Observation Points Research Articles

Implications of Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistics for Improved Environmental Regulation in the Irtysh River Basin (Kazakhstan)

The selection of sites for permanent environmental monitoring of natural water bodies should rely on corresponding source apportionment studies. Tools like the water quality index (WQI) assessment may support this objective. This study aims to analyze a decade-long dataset of measurements of 26 chemical components at 26 observation points within the Irtysh River Basin, aiming to identify priority zones for stricter environmental regulations. It was achieved through the WQI tool integrated with geoinformation systems (GISs) and multivariate statistical techniques. The findings highlighted that both upstream sections of tributaries (Oba and Bukhtarma rivers) and the mainstream of the basin are generally in good condition, with slight fluctuations observed during flooding periods. Areas in the basin experiencing significant impacts from mining and domestic wastewater treatment activities were identified. The rivers Glubochanka (GL) and Krasnoyarka (KR) consistently experienced marginal water quality throughout the observation period. Various contaminant sources were found to influence water quality. The impact of domestic wastewater treatment facilities was represented by twofold elevated concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, reaching 22.6 and 27.1 mg/L for the KR and GL rivers, respectively. Natural factors were indicated by consistent slight exceedings of recommended calcium levels at the KR and GL rivers. These exceedances were most pronounced during the cold seasons, with an average value equal to 96 mg/L. Mining operations introduced extremal concentrations of trace elements like copper, reaching 0.046–0.051 mg/L, which is higher than the threshold by 12–13 times; zinc, which peaked at 1.57–2.96 mg/L, exceeding the set limit by almost 50–100 times; and cadmium, peaking at levels surpassing 1000 times the safe limit, reaching 0.8 mg/L. The adverse impact of mining activities was evident in the Tikhaya, Ulba, and Breksa rivers, showing similar trends in trace element concentrations. Seasonal effects were also investigated. Ice cover formation during cold seasons led to oxygen depletion and the exclusion of pollutants into the stream when ice melted, worsening water quality. Conversely, flooding events led to contaminant dilution, partially improving the WQI during flood seasons. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that local natural processes, mining activities, and domestic wastewater discharge were the predominant influences on water quality within the study area. These findings can serve as a basis for enhanced environmental regulation in light of updated ecological legislation in Kazakhstan, advocating for the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring network and the reinforcement of requirements governing contaminating activities.

Global Environmental Constraints on Magnetic Reconnection at the Magnetopause From In Situ Measurements

AbstractProgress in locating the X‐line on the magnetopause beyond the atypical due south interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) condition is hampered by the fact that the global plasma and field spatial distributions constraining where reconnection could develop on the magnetopause are poorly known. This work presents global maps of the magnetic shear, current density and reconnection rate, on the global dayside magnetopause, reconstructed from two decades of measurements from Cluster, Double Star, THEMIS and MMS missions. These maps, generated for various IMF and dipole tilt angles, offer a unique comparison point for models and observations. The magnetic shear obtained from vacuum magnetostatic draping is shown to be inconsistent with observed shear maps for IMF cone angles in 12.5° ± 2.5° ≤ |θco| ≤ 45° ± 5°. Modeled maximum magnetic shear lines fail to incline toward the equator as the IMF clock angle increases, in contrast to those from observations and MHD models. Reconnection rate and current density maps are closer together than they are from the shear maps, but this similarity vanishes for increasingly radial IMF orientations. The X‐lines maximizing the magnetic shear are the only ones to sharply turns toward and follow the anti‐parallel ridge at high latitude. We show the behavior of X‐lines with varying IMF clock and dipole tilt angles to be different as the IMF cone angle varies. Finally, we discuss a fundamental disagreement between X‐lines maximizing a given quantity on the magnetopause and predictions of local X‐line orientations.

Space Alpha Particle Fluxes Towards the Earth Increase Human Mortality. Is It Possible an Intervention of Non-Human Intelligence?

In the present work, a dangerous phenomenon for mankind is described, increasing mortality, mainly from the most deadly diseases on the planet – circulatory diseases, in particular ischemic heart diseases. In the joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics sources EUROSTAT and US medical statistics, it became clear that, by some mechanism, flows of positively charged particles with high energy entering the Earth's orbit increase human mortality, mainly from diseases of the circulatory system, but also from diseases of many other organs and systems of the human body. The circulatory disease mortality increase as a result of said alpha radiation is by an average of 5% to 15% in a zone of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. A hypothetical mechanism based on observational evidence has been proposed, according to which this dangerous phenomenon is due to solar alpha particles of high energy sufficient to overcome the resistance of the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface in a limited area of maximum death impact. The impact is most often short-lasting – for minutes, hours, or sometimes a few days. In the area with maximum risk, alpha particles have a detrimental effect on the human body. The area with maximum risk is limited in area and in time by two conditions 1. the path of the particles through the atmosphere to the Earth's surface is as short as possible (during the local culmination of the Sun, local noon) and 2. the direction of the incoming alpha particles coincides with the direction of the vector of geomagnetic induction at the point of maximum risk, where alpha particles are not affected by the deflecting force of the geomagnetic field. Such a coincidence between the culmination of the Sun, which changes during the year, and the direction of the geomagnetic induction vector, which is unchanged for a given point of observation, occurs twice a year for points with a geographical latitude of 30° – 50° N. Examples are given confirming the proposed mechanism of action. In the second part of the study, attention is paid to the nature of alpha particle streams reaching the Earth's orbit. In addition to those emitted by the Sun as a result of natural processes, there are also series of pulses lasting less than 5 minutes, with strict periodicity in the series day or week, with the same moment of registration of the pulses and coincidence of the pulses in the series by magnitude over extended time intervals, sometimes over the lifetime of the series from months to years. The alpha particles from each pulse in the series bombard the Earth's surface always in the same place. There are many such series, differing in time of recording and period, each of which is focused on a certain region of the Earth's surface. Such are, in particular, the series of pulses affecting the territory of the USA, Europe, and Central Asia. There is statistical confirmation in the US health statistics that the series of pulses affecting the country cause an increase in the mortality of ischemic heart disease by up to 5%. The lack of free access to detailed statistics on the cases of death in the other countries affected by the phenomenon does not allow a conclusion of the impact of the series of pulses of alpha particles on the health of their inhabitants. The strange characteristics of the mentioned series of pulses of alpha particles do not exclude the hypothesis that they are artificially generated from a non-human mind. The level of technological development of human civilization does not imply the possibility for it to generate such large-scale processes as the series of pulses of alpha particles, i.e. the highly developed non-human mind that generates them has nothing to do with human civilization. The series of pulses may be navigational signals causing unwitting casualties to humanity, but they may also be a form of murderous contact with a higher civilization that we have long sought, expecting only benefits after its realization, not suspecting that we live in this nightmarish contact indefinitely.

Vocabulary Development and Kinship Level of Javanese Dialect: Dialect Geography Studies

This study aims to explore the extent of vocabulary and kinship changes in Javanese dialects in Yogyakarta Special Region between 2019 and 2023. Data tapping was conducted at a number of observation points, namely in the villages of Kebonrejo (Kulonprogo), Pakem Binangun (Sleman), Segoroyoso (Bantul), Planjan (Gunungkidul), and Ngringin (Gunungkidul). The data were obtained using the basic Morris Swadesh vocabulary, the universal vocabulary of the world's languages. By looking at the data obtained from the same observation points in 2019 and 2023, it is possible to compare the vocabulary developed in Javanese dialects. From the data comparison, it is also possible to compare the level of kinship between dialects to see if there is a shift in their status from different speech, subdialect, dialect, or language. The data were obtained by tapping method with recording and note-taking techniques, then analyzed by comparison, introspection, and dialectometry methods, and presented by formal methods in the form of tables and figures and informal methods in the form of ordinary narratives. The results show changes in vocabulary and kinship levels caused by internal elements, namely vocabulary development, heterogloss, and dialectometry, and external language, namely factors of dialect supporting communities, dialect area development, and the Covid-19 pandemic.

Improving the estimation of direct release rates and transport processes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident using higher-resolution oceanic dispersion model

A series of accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (F1NPS), following the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, resulted in the release of radioactive substances into the ocean. In particular, the release of large amounts of radioactive caesium has damaged the fishing industry, leading to voluntary restrictions on fishing and shipping. Oceanic dispersion simulations based on estimates of the pathways and fluxes of radioactive materials provide useful information for assessing the environmental impacts and formulating measures to mitigate the effects of the accident. For the direct release rate from the F1NPS site, an estimation method was developed using the results from nearby monitoring, and the seawater exchange rate was estimated in target volume using a numerical simulation. However, the influence of volume on the seawater exchange rate was not considered. Appropriate volumes must be considered when estimating the effects of future accidents. In addition, the directional coastal transport was underestimated in the simulations of the F1NPS accident because of the low resolution. To estimate the pathways and fluxes of radioactive material to the ocean and understand the distribution of the concentration of radioactive material based on ocean dispersion simulations, a study was conducted using a higher-resolution model. The horizontal resolution of the conventional ocean dispersion model Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), was increased from 1 km to 200 m. The optimal settings of the seawater exchange rate were investigated, and the radioactive caesium transport process in the coastal direction was more accurately reflected. We found that the conventional volume for determining the seawater exchange rate, including the locations of release sources and observation points, is optimal. The validity of this finding was confirmed using experimental equations from previous oceanic tracer release experiments. To estimate future release rates, it an appropriate volume must be defined, for example, depending on the distance between the locations of the release sources and the observation point. In addition, improvements in the accuracy of the simulation of the coastal transport process were observed owing to the higher resolution, which increased reproducibility. However, with a horizontal resolution of 200 m, problems with repeatability near the harbours arose. A higher resolution, achieved using nesting or other methods, would be desirable to deal with releases smaller than those in the F1NPS accident.

Ray tracing through absorbing dielectric media in the Schwarzschild spacetime

Abstract General Relativity describes the trajectories of light-rays through curved spacetime near a massive object. In addition to gravitational lensing, we include an absorbing dielectric medium given by a complex refractive index known as the Drude model. When absorption is included the eikonal becomes complex, with the imaginary part related to the absorption along a ray between emission and observation points. We extend results from the literature to include dispersion in the index of refraction. The complex Hamiltonian splits into a real part that describes the equations of motion and a constraint equation that governs the momentum loss in the system. We work in coordinates which are fully real, with a real metric in physical spacetime. We assume the dust and plasma distributions of the Drude matter to coincide and vary as a power-law $1/r^h$. We find that transmission requires $h>1$, otherwise exponential absorption occurs along ray paths. We use ray-tracing through strongly absorbing matter near the surface of the compact star, as well as specializing to a point-lens in the weak-field limit with weakly absorbing matter to generate potentially observable light curves for distant observers. In the appropriate limits, our theory reproduces results from the literature.

Hybrid algorithms for SAR matrix compression and the impact of post-processing on SAR calculation complexity.

This study proposes faster virtual observation point (VOP) compression as well as post-processing algorithms for specific absorption rate (SAR) matrix compression. Furthermore, it shows the relation between the number of channels and the computational burden for VOP-based SAR calculation. The proposed new algorithms combine the respective benefits of two different criteria for determining upper boundedness of SAR matrices by the VOPs. Comparisons of the old and new algorithms are performed for head coil arrays with various channel counts. The new post-processing algorithm is used to post-process the VOP sets of nine arrays, and the number of VOPs for a fixed median relative overestimation is compared. The new algorithms are faster than the old algorithms by a factor of two to more than 10. The compression efficiency (number of VOPs relative to initial number of SAR matrices) is identical. For a fixed median relative overestimation, the number of VOPs increases logarithmically with the number of RF coil channels when post-processing is applied. The new algorithms are much faster than previous algorithms. Post-processing is very beneficial for online SAR supervision of MRI systems with high channel counts, since for a given number of VOPs the relative SAR overestimation can be lowered.

Comparative study of different dosages of grain-sized moxibustion on uterine artery blood flow in patients with cold and dampness primary dysmenorrhea.

To observe the differences in the effects of different dosages of grain-sized moxibustion on uterine artery blood flow in patients with cold and dampness primary dysmenorrhea (PD). A total of 60 patients with PD were randomly divided into 3 groups with 20 cases in each group. Acupoints Sanyinjiao (SP6), Diji (SP8) and Xuehai (SP10) were selected in all the 3 groups, and different dosages of grain-sized moxibustion were used (3 moxa cones, 6 moxa cones, 9 moxa cones) respectively. Treatment started 7 days before menstruation for 3 times, lasting for a total of 3 menstrual cycles. The values of uterine artery blood flow parameters including pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) were recorded before and after treatment. The visual analog scale (VAS) score and cox menstrual symptom scale (CMSS) score (including severity ［CMSS-S］ and time of duration ［CMSS-T］) were evaluated before treatment, at the end of each menstrual cycle, and one menstrual cycle after treatment. The values of uterine artery blood flow parameters (PI, RI, S/D) after treatment in the 9 moxa cones group were lower than those before treatment, as well as lower than those in the 3 and 6 moxa cones groups after treatment (P<0.05). The VAS scores of the 3 moxa cones group were lower than those before treatment in the first and second cycle (P<0.05). The VAS scores of the 6 and 9 moxa cones groups were lower than those before treatment at each observation point (P<0.05), and were lower than those of the 3 moxa cones group in the third cycle of treatment and follow-up period (P<0.05). And the VAS score of the 9 moxa cones group was lower than that of the 6 moxa cones group during the follow-up period (P<0.05). Compared with the scores before treatment, the CMSS-T scores at each observation point after treatment were lower in the 9 moxa cones group (P<0.05)；the CMSS-T scores in the second and third cycle after treatment, and follow-up period were lower in the 6 moxa cones group (P<0.05), with the CMSS-S scores in the second and third cycle after treatment, and follow-up period lower in the 6 and 9 moxa cones groups (P<0.05). The CMSS-T and CMSS-S scores of the 6 and 9 moxa cones groups were lower than those of the 3 moxa cones group in the third cycle and follow-up period (P<0.05). The CMSS-T and CMSS-S scores of the 9 moxa cones group were lower than those of the 6 moxa cones group during the follow-up period (P<0.05). Grain-Sized moxibustion has dose-effect relationship in the treatment of PD. Compared with 3 and 6 moxa cones groups, 9 moxa cones group has advantages in improving uterine artery blood flow parameters and alleviating dysmenorrhea symptoms in PD patients.

Transient electromagnetic inversion to image the shallow subsurface based on convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory neural networks

SUMMARY The conventional transient electromagnetic inversion method has a low calculation speed and precision and is susceptible to falling into local minima, which does not meet the fine detection requirements of urban underground space. In this study, we proposed a novel inversion method based on convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory neural networks for shallow subsurface transient electromagnetic inversion. This network structure possessed strong spatial feature extraction capabilities and a proficient understanding of sequential data, thereby addressing the issues of slow conventional inversion computations and inadequate inversion accuracy. Utilizing the apparent resistivity from a three-layer model as the sample input and the real model as the target, the network was trained using batch normalization and dropout techniques to accelerate the convergence rate. The resulting model achieved real-time inversion speeds and high accuracy, with robust generalization capabilities and adaptability to new data. To assess the inversion performance, we used a novel 1-D inversion error calculation index, the correlation area loss error, for a more accurate measurement. Numerical simulation experiments showed that the proposed method required only 2.121 s to invert data from 100 observation points. The inversion efficiency was significantly superior to the conventional methods, maintaining excellent accuracy while effectively discerning subsurface electrical stratification in geophysics. Applying convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory neural networks to multidimensional and field data yielded results superior to those of conventional inversion, demonstrating the promising applicability and generalization of this approach. This study offers an efficient solution for shallow subsurface transient electromagnetic exploration and holds potential for application in other areas.

Research on transformer based online condition monitoring method for IPM

Abstract The Intelligent Power Module (IPM) has the integrated packaging, leading to the advantages of convenient use, safety and reliability. However, once it fails, it will cause the whole power supply system to be inoperative, and it is necessary to perform online Condition Monitoring (CM) of the IPM. In this paper, we extract the aging characteristics such as dynamic equivalent resistance, peak-to-peak value, switching frequency, and turn-off time only from the voltage and current of IPM drain–source port, and then propose a non-intrusive online CM method for the IPM based on the transformer neural network (TNN). We analyse the internal aging mechanism of the IPM, the changing law of aging features, and construct multi-dimensional aging fusion features, and then the TNN model is used to monitor early parameters drift of multi-dimensional fusion feature vectors and realize the accurate online prediction of IPM health condition. The experimental analysis results show that the fault prediction accuracy reaches 96%, and can realize the health CM under the condition of noise interference, weak aging features and few external observable points.

Forensic stability evaluation of selected miRNA and circRNA markers in human bloodstained samples exposed to different environmental conditions

Recently, RNA markers have been used to identify tissue origins of different kinds of body fluids. Herein, circRNA and miRNA markers were carried out to examine the presence or absence of peripheral blood (PB) in bloodstained samples exposed to different external environmental conditions, which mimicked PB samples left at the crime scenes. PB samples were placed on sterile swabs and then exposed to different high temperatures (37°C, 55°C and 95°C) and ultraviolet light irradiation for 0 d, 0.5 d, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d, ultra-low and low temperatures (-80°C, −20°C, and 4°C) for 30 d, 180 d and 365 d and different kinds of disinfectants. Total RNA was extracted from bloodstained samples under the above different conditions, and the expressions of target RNAs (including miR16–5p, miR451a, circ0000095, and two reference genes RNU6b and 18 S rRNA) were detected by the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. Results showed that these selected RNA markers could be successfully measured at all observation points with their unique degradation rates, which exhibited relative stability in degraded bloodstained samples exposed to different environmental conditions. This study provides insights into the applications of these studied miRNA and circRNA markers in forensic science.

Noether symmetry analysis in f(T,TG) gravity theory: A study of classical cosmology

This work deals with [Formula: see text] gravity in the background of homogeneous and isotropic flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) space-time model. The main aim of this work is to examine whether the model supports the observational data or not. By using the Noether symmetry analysis, not only the symmetry vector is obtained, but also the coupling function [Formula: see text] in the Lagrangian has been determined. Also, the symmetry analysis identifies a transformation from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] in such a way that one of the new variables become cyclic along the direction symmetry vector and as a result the field equations become solvable. Then the solution is analyzed from the observational point of view. Finally, quantum cosmology has been formulated for the present model and the wave function of the universe has been evaluated by solving the Wheeler–DeWitt equation with some assumptions.

Integration of UH SUH, HEC-RAS, and GIS in Flood Mitigation with Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System for Gilireng Watershed, Indonesia

A flood forecasting and early warning system is critical for rivers that have a large flood potential, one of which is the Gilireng watershed, which floods every year and causes many losses in Wajo Regency, Indonesia. This research also introduces an integration model between UH SUH and HEC-RAS in flood impact analysis, as a reference for flood forecasting and early warning systems in anticipating the timing and occurrence of floods, as well as GIS in the spatial modeling of flood-prone areas. Broadly speaking, this research is divided into four stages, namely, a flood hydrological analysis using UH SUH, flood hydraulic tracing using a 2D HEC-RAS numerical model, the spatial modeling of flood-prone areas using GIS, and the preparation of flood forecasting and early warning systems. The results of the analysis of the flood forecasting and early warning systems obtained the flood travel time and critical time at the observation point, the total time required from the upstream observation point to level 3 at Gilireng Dam for 1 h 35 min, Mamminasae Bridge for 4 h 35 min, and Akkotengeng Bridge for 8 h 40 min. This is enough time for people living in flood-prone areas to evacuate to the 15 recommended evacuation centers.

The effect of a life skill-based learning model on improving students' basic ability to survive in water for 60 minutes through swimming

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a life-skills-based learning model on improving students' basic swimming skills to survive 60 minutes in water. This study used a pre-experimental method with a single-group pre-test-post-test study design. A total of 80 male and female students, aged 19-21 years, body mass index 19-24 kg/m2, normal blood pressure (110/70 – 120/80 mmHg), normal resting heart rate (60-80 bpm), did not have a history of chronic disease and then were divided into two groups. The intervention was carried out by providing a life skill-based swimming learning program with a training time of 60 minutes/for each meeting, and a frequency of 1x/week for 16 weeks. Data collection to measure the essential ability to swim to survive in water for 60 minutes was carried out before and after giving a life skill-based swimming learning program for 16 weeks using a test of surviving in water for 60 minutes with a score range between 3 to 60. The data analysis technique used an Independent Samples t-Test with a significant level of 5%. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the average score of the essential swimming ability to survive in water for 60 minutes between G1 with G2 at the observation point after the intervention (51.70±15.68 vs. 16.93±7.22 score, (p ≤ 0.001)), and delta (22.05±5.23 vs. 3.55±1.75 score, (p ≤ 0.001)). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the provision of a life skill-based swimming learning program can improve the basic ability to swim to survive in water for 60 minutes students compared to conventional swimming programs.

POST-DESIGN MONITORING OF THE IRRIGATION IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Approaches to conducting post-design monitoring of the impact of irrigation on soil condition are highlighted on the example of an individual agricultural farm of LLC "Granex-Cherkasy". The results of the implementation of the five-year post-design monitoring program under the conditions of irrigation by groundwater using sprinkling and drip methods proved the need to develop both unified general approaches to the formation of monitoring programs, as well as the mandatory consideration of the peculiarities of its management under different irrigation methods and hydrogeological-ameliorative conditions on the irrigation sites. As a basis for the development of a system of post-design monitoring of the impact of irrigation on the state of environmental components, it is proposed to use approaches to the organization and performance of local (on-site) monitoring of irrigated lands based on the requirements of current regulatory and methodological documents. The observation system, based on previous studies, included periodic determination of irrigation water quality indicators in storage ponds or in the places of watering and routine observations of soil conditions at permanent monitoring points (observation points), which are recommended to be taken as coordinate points of the previously conducted testing study (at the stage of the preparation of the environmental impact assessment report). The results of the post-design monitoring proved the ecological admissibility of the impact of irrigation within the farm with the groundwater of I and II quality classes (suitable and limitedly suitable according to individual quality indicators). Based on the results of monitoring, it was established that the soils under irrigation did not undergo significant classification changes in terms of deterioration for 5 years. The lack of manifestations of secondary (irrigation) salinization, sodification, and alkalinization of soils under the influence of irrigation indicates the environmental safety of the latter following the accepted standards for indicators of the degree of development of the specified soil degradation processes.

Data‐driven variational method for discrepancy modeling: Dynamics with small‐strain nonlinear elasticity and viscoelasticity

AbstractThe effective inclusion of a priori knowledge when embedding known data in physics‐based models of dynamical systems can ensure that the reconstructed model respects physical principles, while simultaneously improving the accuracy of the solution in the previously unseen regions of state space. This paper presents a physics‐constrained data‐driven discrepancy modeling method that variationally embeds known data in the modeling framework. The hierarchical structure of the method yields fine scale variational equations that facilitate the derivation of residuals which are comprised of the first‐principles theory and sensor‐based data from the dynamical system. The embedding of the sensor data via residual terms leads to discrepancy‐informed closure models that yield a method which is driven not only by boundary and initial conditions, but also by measurements that are taken at only a few observation points in the target system. Specifically, the data‐embedding term serves as residual‐based least‐squares loss function, thus retaining variational consistency. Another important relation arises from the interpretation of the stabilization tensor as a kernel function, thereby incorporating a priori knowledge of the problem and adding computational intelligence to the modeling framework. Numerical test cases show that when known data is taken into account, the data driven variational (DDV) method can correctly predict the system response in the presence of several types of discrepancies. Specifically, the damped solution and correct energy time histories are recovered by including known data in the undamped situation. Morlet wavelet analyses reveal that the surrogate problem with embedded data recovers the fundamental frequency band of the target system. The enhanced stability and accuracy of the DDV method is manifested via reconstructed displacement and velocity fields that yield time histories of strain and kinetic energies which match the target systems. The proposed DDV method also serves as a procedure for restoring eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a deficient dynamical system when known data is taken into account, as shown in the numerical test cases presented here.

Halal aspect and nutritional potential of telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower kombucha

Abstract Public awareness of halal aspects is increasing, especially for foods. Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) states that fermented drinks are halal if they contain alcohol below 0.5%. Several compounds are produced during the fermentation process in kombucha, including the compound ethanol (alcohol). This research aims to analyze the alcohol content and nutritional content of telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower kombucha drinks to fulfil halal aspects and nutritional potential. This research is an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely storage time at five observation points (0 weeks, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks). The alcohol content was analyzed using a method using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection- Head Space (GC-FID). Nutrient content analysis consists of analysis of water, ash, energy, energy from fat and protein content, and carbohydrate analysis carried out by difference. Total sugar content was analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The alcohol content increases during the storage period. Alcohol content is in the range of 0.15-0.17%. This content meets halal aspects with a content of &lt;0.5% following MUI regulations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed that storage had no significant effect on alcohol content (p&gt;0.05). Telang flower kombucha contains 117.46 calories of energy, 29.37 grams of carbohydrates, 0.02 grams of fat, 0.04 grams of protein, and 16 grams of sugar per 100 ml.

Evaluating Multimodal Techniques for Predicting Visibility in the Atmosphere Using Satellite Images and Environmental Data

Visibility is a measure of the atmospheric transparency at an observation point, expressed as the maximum horizontal distance over which a person can see and identify objects. Low atmospheric visibility often occurs in conjunction with air pollution, posing hazards to both traffic safety and human health. In this study, we combined satellite remote sensing images with environmental data to explore the classification performance of two distinct multimodal data processing techniques. The first approach involves developing four multimodal data classification models using deep learning. The second approach integrates deep learning and machine learning to create twelve multimodal data classifiers. Based on the results of a five-fold cross-validation experiment, the inclusion of various environmental data significantly enhances the classification performance of satellite imagery. Specifically, the test accuracy increased from 0.880 to 0.903 when using the deep learning multimodal fusion technique. Furthermore, when combining deep learning and machine learning for multimodal data processing, the test accuracy improved even further, reaching 0.978. Notably, weather conditions, as part of the environmental data, play a crucial role in enhancing visibility prediction performance.

Implication of the root growth and soil macropores distribution on sugarcane yield in Takalar, Indonesia

This study examined the relationship between the decline in sugarcane productivity and the distribution of macropores and depth of root penetration in sugarcane plantations in Takalar during one planting period (October 2021-September 2022). There were five observation points (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5) in one hectare of land to measure the distribution of soil macropores using methylene blue solution. Cross-sections of the soil were made to observe the presence of plant roots at a depth of 0-40 cm with a width of 60 cm. In each plot, disturbed soil samples were collected to measure soil texture, soil organic matter (SOM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents. Other measurement parameters were the infiltration rate and plant productivity. The results indicated that SOM and NPK levels at the research location were deficient, serving as the first indicators of problematic soil. Macropore observations revealed that macropores were distributed only at a less than 10 cm soil depth. This distribution limited the penetration of plant roots to a depth of 0-40 cm. The root length density (RLD) value indicated the absence of roots at depths of 30-40 cm in plots P2 and P3. The field findings explained why sugarcane production in Takalar only achieved 50%, around 40 t ha-1 from the first ratoon sugarcane harvest, instead of the expected 70-80 t ha-1.

DNA-T: Deformable Neighborhood Attention Transformer for Irregular Medical Time Series.

The real-world Electronic Health Records (EHRs) present irregularities due to changes in the patient's health status, resulting in various time intervals between observations and different physiological variables examined at each observation point. There have been recent applications of Transformer-based models in the field of irregular time series. However, the full attention mechanism in Transformer overly focuses on distant information, ignoring the short-term correlations of the condition. Thereby, the model is not able to capture localized changes or short-term fluctuations in patients' conditions. Therefore, we propose a novel end-to-end Deformable Neighborhood Attention Transformer (DNA-T) for irregular medical time series. The DNA-T captures local features by dynamically adjusting the receptive field of attention and aggregating relevant deformable neighborhoods in irregular time series. Specifically, we design a Deformable Neighborhood Attention (DNA) module that enables the network to attend to relevant neighborhoods by drifting the receiving field of neighborhood attention. The DNA enhances the model's sensitivity to local information and representation of local features, thereby capturing the correlation of localized changes in patients' conditions. We conduct extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of DNA-T, outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods in predicting the mortality risk of patients. Moreover, we visualize an example to validate the effectiveness of the proposed DNA.