Laboratory Observations Research Articles

Identification of Social Status through Grave Goods Using a Biocultural Approach in Interpreting the Alpine Context of Borca Di Cadore, Belluno, Veneto, Italy (18th–19th Centuries)

The cemetery of the Church of Santi Simone e Giuda in Borca di Cadore (Belluno province, Veneto region, Italy) was excavated between 2021 and 2023 as part of an archaeological intervention. The excavation area yielded a total of 21 graves dating back to the 18th–19th century; this was intriguing due to the presence of grave goods and taphonomic indicators that allowed these burials to be interpreted as clothed burials. This contribution examines 14 of the 21 graves, representing the available sample considering preservation conditions. Fieldwork was carried out through close synergy between archaeological and anthropological methodologies, involving careful excavation to verify funerary rituals through taphonomic data analysis. Anthropological methods were applied to determine the biological profile of the individuals, while aspects related to their health status were investigated through paleopathological analyses. Data obtained from field and laboratory observations were cross-referenced with historical and anthropological-cultural data from bibliographic and archival research. Reconstructing the social status of the deceased within the burial context is crucial for understanding the social and cultural dynamics of past populations, achievable only through a biocultural approach integrating information from archaeology, cultural anthropology, and bioarchaeology. Modern burial contexts offer privileged realities due to abundant historical and anthropological-cultural documentation, allowing for a more precise contextualization of bioarchaeological findings with significant support from documentary sources. Studies applied to these periods closer to the present enable the continuous refinement of an investigative method attentive to the synergy of different aspects of biocultural research, enhancing the importance of this approach in reconstructing the life histories of populations.

Bio Efficacy of Fungicides against the Wheat Head Blight Causing Fungus, Fusarium graminearum

Background: Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a significant threat to global wheat production. It results in extensive yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. This study aims to evaluate various fungicides in vitro to determine their effectiveness in controlling FHB. Through a comprehensive analysis of the fungicides’ in vitro efficacy against F. graminearum, this research endeavours to establish a connection between laboratory observations and real-world field applications. Methods: The current investigation was conducted in the Plant Pathology laboratory of CSKHPKV, Palampur, during 2021-2022, wherein, nine fungicides viz., trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo 75WG), carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP (SAAF), difenoconazole 25 EC (Score), carbendazim 50 WP (Bavistin), Propiconazole 25 EC (Tilt), tebuconazole 250 EC (Folicur), mancozeb 75WP (Indofil), copper oxychloride 50 WP (Blitox) and carboxin 37.5% +thiram 37.5% WS (Vitavax power) were evaluated at different concentrations against F. graminearum. In the in vitro assay, F. graminearum was subjected to varying concentrations of fungicides, ranging from low to high, to determine their inhibitory effects on the growth of mycelia, which are thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of fungi. The assay involved carefully monitoring the development of F. graminearum under different conditions to obtain accurate results. Result: The study’s results revealed that carbendazim 50 WP, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG, and tebuconazole 250 EC at concentrations of 100 ppm or higher were the most effective in inhibiting the growth of mycelium. The varying degrees of effectiveness among the fungicides tested indicate that F. graminearum responds differently to various chemical treatments. The findings from this in vitro evaluation will provide valuable data for the ongoing efforts to develop effective and sustainable fungicide-based strategies to combat Fusarium head blight in wheat crops.

Assessing the significance of leaf chlorophyll content for measuring the vegetation health in mangrove species along the Kerala Coast, India – A multi-proxy approach

This study aimed to estimate the chlorophyll content of mangrove species distributed along the Kerala coast of India, and also to address the critical issue of assessing the health of these ecosystems. We identified 16 mangrove species and estimated their chlorophyll concentration levels through a combination of field reconnaissance, in situ radiometric measurements at 218 locations, and UV spectrophotometric (ultraviolet–visible) analysis in the laboratory, and estimated the vegetation health from spectral indices using IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) Resourcesat LISS-IV (Linear Imaging and Self-Scanning Sensor) satellite imagery. This study revealed that the dominant species in Kerala are Avicennia officinalis, A. marina, Rhizophora mucronata and Excoecaria agallocha, whereas, Bruguiera sexangula is sparsely spread. Approximately 14 % of the mangrove cover along the Kerala coast is under stress due to various factors, including climate change and anthropogenic influences. Significantly, two of the 16 species, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora appiculata appeared relatively healthy, with average chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) values of 311.89±40.13 µmol/m2 and 553.42±23.24 µmol/m2, respectively. However, other dominant species Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, and Excoecaria agallocha exhibited average CCI values of 582.35±147.61, 611.7±104.58, and 559.04±141.13 respectively, and seemed to be under stress, calling for serious conservation measures. Our study also revealed the potential of cost-effective IRS LISS-IV imagery for identifying mangrove species and for estimating the chlorophyll concentration and plant vigour together with field and laboratory observations and measurements.

Prototype-scale laboratory observations of wave force reduction by an idealized mangrove forest of moderate cross-shore width

A prototype-scale physical model was used to study wave height attenuation through an idealized mangrove forest and the resulting reduction of wave forces and pressures on a vertical wall. An 18 m transect of a Rhizophora forest was constructed using artificial trees, considering a baseline and two mangrove stem density configurations. Wave heights seaward, throughout, and shoreward of the forest and pressures on a vertical wall landward of the forest were measured. Mangroves reduced wave-induced forces by 4%–43% for random waves and 2%–38% for regular waves. For nonbreaking wave cases, the shape of the pressure distribution was consistent, implying that the presence of the forest did not change wave-structure interaction processes. Analytical methods for determining nonbreaking wave-induced loads provided good estimations of measured values when attenuated wave heights were used in equations. The ratio of negative to positive force ranged between 0.14 and 1.04 for regular waves and 0.31 to 1.19 for random waves, indicating that seaward forces can be significant and may contribute to destabilization of seawalls during large storms. These results improve the understanding of wave-vegetation-structure interaction and inform future engineering guidelines for calculating expected design load reductions on structures sheltered by emergent vegetation.

Laboratory observations for examining estimates of soil dry surface layer thickness with parsimonious models

ABSTRACT Soil dry surface layer (DSL) thickness is often considered a key parameter for land surface resistance to gas exchange. Commonly used, simple models for DSL thickness are typically empirical in nature and based on limited observational evidence. Laboratory experiments were performed to test soil condition and boundary effects on DSL formation. DSL thickness was analyzed in soil columns with varying texture, initial water content, and potential evaporation rate. DSLs formed to greater depth in fine-textured compared to coarse-textured soils, when beginning from similar initial water content. Based on experiments, we compared a simple but physically-based mass balance DSL model to an empirical DSL model from the literature. The mass balance model performed better than the empirical relative-wetness-based model, and is similar in structure to the current DSL parameterization in the Community Land Model. Results suggest soil resistance parameterizations can be improved by employing simple, but texture-dependent, physically-based DSL formulations.

Upland Yedoma taliks are an unpredicted source of atmospheric methane

Landscape drying associated with permafrost thaw is expected to enhance microbial methane oxidation in arctic soils. Here we show that ice-rich, Yedoma permafrost deposits, comprising a disproportionately large fraction of pan-arctic soil carbon, present an alternate trajectory. Field and laboratory observations indicate that talik (perennially thawed soils in permafrost) development in unsaturated Yedoma uplands leads to unexpectedly large methane emissions (35–78 mg m−2 d−1 summer, 150–180 mg m−2 d−1 winter). Upland Yedoma talik emissions were nearly three times higher annually than northern-wetland emissions on an areal basis. Approximately 70% emissions occurred in winter, when surface-soil freezing abated methanotrophy, enhancing methane escape from the talik. Remote sensing and numerical modeling indicate the potential for widespread upland talik formation across the pan-arctic Yedoma domain during the 21st and 22nd centuries. Contrary to current climate model predictions, these findings imply a positive and much larger permafrost-methane-climate feedback for upland Yedoma.

The emission of CO from tropical rainforest soils

Abstract. Soil carbon monoxide (CO) fluxes represent a net balance between biological soil CO uptake and abiotic soil and (senescent) plant CO production. Studies largely from temperate and boreal forests indicate that soils serve as a net sink for CO, but uncertainty remains about the role of tropical rainforest soils to date. Here we report the first direct measurements of soil CO fluxes in a tropical rainforest and compare them with estimates of net ecosystem CO fluxes derived from accumulation of CO at night under stable atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, we used laboratory experiments to demonstrate the importance of temperature on net soil CO fluxes. Net soil surface CO fluxes ranged from −0.19 to 3.36 nmol m−2 s−1, averaging ∼1 nmol CO m−2 s−1. Fluxes varied with season and topographic location, with the highest fluxes measured in the dry season in a seasonally inundated valley. Ecosystem CO fluxes estimated from nocturnal canopy air profiles, which showed CO mixing ratios that consistently decreased with height, ranged between 0.3 and 2.0 nmol CO m−2 s−1. A canopy layer budget method, using the nocturnal increase in CO, estimated similar flux magnitudes (1.1 to 2.3 nmol CO m−2 s−1). In the wet season, a greater valley ecosystem CO production was observed in comparison to measured soil valley CO fluxes, suggesting a contribution of the valley stream to overall CO emissions. Laboratory incubations demonstrated a clear increase in CO production with temperature that was also observed in field fluxes, though high correlations between soil temperature and moisture limit our ability to interpret the field relationship. At a common temperature (25 °C), expected plateau and valley senescent-leaf CO production was small (0.012 and 0.002 nmol CO m−2 s−1) in comparison to expected soil material CO emissions (∼ 0.9 nmol CO m−2 s−1). Based on our field and laboratory observations, we expect that tropical rainforest ecosystems are a net source of CO, with thermal-degradation-induced soil emissions likely being the main contributor to ecosystem CO emissions. Extrapolating our first observation-based tropical rainforest soil emission estimate of ∼ 1 nmol m−2 s−1, global tropical rainforest soil emissions of ∼ 16.0 Tg CO yr−1 are estimated. Nevertheless, total ecosystem CO emissions might be higher, since valley streams and inundated areas might represent local CO emission hot spots. To further improve tropical forest ecosystem CO emission estimates, more in situ tropical forest soil and ecosystem CO flux measurements are essential.

Analyze QRF model for soil organic carbon map building with digital soil mapping (case study: Sumatra island and Java island)

Abstract In the current era of global warming, soil organic content is one of the most important soil properties. The goal of the entire globe is for carbon neutrality to be achieved and regularly assessed. It is hoped that a dynamic, quick and effective soil organic carbon mapping method will be able to distribute the presence of soil organic carbon to support calculations for changes in carbon stocks and carbon sequestration so that carbon neutrality can be achieved. Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) recently has become the ultimate framework for accurately representing spatial distribution based on its quantitative result and uncertainty analysis. These advantages allow DSM to be replicated uniquely in each mapped area. Digital soil mapping requires input in the form of laboratory and field observation results that are spatially modeled using machine learning techniques. Field observations and laboratory data for Sumatra and Java Island from the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Standard Testing (1970-2022) were used in this study, and the results were modeled using Quantile Regression Forests (QRF) in the R Software. Evaluation results from this model with 5738 observation points covering a 47.3 million-hectare-sized island of Sumatra and 3398 observation points covering a 12.8 million-hectare-sized island of Java show an RMSE value of 0.78 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.31 for Sumatra Island and RMSE value of 0.68 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.71 for Java Island. These findings indicate that the neighborhoods for the organic carbon content on the islands of Sumatra and Java differ quite noticeably. This may be due to the relatively wide range in some soils in the Sumatra region, which are peat soils with relatively high carbon content values compared to regions in Java where mineral soils predominate. In conclusion, the evaluation results for digital mapping with the QRF model for soil organic carbon content in Indonesia referring to these 2 large islands show good results with sufficient coefficients of determination in mineral soil areas and there is a need a different modeling approach in areas where peat soil predominates.

Frictional Properties of Feldspar‐Chlorite Gouges and Implications for Fault Reactivation in Hydrothermal Systems

AbstractAs a particularly common mineral in granites, the presence of feldspar and feldspar‐chlorite gouges at hydrothermal conditions has important implications in fault strength and reactivation. We present laboratory observations of frictional strength and stability of feldspar (K‐feldspar and albite) and feldspar‐chlorite gouges under conditions representative of deep geothermal reservoirs to evaluate the impact on fault stability. Velocity‐stepping experiments are performed at a confining stress of 95 MPa, pore pressures of 35–90 MPa, and temperatures of 120–400°C representative of in situ conditions for such reservoirs. Our experiment results indicate that the feldspar gouge exhibits strong friction (μ ∼ 0.71) at all experimental temperatures (∼120–400°C) but when T > 120°C, the frictional response transitions from velocity‐strengthening to slightly velocity‐weakening. At constant confining pressure and temperature, increasing the pore pressure increases the friction coefficient (∼0.70–0.85) and the gouge remains slightly velocity weakening. The presence of alteration‐sourced chlorite leads to a transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening in the mixed gouge at experimental temperatures and pore pressures. As a ubiquitous mineral in reservoir rocks, feldspar is shown to potentially contribute to unstable sliding over ranges in temperature and pressure typical in deep hydrothermal reservoirs. These findings emphasize that feldspar minerals may increase the potential for injection‐induced seismicity on pre‐existing faults if devoid of chloritization.

Методика проведения агротехнических исследований в опытах с кукурузой

There are stated methodic peculiarities of observations in field experiments with corn. There are presented observations and accounts in field experiments with corn by following indicators: plant structure, growth, and development; phenology and biometrics; diagnostics of mineral nutrition of corn; elements of yield structure; analytic observations in laboratory; yield account and the calculation of the nutrients consumption, protein yield. The article is based on a published book “Methodology of agricultural and technical investigations in experiments with main field crops” by Lukomets V.M., Tishkov N.M., and Semerenko S.A. (Krasnodar, 2022).

Методика проведения агротехнических исследований в опытах с сахарной свёклой

There are stated methodic peculiarities of observations and accounts in field experiments with sugar beet. There are presented plant structure, growth, and development; necessary observations and accounts by following indicators: phenology and biometrics; elements of yield structure; analytic observations in laboratory; yield account and the calculation of the consumption of nutrients. The article is based on a published book “Methodology of agricultural and technical investigations in experiments with main field crops” by Lukomets V.M., Tishkov N.M., and Semerenko S.A. (Krasnodar, 2022).

Pre-Failure Strain Localization in Siliclastic Rocks: A Comparative Study of Laboratory and Numerical Approaches

We combined novel laboratory techniques and numerical modeling to investigate (a)seismic preparatory processes associated with deformation localization during a triaxial failure test on a dry sample of Berea sandstone. Laboratory observations were quantified by measuring strain localization on the sample surface with a distributed strain sensing (DSS) array, utilizing optical fibers, in conjunction with both passive and active acoustic emission (AE) techniques. A physics-based computational model was subsequently employed to understand the underlying physics of these observations and to establish a spatio-temporal correlation between the laboratory and modeling results. These simulations revealed three distinct stages of preparatory processes: (i) highly dissipative fronts propagated towards the middle of the sample correlating with the observed acoustic emission locations; (ii) dissipative regions were individuated in the middle of the sample and could be linked to a discernible decrease of the P-wave velocities; (iii) a system of conjugate bands formed, coalesced into a single band that grew from the center towards the sample surface and was interpreted to be representative for the preparation of a weak plane. Dilatative lobes at the process zones of the weak plane extended outwards and grew to the surface, causing strain localization and an acceleration of the simulated deformation prior to failure. This was also observed during the experiment with the strain rate measurements and spatio-temporally correlated with an increase of the seismicity rate in a similar rock volume. The combined approach of such laboratory and numerical techniques provides an enriched view of (a)seismic preparatory processes preceding the mainshock.

Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Incidence of Enteropathogenic Bacteria, Virus, and Parasites in Denmark: A National, Register-Based Study.

Diarrheal diseases caused by enteric pathogens are a significant public health concern. It is widely considered that close contact between persons, poor hygiene, and consumption of contaminated food are the primary causes of gastroenteritis. Clinical microbiology laboratory observations indicate that the incidence of enteropathogenic microorganisms may have been reduced in Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. All Departments of Clinical Microbiology in Denmark provided data on the monthly incidence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Clostridioides difficile, Norovirus GI+GII, Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium from March 2018 to February 2021. The data were divided into three periods as follows: Control Period 1 (March 2018 to February 2019); Control Period 2 (March 2019 to February 2020); and the Restriction (pandemic) Period (March 2020 to February 2021). The incidences of pathogenic Salmonella spp.-, Escherichia coli-, and Campylobacter spp.-positive samples decreased by 57.3%, 48.1%, and 32.9%, respectively, during the restriction period. No decrease in C. difficile was observed. Norovirus GI+GII-positive samples decreased by 85.6%. Giardia duodenalis-positive samples decreased by 66.2%. Cryptosporidium species decreased by 59.6%. This study demonstrates a clear decrease in the incidence of enteropathogenic bacteria (except for C. difficile), viruses, and parasites during the SARS-CoV-2 restriction period in Denmark.

Wave height distribution for plunging breakers induced by air bubbles

This study highlights the wave height distributions based on plunging breaking waves and air bubble effects in the surf zone. Wave height distributions predicted previously by different models have been reformulated in terms of air bubble effects. Some of the most commonly applied wave height distributions are judged using laboratory observations in a custom-built wave flume. Results have revealed a notable deviation from the Rayleigh distribution, with the proposed model demonstrating a closer match to experimental data, particularly for larger wave heights. Probability densities of larger wave heights are reduced significantly by entrained air bubbles, leading to measured wave heights below Rayleigh distribution predictions. In addition, the different wave height parameters derived from the proposed model exhibited good agreement with laboratory data compared to the Rayleigh distribution. Furthermore, theoretical analysis shows the scale parameter's dependence on the decay coefficient, aligning well with measurements and simplifying the proposed distribution to a one-parameter model. Again, based on the error analysis, the proposed model's results show good performance compared to others.

Media Alternatif Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Sebagai Pengganti Media SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) Untuk Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida albicans

High humidity in Indonesia, which is considered a tropical country, encourages the growth of various types of microorganisms. Fungi are one type of microorganism that thrives in Indonesia. This fungus can infect its host causing a disease known as candidiasis when it grows too quickly in response to physiological changes or decreased immunity. Candida albicans and other fungi are able to thrive on a synthetic medium called Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium. This medium is only available in some locations and is rather expensive. Red kidney beans as an alternative are used to replace SDA media. Fungal growth is aided by the nutrients found in kidney beans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not boiled water derived from red beans could be an alternative medium for planting Candida albicans fungi. This kind of descriptive research was conducted in a pre-experimental laboratory observation using the fungus Candida albicans as a parameter and kidney beans as a substrate. Candida albicans fungi can be grown using red bean juice media which is an alternative to SDA media. However, in red bean media, Candida albicans fungi have a smaller size than SDA media. Which is the only macroscopic difference between the two types of fungal colonies. Even so, the small characteristics remain the same. Keywords: Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Red beans, Candida albicans

A modified viscous flow law for natural glacier ice: Scaling from laboratories to ice sheets

Glacier flow modulates sea level and is governed largely by the viscous deformation of ice. Multiple molecular-scale mechanisms facilitate viscous deformation, but it remains unclear how each contributes to glacier-scale deformation. Here, we present a model of ice deformation that bridges laboratory and glacier scales, unifies existing estimates of the viscous parameters, and provides a framework for estimating the parameters from observations and incorporating flow laws derived from laboratory observations into glacier-flow models. Our results yield a map of the dominant deformation mechanisms in the Antarctic Ice Sheet, showing that, contrary to long-standing assumptions, dislocation creep, characterized by a value of the stress exponent [Formula: see text], likely dominates in all fast-flowing areas. This increase from the canonical value of [Formula: see text] dramatically alters the climate conditions under which marine ice sheets may become unstable and drive rapid rates of sea-level rise.

Методика проведения агротехнических исследований в опытах с озимой пшеницей

There are stated methodic peculiarities of investigations in experiments with winter wheat. There are presented plant structure, growth, and development; observations and accounts in the field experiments by following indicators: phenology and biometrics; the diagnostic of mineral nutrition for winter wheat; the determination of elements of yield structure; analytic observations in laboratory; yield account and the calculation of the consumption of nutrients, protein yields. The article is based on a published book “Methodology of agricultural and technical investigations in experiments with field crops” by Lukomets V.M., Tishkov N.M., and Semerenko S.A. (Krasnodar, 2022).

Improving the technology of spelled cultivation in the central part of the North Caucasus conditions

The purpose of the study. The main goal of the research was the optimization of technological methods for the cultivation of promising spelled varieties in the conditions of the Central part of the North Caucasus. Spelled is a grain crop with high quality indicators. Research methods for studying spelled varieties were carried out in 2020–2022 on the experimental field of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic at the University of Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, the nitrogen content in the soil was 0.12%, phosphorus 0.10% in a 30 cm soil layer, respectively. The scientific novelty of the research is represented by the fact that for the first time for the mountainous zone of the Central part of the North Caucasus, recommendations were given on the cultivation of promising spelled varieties, as well as cultivation technologies for high productivity. As a result, the harvest of spelled increased by 20%. This variety differs from the standard variety in high productivity parameters, as well as well-developed spikelets. For example, for wheat, the mass of 1000 seeds are taken into account, and for spelled, the total mass of spikelets, that is, five hundred spikelets contain a thousand grains. According to the morphological features, spelled bushes well and gives a good harvest during the harvesting process. This feature shows the high productivity of the plant, the weight in five hundred spikelets’ is 40 grams. To eliminate possible adverse effects when sowing spelled grain, it was decided to compare varieties for the selection of the most productive ones that form high-quality grain, as well as to the cultivation technology and the environment, as well as to compare the Yantara variety with the control. In the course of the experiments, regardless of precipitation and weather conditions, spelled formed a high yield, which, of course, is an important factor in yield. Thus, the work performed corresponds to the subject of the research work carried out in the field, as well as laboratory experiments, observation and analysis of the studies carried out corresponds to that set out in the article.

Numerical simulation of flow over short crested weirs - case study: Quarter-circular crested weir

In this study, the flow characteristics over a quarter-circular crested spillway (QCCS) were investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations included an in-depth analysis of parameters such as flow velocity, pressure distribution, and streamline patterns. The RNG turbulence model was used to simulate the flow field and hydraulic characteristics. In particular, the simulations were performed at the design discharge. The numerical results were carefully compared with laboratory observations, showing that there is good agreement between the simulated results and the observed data. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the streamlines are completely in line with the curvature of the crest and that there is no separation zone (separation of the streamlines from the surface of the crest). furthermore, there is no negative pressure zone along the crest, which means that the risk of cavitation is eliminated. The highest value of velocity and the lowest pressure of flow occur at the outlet end of the crest.

MODIFIKASI DINDING BUBU LIPAT UNTUK MELOLOSKAN RAJUNGAN YANG BELUM LAYAK TANGKAP

Increasing of fishing pressure poses a serious threat to the sustainability of blue swimminng crab resources. Trap design modifications are needed to improve size selectivity and to release under size crabs. This study aimed to determine the type of wall modification of collapsible trap that is effective in excluding under size blue swimming crab. Laboratory observations were conducted using four escape vents treatments and three different mesh sizes. The escape gap used are rectangular, square, circular and oval respectively. Moreover, the mesh sizes used are 2.0 inches, 2.5 inches and 3.0 inches. Descriptive analysis and scoring were used to determine the most effective type of wall trap modification to be used in the blue swimming crab fishing. The results showed that the rectangular escape gap has better effectiveness than other shapes with the percentage of crabs that pass through at 86.7%. The wall modification using a 3.0-inch mesh size had better performance than the other modification types with a total score of 19. Collapsible trap with a 3.0-inch mesh wall was able to escape 86.7% of the crabs with an escape time of only 11.2 seconds and an average escaped crab carapace width of 78 mm. Keywords: Collapsible trap, escape gap, environmentaly-frendly fisheries, mesh size of trap wall