Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Children's Saving Inventory in a Clinical Sample.

The Children's Saving Inventory (CSI) is a measurement tool developed to assess hoarding behavior in children. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the CSI in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. The study sample consisted of 52 children and adolescents diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the 8-17 age group and their families. As a structured diagnostic interview, the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was applied to all participants included in the research. Hoarding disorder (HD) diagnosis was made clinically by considering the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria. The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (CY-BOCS) was administered by an experienced clinician. The parents and children filled out the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) and CSI scales independently. The 20-item CSI Turkish version demonstrated good internal consistency. This 4-factor structure of the scale was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Children's Saving Inventory showed convergent and discriminant validity with the OCI-CV and CY-BOCS subscales, and the higher CSI total scores in children and adolescents diagnosed with HD confirmed the construct validity. These findings support the use of the CSI Turkish version as a valid and reliable scale to investigate the hoarding behavior of children and adolescents in a clinical sample. In addition, the CSI Turkish version is currently the only validated instrument to evaluate hoarding behavior in children and adolescents, as rated by parents in Türkiye.

Psychometric Properties of Malay Obsessive-compulsive Inventory-child Version (OCI-CV) in Malaysian Perspectives.

This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of reliability and validity of OCI-CV in a non-clinical sample of Malaysian children and adolescents. Participants of school-age and adolescent students from Klang Valley School completed the 21-item Malay OCI-CV using Google Form. OCI-CV English version was translated backward and forward to the Malay language. Face validity was conducted first before distributing the questionnaire to the participants. Exploratory Factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of OCI-CV. A total of 102 school-age children and adolescents with a mean age of 15.96 years (male: 41.2%, female: 58.8%) participated in the study. The Malay OCI-CV showed high internal consistency, with Cronbach Alpha values of 0.90 for the whole scale. EFA showed multifactorial components. Five factors were labelled as "Washing / Ordering, Doubting, Obsessions, Checking, and Hoarding,". In the CFA, the five-factor model indicates adequate fit indices of (χ2/df = 1.51, RMSEA = .071, GFI = .824, AGFI = .769, NFI = .724, CFI = .880). The Malay OCI-CV has good psychometric properties and is suitable for use in the Malaysian context. Further validation studies should be conducted among a clinical population to enhance the generalization of this finding.

Whom are you mad at? Anger and revenge in obsessive-compulsive symptoms during adolescence

Previous research has extensively explored the role of anxiety, disgust, guilt, and shame in obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, but few studies have investigated anger and associated vengeful motivations, especially during adolescence, when OC symptoms typically onset. This is unfortunate as anger is a key human emotion linked to various aspects of behaviour. Our aim was to explore how anger and revenge motivations were associated with the most common OC subtypes in adolescents. Participants were 1035 high school students who completed a battery of questionnaires including the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-18 and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for children and adolescents. Even when accounting for different aspects of anger, TRIMs and depression, trait anger (i.e., a stable tendency to experience anger) was uniquely associated with all types of OC symptoms (doubting/checking, obsessing, and ordering). Unique associations were also found between revenge motivations and doubting/checking and obsessing. Our findings show that adolescents with high OC symptoms may experience not only intense anger, but also vengeful feelings and motivations. Future research should examine how anger, vengeful motivations and OC symptoms co-develop over time. Clinicians should be aware that anger and vengeful motivations can be part of the clinical presentation of OCD, which can inform assessment and treatment.

An ultra-brief screening scale for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: The OCI-CV-5

BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an often disabling and chronic condition that is normally assessed using diagnostic interviews or lengthy self-report questionnaires. This makes routine screening in general health settings impractical, and as a result OCD is often under-(or mis-)recognized. The present study reports on the development of an ultra-brief version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) which may be administered routinely as a screener for pediatric OCD. MethodA total of 489 youth diagnosed with OCD, 259 non-clinical controls, and 299 youth with other disorders completed the OCI-CV and other indices of psychopathology. Using item analyses, we extracted five items and examined the measure's factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, and convergent and discriminant validity. ResultsWe extracted five items that assess different dimensions of OCD (washing, checking, ordering, obsessing, neutralizing/counting), termed the OCI-CV-5. Results revealed that the measure possesses good to excellent psychometric properties, and a cutoff off (≥2) yielded optimal sensitivity and specificity. LimitationsParticipants were predominantly White. In addition, more research is needed to examine the OCI-CV-5's test-retest reliability and sensitivity to treatment. ConclusionsThe OCI-CV-5 shows promise as an ultra-brief self-report screener for identifying OCD in youth when in-depth assessment is unfeasible.

Symptom Dimension Breakpoints for the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV)

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) clusters around three major symptom dimensions: contamination/cleaning, symmetry/ordering, and disturbing thoughts/checking. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) is a self-report questionnaire that provides scores along six theory-based OCD dimensions, but no study has evaluated how well OCI-CV identifies clinically significant symptoms within each of the three major symptom dimensions of OCD. We examined this question using data from 197 Swedish and Spanish youth with OCD. All youth completed the OCI-CV and clinically significant symptom severity within each major OCD dimension was established with a validated interview-based measure. Results showed that a score ≥ 3 on the OCI-CV washing scale excellently captured those with clinically significant contamination/cleaning symptoms (AUC = 0.85 [0.80–0.90], 79% accuracy). A score ≥ 4 on the obsessing scale adequately captured those with disturbing thoughts/checking symptoms (AUC = 0.71 [0.64–0.78], 67% accuracy) and a score ≥ 3 on the ordering scale adequately captured those with symmetry/ordering symptoms (AUC = 0.72 [0.65–0.79], 70% accuracy). Similar accuracy of the breakpoints was found in the Swedish and Spanish samples. OCI-CV works well to identify youth with pediatric OCD that have clinically significant contamination/cleaning symptoms. The measure can also with adequate precision identify those with clinically significant disturbing thoughts/checking and symmetry/ordering symptoms. The breakpoints provided in this study can be used to examine differences in clinical presentation and treatment outcome for youth with different types of OCD.

Correlational research on facial and clinical characteristics of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder

BackgroundThe neurodevelopmental model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that the neurodevelopmental changes in the ventral striatal circuit of the prefrontal lobe are associated with the initial symptoms of OCD. Facial morphology is one of the most consistent anatomical phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders, which can reflect brain structure and function. Facial deformity, an easily measured index of brain malformation, can reflect abnormal brain structure and function. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between clinical features and neurodevelopment of adolescents with OCD through facial morphology.MethodsThe enrolled study sample comprised 40 adolescents diagnosed with OCD using the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) and 38 healthy controls (HCs). Facial photos, 21 facial diameters, and 9 facial angles were collected using image software.ResultsIn males, lower lip red height was significantly lower in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.025); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.025). In females, the nasolabial angle was smaller in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.025); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.025). The difference in lower lip red height between the OCD group and HC group was positively correlated with neutralizing symptoms (r = 0.401, P < 0.05).ConclusionsMale OCD patients had a thinner lower lip and female OCD patients had smaller nasolabial angles. The facial features of adolescents with OCD were positively correlated with lower lip redness and neutralizing symptoms.

Psychometric Properties of the Obsessive-compulsive Inventory: The Persian Child Version; a Preliminary Study

Background: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) is an approved self-report assessment tool that includes various domains of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Objectives: This study was done to evaluate the psychometric properties of the OCI-CV in a sample of youth with OCD. Materials &amp; Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic study. The subjects were 107 children and adolescents, 7 to 17 years old admitted to the Shafa hospital and Gill psychiatric center in the north of Iran in 2017-2018. The subjects with the diagnosis of OCD based on a diagnostic interview by a youth psychiatrist based on the DSM-5 were included in the study. They were assessed by the OCI-CV, Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and children depression inventory (CDI). Data were analyzed by SPSS v. 22, using Cronbach alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, and exploratory factor analysis. Results: Youth with the Mean±SD age 11.18±3.1 years participated in the study. Results showed that 51% of the samples were girls. The internal consistency assessed by the Cronbach alpha for the total scale was 0.75, indicating good reliability. The Pearson correlation coefficient between OCI-CV and RCMAS was 0.584 (P=0.01), and between OCI-CV and CDI was 0.232 (P=0.05), showing an excellent concurrent validity. Construct validity showed that all subscales had a high correlation with the total score of the questionnaire and the correlation coefficient was significant (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The Persian version of the OCI-CV has good psychometric characteristics in the clinical sample of youth with OCD.

Psychometric Properties of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version in Iranian Clinical and Community Samples.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) in clinical and community samples. Factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis), validity (convergent/discriminant, and predictive), and reliability (internal consistency, and 4-week retest) of the Persian version of the OCI-CV were investigated in a sample of 391 children and adolescents 7-17years comprised of two groups: a clinical sample of youth with OCD (n = 62), and a community sample (n = 329). Participants completed the OCI-CV, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Similar to the English version of the OCI-CV, the Persian version of the scale demonstrated a stable six-factor structure, good convergent and discriminant validity through its correlations with other specific measures of pediatric psychopathology, acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of OCD, and good reliability in terms of internal consistency and temporal stability. These findings suggest that the OCI-CV is a valid and reliable measure to assess obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in Iranian youth. Findings provide cross cultural support on the utility of OCI-CV as a self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive symptomology.

Obsessive compulsive symptoms severity among children and adolescents during COVID-19 first wave in Israel‏

Several current publications have considered persons with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as particularly vulnerable during the COVID-19 period, and to require more frequent symptom monitoring. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether OCD exacerbated during the first wave of COVID-19 in children and adolescents. Twenty-nine children and adolescents with OCD were evaluated in the midst of the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel (April–May 2020). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), by means of a functional questionnaire and by the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-child version (OCI-CV) questionnaires. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms were not found to have exacerbated during the period investigated, as evident by a lack of change in CGI severity scores and by improvement rather than deterioration among more participants, based on the CGI improvement scores. Additionally, the children and adolescents reported better general functioning during the COVID-19 period and had relatively low scores on the OCI-CV scale. Our findings indicate that Israeli children and adolescents with OCD coped well with COVID-19 during the first two months of the pandemic and mostly did not experience exacerbation of OCS. However, due to the short duration of exposure to the pandemic at the time of the study, social isolation and lockdown might have masked OCS; thus, further longitudinal studies are needed.

Core Motivations of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Role of Harm Avoidance and Incompleteness.

In an effort to improve patient conceptualization and targeted treatment, researchers have sought to accurately classify OCD subtypes. To date, the most common form of OCD classification has used the content of symptom topography as opposed to functional links between symptoms to categorize OCD. The aim of the current study was to explore the associations between these two forms of OCD classification. Participant topographical symptoms were self-reported using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV). Clinicians assessed whether participant symptoms were motivated by harm avoidance and/or incompleteness. Structural equation modeling was employed to explore the associations between harm avoidance and incompleteness and symptom dimensions in youth with OCD. Results showed that harm avoidance was significantly associated with doubting/checking, obsessing, and neutralizing symptoms, whereas incompleteness was associated with doubting/checking, ordering, and neutralizing symptoms. Findings are consistent with child and adult literature and highlight the importance of assessing the underlying function of OC behaviors.

Online Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretation for Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Objective: Numerous children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) either have no access to its main treatment, i.e. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), or fail to respond to it. Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretation (CBMI) is a novel and promising intervention that targets the incorrect interpretation of intrusive thoughts and impulses, i.e. the characteristics of OCD. The present study aimed to determine the effects of CBMI in children with OCD for the first time. Besides, we evaluated the possibility of online implementation of this intervention. Methods: A sample of 35 children with OCD (aged 7-12 years) were randomly assigned to two study groups. The experimental group (n=18) received CBMI and the controls (n=17) received placebo treatment. Interpretation bias and OCD severity were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and 2-month follow-up stages, using the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCICV), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-Child Version (OBQCV), and Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST). The present study results were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Paired Samples t-test. Results: The collected findings demonstrated that after receiving CBMI, children’s propensity to positively interpret ambiguous situations was increased, their tendency towards negative interpretation and OCD severity was also decreased. There was no such significant change in the control group. Furthermore, the effects of CBMI was sustained at the 2-month follow-up step. Conclusion: This study provided preliminary evidence that suggests CBMI is capable of modifying interpretation bias in children with OCD, can reduce the severity of their disorder, and works as an online intervention. This brief and inexpensive intervention could be considered as an auxiliary or standalone treatment for OCD in children.

Brain Functional Connectivity Correlates of Subclinical Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Healthy Children

Commonly observed subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms in healthy children may predispose to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, investigating the underlying neurobiology may be relevant to identify alterations in specific brain circuits potentially accounting for clinical heterogeneity in OCD without the confounding effects of clinical samples. We analyzed the brain correlates of different obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a large group of healthy children using functional connectivity measures. We evaluated 227 healthy children (52% girls; mean [SD] age 9.71 [0.86] years; range, 8-12.1 years). Participants underwent clinical assessment with the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging examination. Total and symptom-specific severity were correlated with voxelwise global functional connectivity degree values. Significant clusters were then used as seeds of interest in seed-to-voxel analyses. Modulating effects of age and sex were also assessed. Global functional connectivity of the left ventral putamen and medial dorsal thalamus correlated negatively with total obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Seed-to-voxel analyses revealed specific negative correlations from these clusters with limbic, sensorimotor, and insular regions in association with obsessing, ordering, and doubt-checking symptoms, respectively. Hoarding symptoms were associated with negative correlations between the left medial dorsal thalamus and a widespread pattern of regions, with such associations modulated by sex and age. Our findings concur with prevailing neurobiological models of OCD on the importance of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical dysfunction to account for symptom severity. Notably, we showed that changes in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical connectivity are present at subclinical stages, which may result in an increased vulnerability for OCD. Moreover, we mapped different symptom dimensions onto specific cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit attributes.

Screening for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version.

The study assessed the ability of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) to detect pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using receiver operating characteristic analyses. The sample consisted of 114 cases with current OCD, 340 cases with other psychiatric disorders (OPD), and 301 healthy controls (HC) ages 7 to 18years. All 755 participants were assessed with two semi-structured interviews and seven rating scales. In a comparison of current OCD cases and all other participants, the optimal OCI-CV cut-score was 11 with an area under the curve (AUC) of .88. In a comparison of current OCD cases and OPD cases, the optimal OCI-CV cut-score was 11 with an AUC of .82. In a comparison of current OCD cases and HC, the optimal OCI-CV cut-score was 10 with an AUC of .94. The results indicate that the OCI-CV provides an effective screen for pediatric OCD using empirically derived cut-scores.

Validity and clinical utility of the obsessive compulsive inventory - child version: further evaluation in clinical samples

BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. Currently, the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) is the only self-report measure that fully captures this symptom heterogeneity in children and adolescents. The psychometric properties of the OCI-CV are promising but evaluations in large clinical samples are few. Further, no studies have examined whether the measure is valid in both younger and older children with OCD and whether scores on the measure are elevated in youths with OCD compared to youths with other mental disorders.MethodsTo address these gaps in the literature, we investigated the psychometric properties and validity of a Swedish version of the OCI-CV in a large clinical sample of youth aged 6–18 years with OCD (n = 434), anxiety disorders (n = 84), and chronic tic disorders (n = 45).ResultsInternal consistency coefficients at the total scale and subscale level were consistent with the English original and in the acceptable range. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed an adequate fit for the original six-factor structure in both younger and older children with OCD. Correlations between total scores on the OCI-CV and the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) were small at pre-treatment (r = 0.19) but large at post-treatment (r = 0.62). Youth with OCD scored higher than those with anxiety and chronic tic disorders, and the OCI-CV was sensitive to symptom change for youth undergoing treatment for OCD.ConclusionsThis Swedish version of the OCI-CV appears to be a valid and reliable measure of the OCD symptom dimensions across age groups and has good clinical utility.

5.46 SCREENING FOR PEDIATRIC OCD USING THE OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE INVENTORY-CHILD VERSION (OCI-CV)

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Child Version (OCI-CV) measures pediatric OCD symptom severity across 6 symptom domains. Because previous studies have not evaluated the OCI-CV using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses in a clinical sample group, this study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the OCI-CV for detecting current OCD in a clinical and community sample group of children and adolescents.

Psychometric evaluation of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) in Iranian clinical and non-clinical samples

IntroductionThe Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) is a widely used clinician-administered instrument developed to overcome the problems with the available instruments for OCD in children. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the CY-BOCS in an Iranian sample. MethodsThe psychometric properties of the CY-BOCS were assessed in clinical samples with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, n=70), with anxiety disorders (n=58) and a non-clinical student sample (n=400). Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Axis I Disorders (SICD-5) by a trained psychiatrist, all participants were administered the CY-BOCS; Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV); Children's Depression Inventory (CDI); and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the optimal threshold scores for CY-BOCS. ResultsThe confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the original two-factor structure was valid in the Iranian sample. The overall and individual subscale scores showed moderate to good internal consistency and convergent validity as well as test-retest reliability. ROC analysis showed the area under the curve to be approximately 92%. For OCD diagnosis in ‘any anxiety disorder’ group, the CY-BOCS demonstrated the best psychometric properties for a cut-off score to be 17, with a sensitivity of 98.5%, specificity of approximately 76%, and positive predictive value (PPV) of about 12%. ConclusionThe Persian version of the CY-BOCS is a valid psychometric indicator for obsessive compulsive disorders with adequate sensitivity and specificity, and high NPV and PPV with an optimum cut-off score of 17 for OCD diagnosis.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Obsessive Compulsive Inventory–Child Version: Factor Structure and Predictive Validity at One-Year Follow-Up in Adolescents

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in adolescents is understudied in Italy. This study evaluated the Italian Obsessive Compulsive Inventory–Child Version (OCI–CV) and its predictive validity on OCD symptoms at 1-year-follow-up, an aspect that was not investigated by previous international research. Use of OCI–CV in schools might enhance early identification of OCD symptoms.

Obsessive Compulsive Inventory - Child Version (OCI-CV): Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, validity and correlates among Nigerian adolescents.

Obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) have not been studied among Nigerian adolescents, despite studies in developed countries reporting that almost 90% of affected adolescents do not receive any treatment. The availability of a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument will serve as an initial step towards the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of Nigerian adolescent obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric characteristics as well as correlates of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory - Child Version (OCI-CV) in a non-clinical sample of Nigerian adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study involving 1017 adolescents who completed the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The model fit of the OCI-CV 6 factors was examined through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was determined by calculating the McDonald's Omega hierarchical (ωh) values while its concurrent validity was examined through correlational analyses. The overall internal consistency of the OCI-CV was 0.96. The indices of fitness obtained on subjecting the 21 items of the OCI-CV to CFA indicated modestly acceptable indices of fitness despite satisfactory item loading on the 6 subscales. Statistically significant correlations were observed between OCI-CV and the other study measures. OCS was reported by 37.8%. The OCI-CV has exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties among Nigerian adolescents.

Defining Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using a Self-Report Scale

This study examined benchmarks of treatment response and clinical remission on the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory–Child Version (OCI-CV) for youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants were 91 youth who enrolled in a randomized controlled trial that examined the benefit of augmenting cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with either d-cycloserine or placebo. Youth completed the OCI-CV at baseline, Week 4 (prior to initiating exposure therapy), and posttreatment. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analyses examined optimal benchmarks for treatment response and clinical remission as identified by independent evaluators at the posttreatment assessment using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales of Improvement (CGI-Improvement), Severity (CGI-Severity), and Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Optimal benchmarks for treatment response were a 20%–25% reduction in the OCI-CV total score. Meanwhile, optimal benchmarks for remission were a 55%–65% reduction in the OCI-CV total score and a posttreatment total score ≤6-8. OCI-CV benchmarks exhibited moderate agreement with the CY-BOCS for treatment response and clinical remission. Meanwhile, fair agreement was observed for response and remission with CGI scales. A lower pretreatment OCI-CV total score was associated with less agreement between classification approaches. Findings provide benchmarks for classifying treatment response and clinical remission in an efficient manner. Given the moderate agreement between the CY-BOCS and OCI-CV benchmarks, the OCI-CV may serve as a useful alternative when clinician-rated scales cannot be administered due to limited resources (e.g., time, training). Thus, evidence-based measurement can be incorporated to monitor therapeutic response and remission in clinical practice.

A Preliminary Investigation of Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Children with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

Cognitive theorists posit that inflated responsibility beliefs contribute to the development of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Salkovskis et al. (1999) proposed that experiencing heightened responsibility, overprotective parents and rigid rules, and thinking one influenced or caused a negative life event act as 'pathways' to the development of inflated responsibility beliefs, thereby increasing risk for OCD. Studies in adults with OCD and non-clinical adolescents support the link between these experiences and responsibility beliefs (Coles et al., 2015; Halvaiepour and Nosratabadi, 2015), but the theory has never been tested in youth with current OCD. We provided an initial test of the theory by Salkovskis et al. (1999) in youth with OCD. We predicted that childhood experiences proposed by Salkovskis et al. (1999) would correlate positively with responsibility and harm beliefs and OCD symptom severity. Twenty youth with OCD (age 9‒16 years) completed a new child-report measure of the experiences hypothesized by Salkovskis et al. (1999), the Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs Scale-Child Version (PIRBS-CV). Youth also completed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-Child Version (Coles et al., 2010) and the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (Foa et al., 2010). Consistent with hypotheses, the PIRBS-CV was significantly related to responsibility and harm beliefs and OCD symptom severity. Results provide initial support for the theory proposed by Salkovskis et al. (1999) as applied to youth with OCD. Future studies are needed to further assess the model in early-onset OCD.