The discovery of the manuscript of one of Freud's lost metapsychological papers has understandably excited a great deal of scholarly interest. Although it has little to say to modern clinicians, the publication of the 1915 draft of the twelfth metapsychological essay, of the Transference Neuroses, provides a useful critical edition of an important transitional work in the development of Freud's thought. Like other works Freud excluded from his collected writings (On Aphasia, 1891) or discarded (the Project), this paper contains a systematic presentation of ideas that were not discussed so directly again. This is true, at least, for the latter part of the paper, which consists of the kind of daringly playful fantasy Freud considered a part of the mechanism of scientific creativity. It is in this section that he presents his phylogenetic fantasy that gives the American edition its name. [1] As a whole, the paper marks a turning point in Freud's thought. Like the other metapsychological papers, it updates and summarizes his theories to that time. In addition, as part of Freud's large and largely unpublished correspondence with Ferenczi, this paper fits into the context of an intense personal relationship, in the same way that the Project (1895) belonged to the relationship with Fliess. For this reason, the Overview and the editor's informative essay will be indispensable for anyone interested in examining Freud's life and creativity. On the other hand, since most of the correspondence is unavailable, efforts to interpret the personal significance of this paper for Freud will, at best, be severely compromised, and at worst, merely daring fantasies. In her critical essay, discussing the biographical context, the work context, and the historicoscientific context in which the paper was written, the editor, Ilse GrubrichSimitis, begins the enormous task of placing this work in perspective and offers some clues to the questions of why Freud might have written this paper and why he did not publish it. She is appropriately cautious in view of the limited information thus far available. The published version of of the Transference Neuroses is a draft, a sketch that is partly notes, partly outline, partly tatements of intention, and, in addition, sections that have a finished form. The fair copy of the work, to which Freud alludes in a note to Ferenczi, appears to have been lost or discarded. At the beginning of the paper, Freud quickly compares anxiety neurosis, conversion hysteria, and obsessional neurosis with respect to repression, anticathexis, substitutive and symptom formation, relation to sexual function, regression and disposition. Freud viewed this as essentially a review of old material and thought the reader would be