Field Observations Research Articles

Quantifying the impact of a constructed wetland on downstream nitrate concentrations and loads in the U.S. Midwest

Constructed wetlands are standard conservation practices used to reduce nitrate loads in agricultural watersheds. Many studies have examined the efficiency of denitrification in wetlands under various scenarios, but quantifying the watershed-scale impact of wetlands on downstream nitrate levels is rarely done using field observations. In this study, we estimated nitrate removal in a constructed wetland in the headwaters of Mud Creek, a HUC12 watershed in eastern Iowa, from May–September 2022 and May–September 2023 (a ten-month period). We also measured nitrate loads at four successive downstream sites, three along Mud Creek and one below its confluence with the larger Cedar River. The wetland removed 6,200 kg of nitrate (74% of total inputs). At the three downstream locations in Mud Creek, the percentage of each site’s total nitrate load removed by the wetland decreased to 19, 8.6, and 4.1%—this latter value represents the wetland’s influence on nitrate removal in the entire Mud Creek basin. The wetland’s impact of nitrate loads in the Cedar River was negligible (reduction of 0.02%). The percentage of a site’s drainage area treated by the wetland approximately followed a 1:1 relationship to that site’s percent reduction in nitrate. Profiles of nitrate concentrations in Mud Creek notably varied pre- and post-wetland. Concentrations before the installation steadily decreased along the waterway, while post-wetland concentrations rapidly decreased directly downstream of the wetland and steadily increased at each succeeding site. Our results demonstrate that while the wetland successfully lowered local nitrate levels, its effect on the basin’s overall nitrate loads was minimal. Achieving nutrient reduction goals at the watershed scale solely using constructed wetlands appears infeasible given that the required number of practices greatly exceeds current efforts.

Blown sand environment characteristics and bridge sand hazard mechanisms of expressways in the South Tibet Valley.

South Tibet expressways are built in the Yalu Tsangpo valley along the route to high-altitude and cold-temperature valleys, which are the main environmental characteristics of the region. Given that the blown sand environment and its potential harm are unclear, targeted prevention and control are not conducive, but its absence would result in severe wind-sand hazards on these expressways. In this research, the blown sand environment of the South Tibet Valley and the mechanism of sand damage to expressway bridges were studied via field observations, wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations. The sand-moving wind is mainly west wind. The sand-moving wind frequency, sand drift potential, and maximum possible sand transport quantity are high in winter and spring (November-April) and low in summer and autumn (May-October). The sand drift direction is in the east direction. Expressway bridges have a considerable impact on the near-surface blown sand environment, forming a zone for increasing the wind speed between the top of the slope shoulder of the windward side of the bridge to the center of the bridge abutment, forming a zone for weakening the wind speed between the - 3H distances of the upwind direction to the bottom of the slope middle of the windward side of the bridge, further forming a zone for weakening the wind speed centered in the slope shoulder of the leeward side of the bridge. The wind speed within a distance of 40H downwind direction of the bridge generally did not recover. The wind-sand flow is partially blocked when it passes through the bridge and accumulates near the bridge, which cause harm. The impact of the bridge on the blown sand environment in the downwind is greater than that in the upwind. The results of this study can provide a reference for preventing and controlling wind-sand hazards on South Tibet expressways.

Implementasi Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Seni Kaligrafi dalam Mengembangkan Spatial Intellegence

The purpose of this research is to examine the implementation of the calligraphy extracurricular activity at MI Khurriyatul Fikri Pasuruhan Lor Kudus. This study employs a descriptive qualitative research approach, and, in line with the object of study, it is a field research. The focus is on the application of spiritual and tafakkur methods in the learning process. The subjects of the research are the students participating in the calligraphy extracurricular activity and the guiding teachers involved in the program. The first step in this research is to identify the role of spiritual and tafakkur methods in the calligraphy learning process. Subsequently, field observations are conducted to directly observe the implementation of these methods, along with interviews with teachers and students to explore their perceptions of the impact of the spiritual and tafakkur methods on the creative process and character development of the students. The data collected is analyzed descriptively, focusing on the impact of both methods on students' visual-spatial intelligence, emotional intelligence, and religious character development. The research results indicate that the spiritual method applied in the calligraphy extracurricular activity helps students to perceive each artwork as a form of worship and an expression of love for Islamic teachings. Meanwhile, the tafakkur method encourages students to think deeply and reflectively, so they not only focus on the aesthetics of the artwork but also understand the religious and philosophical values embedded within. The conclusion of this research is that the implementation of spiritual and tafakkur methods in the calligraphy extracurricular activity has a positive impact on the development of students' religious character, emotional intelligence, and reflective abilities. Furthermore, this method also proves to enhance students' visual-spatial intelligence, in line with the basic principles of calligraphy art, which demand precision and deep contemplation. This study recommends that similar approaches be more widely implemented in other Islamic educational institutions to integrate art education with the spiritual development of students.

Geochronology and ice‐flow modelling of the Late Quaternary glaciers on Mt. Soğanlı, Türkiye

ABSTRACTUnderstanding Earth's climate history through the chronology and reconstruction of palaeoglaciers is a central topic of palaeoclimatology. Examining the remnants of past glaciations preserved in isolated alpine environments provides insight into critical palaeoclimatic conditions. Accurate dating techniques, such as terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, are crucial for understanding the timing of these changes. The Anatolian Peninsula, characterized by diverse topographical and climatic factors, witnessed the presence of glaciers during the Late Pleistocene, shaping its alpine landscape significantly. While mountain ranges such as the Taurus and Pontic favoured glacier development due to their elevation and lower temperatures, isolated mountains such as Mount Soğanlı in the interior hinterland also supported significant palaeoglaciers. Despite previous studies on Anatolia's glaciers, numerical dating of glacial deposits on Mount Soğanlı has remained elusive until now, hindering precise palaeoclimatic interpretations. This study employs cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure dating and physical‐based ice‐flow modelling using an open‐source framework, Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), to determine the timing of glaciations and to reconstruct past glacier extents on Mount Soğanlı. The results reveal glacier retreat ages of 48.3 ± 13.4 and 18.3 ± 4.4 ka based on two well‐preserved moraines. Additionally, palaeoclimate simulations matched with the field observations indicate considerably colder conditions (6.65–8.15°C colder than today) necessary to sustain glaciers on Mount Soğanlı, when precipitation amounts were the same as today. These findings contribute to a better understanding of Anatolia's palaeoclimatic fluctuations and align with similar studies in neighbouring regions, enhancing our knowledge of past climate dynamics of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East.

Utilization of IoT and database system of central warehouse project in the pharmaceutical industry

This study aims to develop an MRPII device that utilizes internet technology for inventory management control processes, using case studies from pharmacutical companies in Indonesia. The research was conducted using field observation methods and system development, then comparing the manual system and MRPII. An internet-based inventory management system was created by integrating the warehouse’s material database into each material code via a QR. code. The study found that implementing the MRP II system design increases work effectiveness and reduces the risk of errors that frequently occur in conventional systems. Moreover, using the MRPII can facilitate the audit process and establish transparency in the inventory management process. Data processed using IoT is generated faster and more accurately as company operations improve quality, reduce unnecessary activities, and make it easier to organize materials and run administrative and technical processes in inventory management; it is measured based on reach, workforce requirements, supply, and handling time. In the industrial world, the MRPII database system has the potential to evolve into several more complex and comprehensive systems. It has broad integration and can assist humans working across all lines, particularly in the data processing system.

A 45-year updating wind and wave hindcast over the Oman Sea and the Arabian Sea

This study focuses on developing a comprehensive and reliable wind and wave hindcast for the Oman Sea and Arabian Sea, spanning a significant 45-year period (1979–2024). The objective is to capture the intricate wind and wave climate of the region, characterized by distinct monsoon cycles and occasional tropical cyclones. The availability of extensive wave data over four decades would be an irreplaceable tool for researchers and engineers, enabling improved accuracy in extreme value analysis, sediment transport studies, and wave-induced current simulations. Despite limited field observations, all available measured data within the region were collected, analyzed for configuration of the models and utilized for model calibration and validation. The hindcast data was generated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for winds and WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model for waves, and evaluated against observational and measured wind and wave parameters. A comprehensive statistical analysis of the hindcast model's performance reveals adequate agreement with measured data, as evidenced by root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 1.23 m/s for wind speeds and 0.37 m for significant wave heights in average. These results underscore the model's reliability for research and engineering applications, particularly in the Arabian Sea, with a focus on the northern coastlines of the Oman Sea. The specific model configuration employed in this study holds significant potential for future investigations in the northern Indian Ocean, offering a valuable tool for understanding and predicting climatical conditions in this region.

Assessing the Socio-Economic Impacts of Solar Home Systems on Chingad, Surkhet

This study assesses the multifaceted socio-economic impacts of Solar Home Systems (SHS) on the remote community of Chingad, Surkhet. Employing a comprehensive research framework, we investigate the extent to which the adoption of SHS has influenced the livelihoods, economic activities, and social dynamics within the community. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, we analyzed the economic benefits, social empowerment, and environmental sustainability associated with the integration of solar energy. The limitations of the study included its focus on Chindgad-5, Surkhet. This research employed a descriptive-analytic approach within an exploratory research design. In the study area, a total of 386 households were included, with 188 utilizing solar energy in December 2023 AD from field observation. The research focused on a subset of 36 purposely selected solar home system users. Energy consumption patterns varied among ethnic groups and social classes, and universal electricity access was not observed in the study area. The study integrated both descriptive and exploratory elements to comprehensively address its objectives, utilizing a combination of primary and secondary data. For policymakers, development professionals, and other stakeholders engaged in sustainable energy projects in similar circumstances, the findings offer insightful information about the complex relationships that are present between solar technology and the local socioeconomic fabric. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and development organizations working towards sustainable and inclusive energy solutions in rural Nepal. The successful integration of SHS not only addresses energy needs but also contributes to economic development and improved living conditions in off-grid communities.

Improved Production Process Map and Safety of Millet‐Based Fermented Beverage

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to develop a standardized process map to produce a microbiologically safe and consumer‐acceptable Brukina beverage. Field interactions and observations were employed for the baseline data, while an improved production process was developed and utilized to produce a Brukina beverage. The microbial safety of the new approach was assessed by determining the total coliform, yeast and mold, as well as Staphylococcus aureus. A consumer preference test was conducted to validate the contribution of the improved and hygienic steps to the overall acceptability. The existing production processes for manufacturing Brukina beverage did not embrace Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and as such, the resultant beverage was contaminated with coliforms and S. aureus. Moreover, the sensory characteristics including taste, mouthfeel, viscosity and overall acceptability, were negatively affected. The inclusion of food safety management practices and efficient production steps has a greater tendency of producing microbiologically safe and market‐acceptable fermented millet‐based beverages while safeguarding consumers’ health and satisfaction.

Flexible Path Planning for Multi-Agent Field Observation

This paper proposes a flexible path-planning method for conducting agricultural observation tasks using multiple autonomous guided vehicles. The observation task was formulated as the rural postman problem by graphing the agricultural field to be observed and assigning costs to mandatory and optional paths. The observation area was re-divided according to the progress of each robot’s work, and the latest path was planned to minimize the difference between the working time of individual robots, thereby reducing the overall working time. Simulations were conducted to verify the influence of the parameters used in the proposed method. The effect of workload adjustment on progress delay was verified, and the increase in overall working time owing to delay was reduced by an average of 32.9%. A performance comparison was conducted using Google OR-Tools, software specialized for combinatorial optimization. Superior solutions with shorter computation times were obtained using the proposed method.

Analysing Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Urban Sprawl, Evolving Pattern of Urban Landscape and Driving Forces of Urban Growth: A Case of Varanasi Planning Region, India

Urban sprawl is at the centre of contemporary urban debates and is very often criticised for its negative social and environmental externalities. Building on geo-spatial methodology and field observations, this study sets out to develop a holistic approach to understanding urban sprawl through a particular focus on a rapidly growing metropolitan urban agglomeration of northern India, that is, Varanasi. Following an analysis of principal urban growth modes through landscape expansion index and changing patterns of urban landscape through landscape metrics, this research refers to a geo-spatially grounded logistic regression model in order to shed light on the dynamic impact of multiple growth factors on the trajectory of urban sprawl in the study area. Moreover, in order to address the evolving nature of urban sprawl in Varanasi and its immediate surroundings this study focuses on a temporal span of 20 years, encompassing two consecutive decades of the 21st century (2001–2011 and 2011–2021). The research concludes by paving a platform for an amalgamation of the findings from different geo-spatial metrics as well as by corroborating the principal findings with the propositions of a number of contemporary hypotheses concerning the spatial growth of urbanised territories.

Monitoring Coastal Evolution and Geomorphological Processes Using Time-Series Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis: Application Between Cape Serrat and Kef Abbed, Northern Tunisia

The monitoring of coastal evolution (coastline and associated geomorphological features) caused by episodic and persistent processes associated with climatic and anthropic activities is required for coastal management decisions. The availability of open access, remotely sensed data with increasing spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions, is promising in this context. The coastline of Northern Tunisia is currently showing geomorphic process, such as increasing erosion associated with lateral sedimentation. This study aims to investigate the potential of time-series optical data, namely Landsat (from 1985–2019) and Google Earth® satellite imagery (from 2007 to 2023), to analyze shoreline changes and morphosedimentary and geomorphological processes between Cape Serrat and Kef Abbed, Northern Tunisia. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used to quantify the multitemporal rates of shoreline using two metrics: the net shoreline movement (NSM) and the end-point rate (EPR). Erosion was observed around the tombolo and near river mouths, exacerbated by the presence of surrounding dams, where the NSM is up to −8.31 m/year. Despite a total NSM of −15 m, seasonal dynamics revealed a maximum erosion in winter (71% negative NSM) and accretion in spring (57% positive NSM). The effects of currents, winds, and dams on dune dynamics were studied using historical images of Google Earth®. In the period from 1994 to 2023, the area is marked by dune face retreat and removal in more than 40% of the site, showing the increasing erosion. At finer spatial resolution and according to the synergy of field observations and photointerpretation, four key geomorphic processes shaping the coastline were identified: wave/tide action, wind transport, pedogenesis, and deposition. Given the frequent changes in coastal areas, this method facilitates the maintenance and updating of coastline databases, which are essential for analyzing the impacts of the sea level rise in the southern Mediterranean region. Furthermore, the developed approach could be implemented with a range of forecast scenarios to simulate the impacts of a higher future sea-level enhanced climate change.

Optimization of Advanced Support Parameters of Surrounding Rock in Tunnels Constructed by ADECO-RS

So as to efficiently address the distortion of surrounding rock in tunnels constructed utilizing ADECO-RS, it is crucial to define suitable parameters for advanced support systems. This study took the 8 # tunnel in the F3 portion of the E60 Expressway in Georgia as an engineering case. Initially, the original support scheme underwent systematic monitoring and analysis in the field. Subsequently, the FLAC3D 6.0 software was employed to examine the influence of the advanced pipe roof and tunnel face fiberglass bolts on the steady state of the surrounding rock. Optimization of the support parameters was also proposed. Further, the sensitivity of different parameters to the distortion of the rock surrounding the tunnel was analyzed and ranked via an orthogonal experiment. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the optimization scheme was evaluated by numerical methods and field observations. The findings of the research indicate the following: (1) The monitoring results of the original support parameters show that the irrational design of the support parameters can bring about deformation non-convergence in the tunnel’s surrounding rock. Support parameters must be optimized. (2) The spacing of the pipe roof is positively correlated with the distortion of the surrounding rock. In contrast, the length and the grouting strength are negatively correlated with the distortion of the surrounding rock. The reinforcement density, length, and lap length of glass fiber bolts exhibit an inverse relationship with the distortion of the surrounding rock. (3) The efficacy of pipe shed grouting in mitigating subsidence and deformation of the vault is superior, followed by the spacing of the supports. In contrast, the length of the supports demonstrates comparatively lesser effectiveness. Under optimal parameters, the vault subsidence was reduced by 23.2%, 10.2%, and 2.0%, respectively. The most significant factor controlling the extrusion deformation of the tunnel face is bolt lap length, followed by reinforcement density and then reinforcement length. Extrusion displacement was reduced by 52.5%, 40.3%, and 9.3%, respectively, under the optimal parameters. (4) In comparison to the primordial support system, the optimized support scheme reduces the subsidence of the vault by about one time and the convergence deformation around the cave by about two times. The research findings offer guidance for analogous engineering support design and parameter optimization.

Strategi Pengembangan Daya Tarik Wisatawan terhadap Minat Kunjung pada New Celosia Bandungan

The Indonesian region has a wealth of natural and cultural resources that provide large capital for the tourism sector. Tourism is one of the creative economies that is currently in the development stage. New Celosia Bandungan is one of the tourist destinations that has high appeal in the Bandungan area, Central Java. This research aims to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) as well as policy analysis that can be carried out to develop tourist attractions owned by New Celosia as a tourist destination. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach with data collection through field observations, interviews with informants, and documentation. The analysis results show that New Celosia has several strengths, such as affordable ticket prices, attractive photo spots, and complete facilities. However, weaknesses were also found, such as non-functioning rides and relatively expensive food prices. Regarding opportunities, the strategic location and increasing tourism demand provide potential for further development. On the other hand, threats such as competition with other tourist attractions and extreme weather must also be anticipated. Based on this SWOT analysis, it is recommended that New Celosia Tourism improve the management of facilities and services, as well as take advantage of existing development opportunities to increase visiting interest and competitiveness in the tourism industry.

Pengaruh Perencanaan Sumber Daya Manusia Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Ritel

This study examines the relationship between human resource planning and employee performance in the retail sector. It focuses on how effective human resource strategies, such as workforce planning, recruitment, training, and development, impact the productivity, efficiency, and overall performance of retail employees. The study aimed to assess the effect of human resource planning on employee performance in the retail sector. Data collection was based on field observations and the distribution of questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using simple linear regression processed with SPSS, resulting in the equation Y=28.41+0.26X. The findings demonstrate that human resource planning has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The hypothesis was accepted as the calculated t-value was greater than the t-table value (2.554 > 1.988).

Моделирование теплового режима дорожной одежды и земляного полотна лесовозных дорог

Soil freezing is observed throughout almost the entire forested area of the Russian Federarion in winter. The effect of negative temperatures on dusty-clay soils causes a number of adverse processes that change the properties of the soils themselves. One of the most unfavorable of these processes is the accumulation of moisture in soils under the influence of the movement of the freezing front. When freezing, water-saturated clay soils increase dramatically in volume. This leads to the appearance of frost heaving in the active zone of the forest roadbed, which has an extremely adverse effect on the structure of the entire pavement and can lead to damage to the pavement with a sharp deterioration in the transport and operational qualities of forest roads. To combat frost heaving, it is necessary to study the patterns of changes in the water-thermal regime of road structures. The depth of freezing of the pavement and the roadbed is of the greatest importance for predicting frost heaving and developing measures to combat this phenomenon. The article describes the developed system for monitoring the temperature of the road structure to a depth of 3 m and the measurement results which allow us to evaluate the temperature change at different depths from the road surface and determine the freezing depth. A total of 32 sensors have been installed with a step of 10 cm. A numerical simulation of the freezing process of the pavement and the upper part of the roadbed of a forest road has been performed, with the results compared with the indicators of field observations. Good data convergence has been revealed. According to the results of experimental studies, the freezing value has been 173 cm, and according to the results of numerical simulation – 190 cm. The average error in the results of numerical simulation of the freezing process of the pavement and the upper zone of the forest roadbed has been 8–10 % compared to the experimental data.

Pollinator diversity of the food-deceptive orchids in southern Italy.

The orchid family is renowned for its enormous diversity in pollination biology. Many orchid species use deception to attract pollinators, and the main strategy in terrestrial orchids is food deception. Food-deceptive orchids usually show a low number of pollinator visitations, making field observations of pollinators difficult. In this study visual census, pollinator capture and molecular analysis of pollinaria found on caught insects allowed us to obtain information on species composition of orchid pollinators. A total of 321 insects were caught; most specimens were hymenopterans (Apis mellifera, Bombus ruderatus and Eucera rufa) and coleopterans (Tropinota hirta and T. squalida). The identity of species to which pollinaria found on the insect's body belonged was confirmed by molecular analysis. Moreover, some individuals of Billaea lata (Tachinidae, Diptera) were captured and photographed with the pollinaria on their head. Two new and important results emerged clearly in this work: a dipteran, Billaea lata, pollinator of Anacamptis pyramidalis, and two beetles in the genus Tropinota are pollinators of Orchis italica. Our results confirm that generalized food-deceptive orchids of the genera Orchis and Anacamptis show weak pollinator specificity.

Petrology, mineral chemistry and geochemistry of chloritite associated with Neoproterozoic ophiolitic ultramaficsin the Eastern Desert of Egypt, Arabian-Nubian Shield

This study presents for the first time, the field observations, petrography, mineral chemistry and geochemistry of chloritite hosted in the Al-Barramiya Neoproterozoic ophiolite of the Eastern Desert of Egypt, Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). The Al-Barramiya ophiolite is one of the most important ophiolitic sequences exposed in the ANS. It is affected by different types of alterations including carbonatization, listvenitization, chloritization and rodingitization. The Al-Barramiya chloritite occurs as thin layers associated with highly serpentinized peridotite. It is a fine-grained rock entirely composed of chlorite (85–95 vol.%) with minor talc and accessory minerals (epidote, rutile, titanite, corundum and opaque minerals). The chlorite minerals in the chloritite are represented mainly by diabantite, while those in the serpentinites include ripidolite. Depending on the chemical composition of the chlorites, the chlorite in chloritite formed at temperatures ranging between 200 and 250°C, which are lower than those of the disseminated chlorite in the serpentinite (310–345oC), indicating their formation in different hydrothermal stages. The chloritite samples are rich in total REE contents (17.9–27.3 ppm) compared with the associated serpentinites (0.69–0.87 ppm). They are characterized by slightly depleted LREE relative to HREE [(La/Lu)n = 0.8–0.9], with a moderately negative Eu-anomaly [(Eu/Eu*)n = 0.4–0.5]. The negative Eu-anomalies are derived from chloritization fluids or reflect the presence of talc in the chloritite. Based on field work, petrography, mineralogical and geochemical data, the studied chloritite has been interpreted as being derived from the associated serpentinized ultramafics by hydrothermal alterations. This is supported by an enrichment of chloritite in compatible trace elements (Cr = 2031–2534 ppm, Ni = 1264–1988 ppm, Co = 76–101 ppm) similar to that which is observed in the associate serpentinite.

Determining Tourist Destination Priorities Using Website-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Methods (Case Study : North Padang Lawas Regency)

. Optimization of tourist routes is very important to minimize travel time and reduce travel costs. This study focuses on optimizing tourist routes in North Padang Lawas Regency using Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in the context of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). This study discusses problems such as the lack of priority of tourist destinations and the need for shorter travel times. The research process includes problem identification, literature review, data collection through field observations and interviews, and data processing with MAUT to prioritize destinations. The identified priority destinations are Hotel Sapadia Gunung Tua, Barumun Nagari, Batik Sekar Najogi, Durian and Manggis Agrotourism, Rumah Makan Holat Alhamdulillah, Waterboom Gunung Tua, and Candi Bahal I, II, III. Furthermore, PSO is applied to determine the optimal travel route. PSO finds a route with a total travel time of 351 minutes, although the three-day travel time is extended to 375 minutes.

The Impact of Toll Road Development on Urbanization Typology and Economic Structure (Case Study: Palikanci Toll Road in Ciledug District, Cirebon Regency)

This study examines the impact of toll roads on regional growth, specifically focusing on the Ciledug District, which has been crossed by the Palikanci Toll Road since 2009. The research identifies the typology of urbanization and assesses changes in the area’s economic structure due to the toll road. A mixed method approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection, land change analysis via Google Earth and ArcGis 13.1, and field observations of land use. The findings reveal gentrification in the northern part of Ciledug, marked by the growth of business centers in Jatiseeng and rising land prices. This has led to the expansion of settlements toward the southern area, particularly in Jatiseeng Kidul. The toll road and the industrial estate in North Ciledug have accelerated the transformation of the local economy, with residents diversifying their livelihoods to adapt to urbanization. However, the study also notes a lack of improvement in essential infrastructure services, suggesting that regional development policies have not yet adapted to the gentrification, posing risks of urban sprawl.

Analysis of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Principles to Support Sustainable Transportation in Urban Areas

Implementing Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas is an effort to overcome problems in urban areas due to rapid growth over time. These problems cause difficulties in mobility and land use, followed by traffic congestion, increased pollution, and accessibility that is not maximized. Therefore, the implementation of TOD is needed to support more sustainable movement in urban areas, especially in cities that have the potential to implement TOD. This study aims to discover the principles of TOD in a metropolitan area and the development strategies and recommendations that can be made to turn a metropolitan area into a TOD area. The method used in this research is the scoring method based on the TOD principles of ITDP standard 2017 and field observation activities. SWOT analysis was then conducted to determine the development strategy and recommendations that can be made. The research results at the study location still need to be included in the TOD area, where the study only scored 52 points. Efforts that can be made include adding recommendations for walking and cycling infrastructure at the study location so that it scores 66 points, which is included in the bronze category as a TOD area.