corner of the inclined cylindrical specimens. The cracks propagate parallel to the inclined plane instead of the axial loading direction. The fractographic analysis shows the compacted zone in the shear fracture surfaces of the cone specimen and the inclined cylindrical specimens. This indicates a significant role of shear loading in the dynamic failure process of Macor.

Liver cirrhosis with its complications: Case report in a young female patient

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by the presence of fibrosis and regeneration of nodules in the liver, the consequence of which is the development of portal hypertension and liver failure. Usually associated with infectious infectious diseases such as viral hepatitis, alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune processes, storage diseases, toxic substances and drugs. Major complications include gastrointestinal variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis infection, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma.&#x0D; A 23-year-old woman comes to the ER, dr. Soegiri Lamongan with complaints of vomiting blood. The patient also complained of black bloody stools. Referred patient from Intan Medika Hospital with the initial complaint of vomiting blood more than 5 times (± equivalent to one medium drinking bottle) four days ago. On examination also found anemic conjunctiva and found splenomegaly. On abdominal ultrasound examination, the liver was shrunken, the edges were obtuse angles, partially irregular, parenchymal echo intensity was heterogeneous, v.hepatica was normal, liver fibrosis staging was 11.81 kPa, no masses or nodules were seen. The conclusion on endoscopic examination was the presence of grade III esophageal varices, congestive gastropathy, and erosive gastritis.&#x0D; Liver cirrhosis is a disease that has various etiologies. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment in cirrhotic patients with complications is one way to improve patient survival

Proportion of malignancy in Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses version 2019 (v2019) classes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Determine the proportion of malignancy within Bosniak v2019 classes. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched. Eligible studies contained patients with cystic renal masses undergoing CT or MRI renal protocol examinations with pathology confirmation, applying Bosniak v2019. Proportion of malignancy was estimated within Bosniak v2019 class. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. We included 471 patients with 480 cystic renal masses. No class I malignant masses were observed. Pooled proportion of malignancy were class II, 12% (6/51, 95% CI 5-24%); class IIF, 46% (37/85, 95% CI 28-66%); class III, 79% (138/173, 95% CI 68-88%); and class IV, 84% (114/135, 95% CI 77-90%). Proportion of malignancy differed between Bosniak v2019 II-IV classes (p = 0.004). Four studies reported the proportion of malignancy by wall/septa feature. The pooled proportion of malignancy with 95% CI were class III thick smooth wall/septa, 77% (41/56, 95% CI 53-91%); class III obtuse protrusion ≤ 3 mm (irregularity), 83% (97/117, 95% CI 75-89%); and class IV nodule with acute angulation, 86% (50/58, 95% CI 75-93%) or obtuse angulation ≥ 4 mm, 83%, (64/77, 95% CI 73-90%). Subgroup analysis by wall/septa feature was limited by sample size; however, no differences were found comparing class III masses with irregularity to class IV masses (p = 0.74) or between class IV masses by acute versus obtuse angles (p = 0.62). Preliminary data suggest Bosniak v2019 class IIF masses have higher proportion of malignancy compared to the original classification, controlling for pathologic reference standard. There are no differences in proportion of malignancy comparing class III masses with irregularities to class IV masses with acute or obtuse nodules. • The proportion of malignancy in Bosniak v2019 class IIF cystic masses is 46% (37 malignant/85 total IIF masses, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 28-66%). • The proportion of malignancy in Bosniak v2019 class III cystic masses is 79% (138/173, 95% CI 68-88%) and in Bosniak v2019 class IV cystic masses is 84% (114/135, 95% CI 77-90%). • Class III cystic masses with irregularities had similar proportion of malignancy (83%, 97/117, 95% CI 75-89%) compared to Bosniak class IV masses (84%, 114/135, 95% CI 77-90%) overall (p = 0.74) with no difference within class IV masses by acute versus obtuse angulation (p = 0.62).