Obtaining Content Validity Research Articles

Validation graphic protocol for assessing safe nursing care in hemodialysis

Validation graphic protocol for assessing safe nursing care in hemodialysis

Speaking in Public Coping Scale (ECOFAP): content and response process validity evidence.

To present the content and response process validity evidence of the Speaking in Public Coping of Scale (ECOFAP). A methodological study to develop and validate the instrument. It followed the instrument development method with theoretical, empirical, and analytical procedures, based on the validity criteria of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (SEPT). The process of obtaining content validity evidence had two stages: 1) conceptual definition of the construct, based on theoretical precepts of speaking in public and the Motivational Theory of Coping (MTC); 2) developing items and response keys, structuring the instrument, assessment by a committee with 10 specialists, restructuring scale items, and developing the ECOFAP pilot version. Item representativity was analyzed through the item content validity index. The response process was conducted in a single stage with a convenience sample of 30 people with and without difficulties speaking in public, from the campus of a Brazilian university, belonging to various social and professional strata. In this process, the respondents' verbal and nonverbal reactions were qualitatively analyzed. The initial version of ECOFAP, consisting of 46 items, was evaluated by judges and later reformulated, resulting in a second version with 60 items. This second version was again submitted for expert analysis, and the content validity index per item was calculated. 18 items were excluded, resulting in a third version of 42 items. The validity evidence based on the response processes of the 42-item version was applied to a sample of 30 individuals, resulting in the rewriting of one item and the inclusion of six more items, resulting in the pilot version of ECOFAP with 48 items. ECOFAP pilot version has items with well-structured semantics and syntactic, representing strategies to cope with speaking in public.

Designing and Constructing a Tool for Safety Culture Evaluation in a Processing Industry Based on Factor Analysis

Objectives: This study aims to develop and create a tool based on factor analysis to assess safety culture in the processing industry. Methods: This study was conducted in the petrochemical industry in 2021. The questionnaires were distributed among 312 employees, supervisors, and managers, and 308 of them were completed. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and its reliability was determined by calculating the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s α) and conducting a pilot study. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the relationship between the dimensions of safety culture and the dimensions themselves. Results: The results showed that 62.4% of participants were under 45 years old and 71.2% of them had more than 10 years of work experience. The obtained content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that six questions were assigned to each dimension of safety culture in the questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a P of 0.001 and the overall goodness index of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.07 and the goodness indices of adaptive fit, including good fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and normal fit index (NFI) were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.95, respectively. Discussion: Based on the results, a safety culture assessment instrument was developed, including 10 dimensions and 60 items. The results of factor analysis showed that the built-in instrument is highly useful to assess safety culture. In addition, these results showed that safety culture has the strongest relationship with the priority of focusing on health, safety, and environment (HSE) and the weakest relationship with the dimension of collaboration and involvement.

Relationship between Parental Involvement and The Development of Preschool Children in Piasau Zone, Miri

Parental involvement is a driver of children's success and excellence. This is because parents are the earliest and often with their children. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the relationship between parental involvement in home learning and language and communication development, early mathematics as well as the socioemotional and spirituality of preschool children in the Piasau Zone, Miri. The survey respondents consisted of 182 parents or children from nine preschools in the Piasau Zone, Miri. This survey uses a set of questionnaires to collect data. The study questionnaire obtained content validity and achieved reliability with Alpha Cronbach value of 0.932. This study uses quantitative design. The results have shown that parental involvement is at a high level. Data analyzer involves descriptive statistics and inference. The findings show that there is a significant relationship between parental involvement and children's development in language and communication development (r=0.543), early mathematics (r=0.413) and socioemotional and spiritual (r=0.413) at the level of confidence p<0.05 using Spearman Rho Correlation. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the importance of parental involvement in home-based children's learning with language and communication development, early mathematics and socioemotional and spiritual pre-school children in the Piasau Zone, Miri.

Development and validation of postmenopausal attitude scale

Background: Menopause is not only a biological event but also psychosocial. Attitudes, perceptions, and expectations are some of the psychosocial phenomena surrounding menopause. Many women perceive it as a welcome relief from menses and the risk of pregnancy while those who desire children consider it an unwelcome event. Both women in midlife and health professionals agree that attitudes toward menopause play a potential role in the experience of menopause, including its perceived severity. However, there is currently no comprehensive tool to assess menopausal women's attitudes. Methodology: The aim of this study is to develop post-menopausal women attitude scale. To develop the tool authors followed the various steps like review of literature, obtaining content validity and establishing content validity ratio, factor analysis and estimating the reliability of the tool. Results: The content validity ratio of the tool is 1 and reliability of the estimated by Cronbach alpha and it was found to be 0.765. The version of the scale is a five point Likert scale with 25 items. There were 10 items under the heading Attitude towards Physical Factor, 5 items under the heading Attitude towards psychological Factor, 5 items under the heading Attitude towards Sexual Factors, and 5 items under the heading Attitude towards Management of Menopause.Conclusion: Proper validation of tool is essential, and it is crucial process in the new construction of the tool. The prepared tool will comprehensively measure all the domains of attitude related to menopause.

Construction and validation of educational videos content for hypertensive children in times of COVID-19.

To build and validate two educational videos for hypertensive children about their disease and measures to cope with COVID-19. Methodological study composed of five stages: 1) Analysis/Planning; 2) Modeling; 3) Implementation; 4) Evaluation/Maintenance and 5) Distribution. A committee of eight experts validated two educational videos for their content. The study was conducted at a public university in the interior of the state of São Paulo, from August 2020 to March 2022. The Content Validity Index was applied to measure the agreement of the items of the validation instrument. Script/storyboard obtained Content Validity Index = 1 in the audiovisual/content category. The educational videos obtained Content Validity Index = 0.99 in the audiovisual/content category. The educational videos were produced and proved to be valid in terms of content, with the potential to promote the knowledge of hypertensive children in the context of COVID-19.

Development of Circulatory System Disorders Booklet with Antidyslipidemic Activity Test of Bay Leaf Extract

Background: Media booklets are media used in the learning process that have advantages in supportive conditions. The booklet contains a summary of the material that is equipped with pictures and colors so that it is interesting. This study aims to develop a booklet with enriched information about the antidyslipidemic activity test of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polianthum (Wight) Walp.) as a learning medium in the Sub Material of Circulatory System Abnormalities for second grade of highschool. Methods: This development research uses the type of research and development (R&amp;D). The development stages include potentials and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, and product. The media booklet was validated by 5 validators in terms of format, content, and language, all of which covered 9 criteria. Results: Validation obtained Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) values ​​of 1 which meet the minimum criteria for content validity. Conclusion: Thus, the booklet enriched with the results of the antidyslipidemic activity test of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polianthum (Wight) Walp.) was declared content valid as a learning medium in the Circulatory System Abnormalities Submaterial.

Validity and Reliability of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Inventory (OCDI)

This study aimed to develop and obtained content validity and reliability of the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Inventory (OCDI). The OCDI aims to measure levels of obsessive and compulsive thinking and behavior in individuals aged between 18 to 21 years old. The construction of the OCDI is based on the theory of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) pioneered by Aaron Temkin Beck (1976). This inventory contains 16 items divided into 2 sub-scales and each sub-scale contains 8 items. Sub-scale 1: Obsessive, Sub-scale 2: Compulsive. The content validity of the OCDI was evaluated by 6 expert panels comprising academics, psychologists, counseling and education. A total of 60 students from public universities were selected as respondents to obtain reliability scores. Overall validity of the OCDI was moderately high (56.2%). The reliability values indicate moderately high values of reliability with 0.721. Therefore, this study found that OCDI items need to be improved in order to achieve acceptable reliability.

Disabilities in leprosy: construction and validation of instrument on knowledge and attitude of professionals.

To develop and test the content validity of the "Knowledge and Attitudes on Assessing Degrees of Physical Disability in Leprosy" instrument. Methodological study carried out between January and May 2019 in three stages: item generation, analysis of aggregated redundancy to the composition, and content validation, using the Delphi technique. In the first evaluation, a relevance of ≥ 0.80 stood out for all items, except for 2.8, which was excluded. To make the instrument clearer, the sequence was renumbered from one to 32; 2.6, 3.1, and 15 were reformulated, and the others underwent modifications, except for ten and 13. After the second evaluation, all items obtained Content Validity Index > 0.90 and Kappa = 1.00. The instrument has an excellent content validity; it is inferred that it is adequate to measure the knowledge and attitudes of professionals in the assessment of physical disabilities in leprosy.

Validnost, pouzdanost i faktorska analiza srpske verzije Koganove skale stavova prema starijim osobama

Introduction. As the number of older persons continues to increase, there is a need to validate a reliable instrument to examine attitudes towards this population in Serbia. This research aimed to examine the validity and reliability and to determine the factor structure, that is, to adapt the Serbian version of the Kogan's Attitude towards the Old People scale. Method. The research was conducted on a planned sample of 321 respondents, students of social science and humanities, mostly gathered in the territory of Belgrade and Novi Sad. Results. Achievements at the level of the whole scale ranged from 67 to 121 (M = 100, SD = 7.83).The obtained Content Validity Index (CVI = 0.90) indicated a high level of validity in this assessment domain. The Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient of reliability for items given in a positive connotation was a = 0.77, while slightly higher value was obtained for the items given in a negative connotation (a = 0.83). At the level of the entire instrument, after recoding the inversely defined items, the value a = 0.88 was calculated, indicating a high level of reliability of the scale used. Except for item 13, statistically significant correlation (p&lt;0.000) between the whole scale and individual attitudes about the elderly was found in all 33 items. The factor analysis identified five latent dimensions with the eigenvalue of 1 or more (KMO = 0.798), explaining 34.58% of total variance: Social desirability (a = 0.69), Hygiene (a = 0.73), Criticism (a = 0.60). Equality (a = 0.59) and Communication (a = 0.73). Conclusion. The Serbian version of the Kogan's Scale can be considered as a valid and reliable instrument in the study of attitudes toward the elderly.

A mobile app for tracking non-motor symptoms of people with Parkinson’s disease: A usability study

Smart phone-based technology for people with Parkinson’s disease has been developed worldwide. Unmonitored non-motor symptoms decrease quality of life of people with Parkinson’s disease, so the needs for technology to manage non-motor symptoms are increasing. The technology is needed to detect subtle changes in non-motor symptoms by healthcare professional. There is no mobile app which manage comprehensive symptoms of Parkinson’s disease including non-motor symptoms. It is necessary to develop a new tracking system that can effectively manage non-motor symptoms as well as motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. We developed a prototype of mobile app for Android smartphones, with cooperation with Mazelone company. we also have shaped functions for monitoring of motor symptoms and medication adherence. It also provided a section for caregivers to use on behalf of people with Parkinson’s disease who have difficulty to use app due to hand tremor. Through Delphi technique, we obtained content validity from eight medical and nursing experts on the contents of the application. We provided regular telephone counseling to improve and encourage their app usage. Fifteen participants used the app for 6 weeks. To evaluate usability of mobile app, we provided constructed questionnaire and conducted individual telephone interview. A mobile app for tracking non-motor symptoms demonstrated high usability and satisfaction. We learned lessons about facilitators and barriers when implementing an app such as perception and acceptance of mobile technology. The mobile app will improve continuum of care. Future studies need to improve the contents and refine technical approach for people with Parkinson’s disease.

Leaflet-Based Learning Media Development in Structural Materials and Function of Class XI Animal Tissues

The use of instructional media, especially visual media, is very influential in student learning and learning outcomes. The teacher can develop visual learning media so that students can learn well fun and attract learning interest. Experts say that approximately 90% of one's learning outcomes are obtained through vision, 5% from hearing, and 5% from other senses. Development research aims to produce a valid leaflet-based learning media so that it is fit for use by students. This type of research was adapted from Tessmer's design, through the preparation stage (preliminary) and formative evaluation (formative evaluation) with stages only to self-evaluation, and expert testing. The expert opinion includes 3 validators according to expertise. Data was obtained from research instruments in the form of content/material validity evaluation sheets, and construct validity. Data collection techniques using assessment sheets. Analysis of data validity based on the Akbar category (2013). Based on the research results of the first meeting leaflet, the content validity value was 92.05%, and the construct validity was 98.61%. The second meeting leaflet obtained content validity value 92.65%, and construct validity 97.45%. So it was concluded that the learning media of the development leaflet was categorized as very valid.The use of instructional media, especially visual media, is very influential in student learning and learning outcomes. The teacher can develop visual learning media so that students can learn well fun and attract learning interest. Experts say that approximately 90% of one's learning outcomes are obtained through vision, 5% from hearing, and 5% from other senses. Development research aims to produce a valid leaflet-based learning media so that it is fit for use by students. This type of research was adapted from Tessmer's design, through the preparation stage (preliminary) and formative evaluation (formative evaluation) with stages only to self-evaluation, and expert testing. The expert opinion includes 3 validators according to expertise. Data was obtained from research instruments in the form of content/material validity evaluation sheets, and construct validity. Data collection techniques using assessment sheets. Analysis of data validity based on the Akbar category (2013). Based on the research results of the first meeting leaflet, the content validity value was 92.05%, and the construct validity was 98.61%. The second meeting leaflet obtained content validity value 92.65%, and construct validity 97.45%. So it was concluded that the learning media of the development leaflet was categorized as very valid.

Development of interactive multimedia for learning physics based on traditional games

This study aims to produce interactive multimedia based on valid and practical traditional games on impulse and momentum material, as well as the effective use of interactive multimedia. This research implements Rowntree development model which consists of planning stage, development stage and evaluation stage. The evaluation stage uses Tessmer formative evaluation (include of self evaluation, expert review, one-to-one evaluation, small group, and field test. Data collection techniques used were expert validation form, student response questionnaire, and learning outcome test. The results of expert validation obtained content validity by 81.56% the category is valid and layout validity 91.87% the category is very valid. The practicality test results at one to one stage were 96.21% the category was very practical and the small group stage was 92.42% the category was very practical. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the use of interactive multimedia developed to learning outcomes is obtained through the field test stage with an n-gain of 0.51 including the medium category. Based on this study it can be concluded that interactive multimedia based on traditional games as an innovation to preserve local wisdom in impulse and momentum materials worthy of use.

Water-pipe Smoking Addiction in Iran; Evaluation of Reliability and Validity of Lebanon Water-pipe Dependence Scale Among Iranian Water-pipe Tobacco Smokers.

Background:Water-pipe smoking is increasing around the world. However, there is no comprehensive information on nicotine addiction in water-pipe smokers. This study was carried out to translate and validate the Lebanon Water-pipe Dependence Scale- into Persian language; besides, tobacco dependence was evaluated in Iranian water-pipe smokers.Methods:A forward-backward translation procedure was done to provide the Iranian version of the questionnaire. Our subjects were current water-pipe smokers who were known in prevalence study that conducted in Tehran. Psychometric properties of the instrument including validity (content, face and construct validity) and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest analysis), were evaluated.Results:A total of 465 participants took part in this study, of whom 298 (64%) were male. The mean age was 30 (standard deviation 10.2). Fifty three percent of subjects got score more than 10 on LWDS questionnaire that indicating dependence. The internal consistency of the LWDS (Persian Version) was 0.85. The physiologic dependence, psychological craving, and negative reinforcement domains had acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, 0.81, 0.77 respectively), but reliability was low (alpha = 0.45) in the positive reinforcement domain. External consistency of the LWDS was assessed by test retest. Intra class correlation (ICC) was calculated for all items (n = 20) and ICC for all of them was >0.7 and the mean ICC was 0.9. Content validity was acceptable; all of obtained content validity indexes (CVIs) were above 80%. The result of goodness of fit shows an adequate model (Comparative Fit Index (CFI = 0.94), Root Mean Square Error of approximation (RMSE) = 0.08).Conclusions:The study revealed strong documents for the reliability and validity of the LWDS for use in Iran. However, further study may be required to improve the reliability results in the positive reinforcement domain.

Individualized parameterization of multiparametric monitors alarms in infarcted patients.

To measure the magnitude of the effect of an individualized parameterization protocol for hemodynamic alarms in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Pragmatic clinical trial, open label and single arm, whose intervention was performed through a protocol validated and tested in 32 patients using multiparametric monitors. The heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and ST segment-monitoring were measured and classified for clinical consistency one hour before and after the intervention, for 64 hours. The protocol obtained Content Validity Index of 0.92. Of the 460 registered alarms, 261 were considered inconsistent before the intervention and 47 after it. The Relative Risk of inconsistent alarms after the protocol was 0.32 (95% CI 0.23-0.43, p <0.0001). The protocol proved to be a protective factor to the appearance of inconsistent clinical alarms of multiparametric monitors.

Risk Assessment tool for Religious Mass Gathering Events of India

ObjectiveTo develop a risk assessment tool to assess the public health and environmental risks associated with religious mass gathering events of Tamil Nadu, a state in the southern part of IndiaIntroductionIn spite of the fact that mass gatherings are an undeniably regular element of our society attended by huge crowds yet such occasions are not very well understood. Even though such gatherings are accumulations of "well people", vast number of people associated with mass gatherings can put a serious strain on the entire health care system1.The public health implications of mass gathering events include a potential increased risk for disease transmission because of the variability and mobility of those attending the event and increased media attention. Risk assessment for mass gathering events is crucial to identify the potential health hazards which aids in planning and response activities specific to the event2. Preparing for mass gatherings offer an opportunity to improve health service delivery, enhance health promotion and strengthen public health systems3.In India, many of the religious festivals are observed with mass gatherings and prayers. Large crowd participate in such festivals as participants to observe the unique rituals and also as spectators. Literature indicates that in India, we might be well equipped for response activities but the scientific concept of risk assessment i.e., to understand the existing risks, identify the risks, characterize the risks and plan for risk reduction strategies accordingly are at an infant stage .The little that has been done in the field of mass gatherings has generally focused on description of preparedness activities of single event, crowd control, prevention of stampedes with little attention to public health preparedness. The present project is an attempt to systemize the process of risk assessment by developing a risk assessment tool consisting of characteristics peculiar to planned religious mass gatherings of Indian context.MethodsQualitative approach was followed to identify the risks associated with mass gathering events and to identify the domains and items to be included in the risk assessment tool. Firstly, an extensive review of literature about the risks associated with the mass gathering events was done. Secondly, Key Informants (n=20) involved in planning and management of religious mass gathering events in the State of Tamil Nadu, India were purposively identified and interviewed using a semi structured interview guide. Principle of redundancy was followed. Content/Thematic analysis was done using Atlas.ti software. Currently, the project is in the phase of obtaining content validity of the developed tool. Followed by this, a mobile application based upon the validated tool will be developed which will be further field tested for feasibility in a selected mass gathering event in Tamil Nadu. Using a self administered content validity questionnaire, the experts will be asked to assess the relevance of the items of the tool. Agreement proportions between the experts will be calculated. S-CVI (Scale Content Validity Index), index for inter-rater agreement (agreement proportion) and Kappa agreement coefficient will be calculated.ResultsA sum total of 48 unique health risks have been identified. Stampedes, fire accidents, structural collapse, drowning, outbreak of communicable diseases, exacerbation of existing medical illnesses (like cardiac diseases, asthma etc) etc are the some of the health risks identified. Six domains (characteristics related to event, participant, environment, disaster preparedness, medical service preparedness and pre event planning activities) and 21 items have been generated from the content analysis of key informant interviews and literature review.ConclusionsSome special events and unforeseen events occur in places of mass gatherings besides fixed places of worshipping .Such events cause more damage to human beings and property. Special events like idol procession, chariot pulling, fire walking, animal sacrificing happen pulling larger crowds within the mass gatherings. In order to inform all planning and delivery activities it is essential to understand the mass gathering context and risk assessments. This tool can be used by public health managers to identify key public health and environmental risks at the planning stage before the event takes off. At the planning stage, use of this tool will help in putting the required measures in place in order to address the potential risks identified. The tool can be used as a guiding instrument during and after the event as well. The investigators further plan to develop a mobile based app from this risk assessment tool and test it out in a selected mass gathering event of the state of Tamil Nadu located in southern part of India. Feedback from public health managers about the mobile based risk assessment tool can be instrumental in further modifying the tool. By contributing to public health preparedness activities during mass gathering events in a country with poor resources like India, this research activity is an initiative that is expected to lead to health systems strengthening.

Designing and validating a safety plan for patient in Intensive Care Unit

Background: There are emerging trends that correlate patient safety to positive results for patients, such as decreases in readmission and mortality rates, and an increase in patient satisfaction. Moreover, positive safety culture can also be related to a lower rate of adverse events. Aim of the study: This study was conducted to assess patients’ risks in intensive care units to design and validate a safety plan for patients’ safety. Methods: Research design: prospective observational design is used in this study. Setting: This study was conducted in two intensive care units, one at Mansoura and the second at Assuit University Hospital. Subjects: Three groups of subjects participated in this study; staff nurses N= (41), nurse managers N= (21) and an expert’s panel N= (20). Data collections tools: two tools were used for data collection. The patient risk assessment questionnaire which includes two parts; the first part contains demographic data; the second part contained 63 risk associated items. The second tool involved validity forms to assess validity of the proposed patient safety plan. Results: the degree of risk in intensive care units ranged from low to moderate. The expert panel agreed on the validity of the proposed patient safety plan. Conclusion: After obtaining content validity and including the given risks, a safety plan was developed. Recommendations: Each hospital’s critical care nursing staff, administrators and nurse managers, should examine how best to improve their work environment to decrease the risk in already vulnerable patients by participating in updating and dissemination of a patient safety plan.

The correlation of character education with critical thinking skills as an important attribute to success in the 21st century

This study aims to determine the relationship between character education and students critical thinking skills as the basis for success in the 21st century. The test instrument used is a critical thinking skill test using 4 items from the national exam, a character education questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The sample used is 99 students from all students in SMA Batik 2 Surakarta. The data obtained were analyzed using Bivariate Person to determine the content validity and Cronbach alpha to find out the reliability of the instrument. The test used to determine the relationship of character education with critical thinking skills using the Mann-Whitney U test. The analyzed result obtained content validity (Rbis> 0,05) and instrument reliability is good enough with Alpha value 0,794 (> 0,70). Test results show that there is a relationship between character education and critical thinking skills with Asymp Sig. 2-tailed by 0.011 (<0.05).

Validation of the Diagnostic Tool for Complexity in Palliative Care—Pilot Study (S727)

•Comprehend the factors that influence complexity in palliative care.•Know a new tool to objectively assess complexity in palliative patients.•Know a new tool that provides an objective measure in triaging patients between basic and specialized palliative care teams. The Diagnostic Tool for Complexity in Palliative Care (Pal-Cx) is designed to determine which patients benefit from a referral to a specialized palliative care (PC) team, is based on the degree of complexity, and has been validated in Spain. This work describes the first steps of the Spanish tool’s validation process into the English language and cultural context. 1) Forward and backward translation and cross-culture adaptation of the tool; 2) Pilot project to assess feasibility, content and apparent validity of diagnostic tool. Four bilingual translators performed forward/backward translation of the Spanish tool to English while content experts assessed tool validity. Clinicians (n=33) completed an online survey with a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5; (1 = “strongly disagree” and 5 = “totally agree”) to test apparent validity and feasibility. Mean, frequencies, SD and Cronbach’s alpha were calculated using SAS version 9.4 (Cary, NC). ¶ We obtained content validity through literature review and feedback from PC experts. The multidisciplinary PC clinicians (30 physicians, 2 nurses, 1 medical student; 17 females (52%); mean age 39.54, SD 10.33) completed the pilot study. We found a high agreement (Cronbach’s alpha .77 raw and .79 standardized) regarding the relevance and acceptance of the tool. Cronbach’s Alpha with deleted variables ranged from .74 to .82 for standardized variables and .74 to .80 for raw variables. Study findings provide evidence that the Pal-Cx translated well, showed content and apparent validity, and demonstrated feasibility.

Clinical Assessment of Pragmatics (CAPs): A Validation Study of a Video-Based Test of Pragmatic Language in Adolescent Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a novel new video-based approach to assessing pragmatic language, namely the Clinical Assessment of Pragmatics (CAPs). This study included students with Language Impairment (LI), High-Functioning Autism (ASD) and non-disabled students. Thirty participants, ages 14 to 16 years old, were administered 3 pragmatic judgment and 3 pragmatic performance subtests comprised of 10 items each for a total of 60 test items. Expert opinion was solicited for the purpose of obtaining content validity. Study results revealed that this instrument provides a valid and reliable comprehensive measure of pragmatic language skills. Both test-retest and interrater reliability were found to be strong. Experts rated the CAPs highly for both content and clarity. Concurrent validity was obtained on three of the CAPs subtests and was found to correlate to three existing pragmatic language instruments and measures (the Clinical Assessment of Spoken Language – Pragmatic Judgment subtest, the Test of Pragmatic Language and the Social Language Development Test, adolescent). CAPs is a tool which is both valid and reliable and can be used as a means of determining whether school-aged students present with deficits in pragmatic language skills, specifically, high-functioning autism or specific language impairment.