Obscure Sources Research Articles

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1780–1930. Vol. 2: Steam Power by Louis C. Hunter

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 691 and early 20th centuries. His reading of the literature also suggests that social inequalities furthered class divisions between middle and working classes, but that evidence of disparities within the middle class undermines this conclusion, since it rests on an assumption of class homogeneity. Conclusions about the effect of industrialization itself on social inequality are ambiguous, because of great variation at different times and in different circumstances during the 19th century, and because of the influence of other factors, like nationality, region, sex, attitudes, and politics. This inconclusiveness regarding the relationship between indus­ trialization and social inequality derives from Kaelble’s focus on gen­ eral trends in, rather than specific causes and consequences of, social inequality. It also explains why technology is so peripheral in a study that might well have given it more prominence. In the chapters on inequalities in the workplace and disparities between classes and within strata, Kaelble does mention that technology increased inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers during early industrialization. But consistent with his objectives, he does not develop this causal relationship with any specificity or depth. Kaelble’s argument that social historians need to compile more data on social inequality in 19th-century Europe is indisputable. His book is rife with meaty dissertation topics for graduate students and valu­ able research projects for teams of scholars. But I am still not per­ suaded that the proposed research on general conditions and broad trends of social inequality should replace the case studies of trades, cities, or regions—as Kaelble implies and occasionally states. For the case studies usually include the complex chain of causation, and hu­ man action and response, that are essential to the establishment of social inequality—factors that Kaelble’s approach risks neglecting. Whitney Walton Dr. Walton is assistant professor of history at Oakland University. She has written articles on social aspects of French industrialization and is working on a book on bourgeois attitudes toward industrialization in France. A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1780—1930. Vol. 2: Steam Power. By Louis C. Hunter. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia for Hagley Museum and Library, 1985. Pp. xxiii + 732; illustrations, tables, notes, appendixes, index. $50.00. In this volume, the late Louis C. Hunter addressed the history of stationary steam power in the United States, a topic as important economically as the steam locomotive but previously dealt with only in Carroll W. Pursell, Jr.’s Early Stationary Steam Engines in America (Washington, D.C., 1969). Compared to waterpower (the subject of Hunter’s first volume of Industrial Power), steam power enabled more 692 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE freedom of location and larger factory size but required a higher level of technology. Transportation developed in synchronization with the new steam-powered factories, and cities grew up around them. Public health benefited from the use of steam engines to pump drinking water. This is the story of a technology received from Britain, modified to suit American needs, and later enriched by an exchange of ideas across the Atlantic. The pioneering Newcomen and Watt engines in the United States were followed by Oliver Evans’s high-pressure en­ gine in the early 19th century. Because of their low first-cost and the high power relative to their size, high-pressure engines were widely used by midcentury. George H. Corliss filled the need for an engine with good fuel economy and self-regulating speed in the face of con­ stantly varying loads. Charles T. Porter showed how to build high­ speed engines, which were commonplace by 1900 both in America and Britain. Compounding further lowered fuel consumption. In addition to engines, Hunter also covers boilers of various kinds, boiler explosions, inspection and insurance, and processes of con­ struction and manufacture. The effect of the engine on society is implied through statistics on numbers of engines and the proportion of the population engaged in manufacturing in 1860, but Hunter does not move very far beyond the engineering world to address larger contexts. The lives of workers are ignored. The strength of the book lies in the sheer volume of data and the numerous obscure sources cited in sixty-four...

The Five Voices of The Birth of Tragedy

Volume 22 1 COMPARATIVE drama Summer 1988 . Number 2 The Five Voices of The Birth of Tragedy Michael Hinden Friedrich Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy remains the most controversial modern document in the debate over the origin and nature of dramatic art. From our current vantage point, looking back over a century of scholarship, dramatic theorizing, and theatrical practice since the essay first appeared in 1872, it is clear that no other single work has proved more durable in influence. Nietzsche has been read (and misread), it seems, by nearly everyone. The impact of The Birth of Tragedy has been felt by dramatists as diverse as Ibsen, Strindberg, Wedekind, Yeats, Shaw, O'Neill, Williams, Genet, and Ionesco as well as by more recent playwrights such as David Storey and Peter Shaffer. Directors who have found The Birth of Tragedy indispensable include Antonin Artaud, Jig Cook, Robert Earl Jones, Jean Louis Barrault, Julian Beck and Judith Malina, Richard Schechner, Peter Brook. and Jerzy Growtowski. In addition, the aesthetic formulated by Nietzsche based on his famous Dionysian /Apollinian polarity became a fertile source for such modernist luminaries as D. H. Lawrence, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Andre Gide, Wallace Stevens, and Albert Camus.1 Nietzsche's influence also has been incalculable on those MICHAEL HINDEN, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin, Madi. SOD, has published widely on modem topics. He is presently working· on a critical study of Eugene O'NeU1's Long Day's Journey Into,Nlght. 97 98 Comparative Drama interested in tracing the evidence for, and implications of, drama's ritual beginnings. The quest to discover the origins of tragedy erupted'in a scholarly feud that has simmered throughout the modem period--and it was Nietzsche who initiated the Search. In one of the most widely recognized passages of The Birth of Tragedy, he declares: The tradition is undisputed that Greek tragedy in its earliest form had for its sole theme the sufferings of Dionysus and that for a long tirhethe only stage hero was Dionysus himself. But it may be claimed with equal confidence that until Euripides, Dionysus never ceased'to be the tragic herojthat all theeelebrated figures of the Greek stage--Prometheus, Oedipus, etc-are mere masks of this original hero,Dionysus.2 Upon this contention Nietzsche builds the most compelling and controversial aspects of his theory: the evolution of tragedy out of the dithyramb celebrated by a satyr chorus, the devotees of Dionysus; the centrality of the suffering hero, who wears various "masks" of the dying god; an understanding of aesthetic form as the result of "epic" elements imposed upon a threatening intuition of .nature's cycle of fecundity 1Uld death; and the ecstatic response of participants elevated to a state of mystical rapture.as .terror is transformed by means of art. Aristotle had been the first to attribute the origin of tragedy to obscure sources in the dithyramb. It is true as well that Nietzsche borrowed from an established tradition in earlier German philology that had expressed interest in the Dionysian phenomena among the Greeks.3 Yet no one before Nietzsche had suggested.that tragedy's essential meaning had to do with its connections (real or imaginary) with the Dionysian chorus out of which' the .form allegedly developed. Aristotle himself suggested that by the time of Aeschylus and Sophocles tragedy had "progressed" in regard to subject matter, magnitude, diction, and manner of presentation. Of this "progression" Nietzsche does not speak; he is not particularly interested in historical evidence. Rather, the issues that attract him are primarily psychological .even when he is discussing the question of origins: "What, then, would be ,the origin of tragedy? Perhaps joy, strength, overflowing health, overgreat fullness? And what, then, is.the,,significance, physiologically·speaking, of that madness out of,;w.hlch tragic and comic art,developed-the Dionysian madness ? • . .. where does that synthesis of god and billy goat in the satyr point?"4 'Michael Hinden 99 Other scholars, however, have attempted to provide historical answers to these questions, with uncertain results. These efforts may be traced to a brilliant group of classicists in England who came to be identified as members of the "Cambridge school" of anthropology, chief...

Pynchon's Parker Passage: A Source and Sound Analysis

In his influential article on the encyclopedic character of Gravity's Rainbow, Edward Mendelsonchallenges readers to look for background material which Pynchon used for the construction of his book. Mendelson himself not only identifies the source for one local cluster of data, the NTA episode, but also explicates the author's mays of adapting such material to his own purposes. Here I want to present another case where Pynchon uses a—more or less obscure—source to add yet another voice to the polyphony of voicesthat makes up Gravity's Rainbow.

Aortoenteric fistula: A catastrophe waiting to happen

Presented is the case of a patient with recurrent massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Evaluation during initial hospitalization revealed no definite etiology. During his second hospitalization, he underwent exploratory laparotomy, and an abdominal aortic aneurysm with fistulization into the duodenum was identified. During surgery the patient suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest and could not be resuscitated. This case exemplifies some of the important clinical features that may suggest the diagnosis, including presence of a pulsatile abdominal mass, a peculiarly intermittent or obscure source of bleeding, and the concomitant complaint of back pain and gastrointestinal bleeding.

The Prehistory of Korea (review)

BOOK REVIEWS139 a reader who tries to find a tale type without knowing its type number usually has to search through several pages of plot summaries. Given the strengths and limitations inherent in folktale type indexes, Choi has admirably achieved his goal of constructing an index for Korean oral narratives . He has done a fine job of identifying their types, and he has thoroughly researched his sources of folktale texts and Korean classical literature for variants of each type. In sum, he has obviously expended much painstaking effort to produce this volume. The few shortcomings of Choi's work are apparent enough. First, his English is awkward and sometimes hard to comprehend. Second, the Type Index is plagued with an excessive number of typographical errors. Third, though the romanizations of place names follow the ROK Ministry of Education system, other Korean terms are romanized in apparently haphazard fashion. Finally, the Type Index is somewhat out of date. It was originally prepared in 1974 as a dissertation at Tokyo Kyöiku University, and the present edition is an English translation of that dissertation. As a result, none of the folktale collections published after 1974 (and these have been numerous) are included among the sources. But these shortcomings are almost trivial in comparison with Choi's substantial contribution to Korean studies and international folklore scholarship. We all owe him a debt of gratitude for providing us with this important new research tool. Dawnhee Yim Janelli Indiana University The Prehistory ofKorea. By Jeong-Hak Kim. Translated from the Japanese and edited by R. J. Pearson and K. Pearson. Honolulu, Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, xxxv, 237 pp. Maps, illustrations , tables, bibliography, index. $17.50 A synthesis of the prehistory of a region can be either mainly descriptive or mainly explanatory, though there will be elements of each in either case. The Prehistory ofKorea leans strongly toward the descriptive. As the thoughtful introduction by Richard Pearson points out, an understanding of Korean prehistory is essential to an understanding of prehistoric events in Japan, Manchuria, and northern China. As a compendium of information on the prehistory of Korea, this work should be, indeed, a welcome addition to the library of anyone interested in the development of East Asian cultures, or in cross-cultural comparisons . It is the first synthesis of Korean prehistory to appear in English, and as such it makes much data available for the first time to those who have no command of Korean or Japanese. Moreover, it draws upon many diverse and obscure sources, quite a few of them from North Korea. The four chapters of the English translation do not comprise the entire Japa- 140NELSON nese original. While it is possible to omit Three Kingdoms archaeology as separate from prehistory, as the translators have done, this leaves a gap of about six hundred years for the Iron Age, a period that was at best protohistoric in Korea. It would have been very valuable to have this translated also. The chapters follow a technological-developmental sequence, and presumably also a temporal one, through "preceramic" and "geometric" periods to the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age is discussed in two chapters. The first of these concentrates on pottery, and the second on metal artifacts. The chapters are of uneven length, reflecting the amount of excavation that actually has been accomplished. The chapter on the Paleolithic, entitled "Preceramic Industries," is very sketchy indeed. It includes only partial information from excavation sites, with no integrative material. The chapter's short introductory section, subtitled "Natural Environment," will be of little help to anyone not already familiar with the geography of the Korean peninsula. The chapter on early ceramics, which Kim calls "Geometric," is more extensive . (The pottery of this period has more often been called chülmun, or "combware ," but Kim finds this designation inappropriate.) The chapter opens with a brief review of early opinions about the relationships of decorated pottery types, followed by regional descriptions of detailed differences in ceramic styles. Descriptions of other artifacts and some descriptions of dwellings are also included. The chapter concludes with a chronology based on a kind of polythetic seriation that hinges on a supposed transition from pointed to...

Reply to the Hilden Critique

Patricia Hilden does not like Women, WorK, and Family. She also did not like articles that preceded it. Her dislike is so strong that she feels com pelled not only to offer a critique of book's conceptual approach, but also to attack it in every way she can. That leads her to cheap accusations about our use of evidence. (For example, a quotation we use to discuss dangers of child birth and infant mortality, she says we use to illustrate the dangers of female midwivery, as if we were champions of view held by eighteenth century anti-feminist doctors. Moreover, she says we have distorted context in which Olwen Hufton originally used quote. That is not true. Hufton uses quota tion to talk about what actually could happen at childbirth, just as we do.) It also leads her to downright silly characterizations about our unconscious Hegelian ism. In fact, our approach is if anything, overly materialist, because it portrays family as product of economic forces above all. We argue that it is growth of an industrial economy that creates family wage economy and shapes relations of family members to one another. Demographic patterns, too, book maintains are product of economic transformations. That, it seems to me, is evident even to most naive reader. There is in this book no static family moving through history fulfilling its ideological function. Hilden evidently cannot distinguish Hegelianism from historical materialism. If she can, she has purposely misrepresented book's position so that she can hurl what she considers yet another insult at it. It is pointless to review all of petty distortions that fill Hilden's cri tique, (among them charge that we deliberately obscure sources of archival information so that others cannot check them), but one other must be mentioned. To imply that Eric Hobsbawm is an enemy of women's history who prefers not to take women seriously as objects of research' ' is first to misrepresent (deliber ately) his position and, second, to obscure historical and political bases for that position. A critic of a particular approach to women's history, which Hobsbawm is, is not an enemy of all women's history. Hobsbawm rejects femi nism as an ideological guide to historical investigation, but he accepts impor tance of women as historical subjects. Indeed, his suggestion that women's expe riences as mothers and wives might have helped shape their sense of self is a serious one which has also been put forward by E. P. Thompson and Natalie

Isotope effects in hydrogen atom transfers. V. The reactions of olefins with mercaptans

Tritium isotope effects have been measured for the hydrogen atom transfer R/sub 1/R/sub 2/CCH/sub 2/SR/sub 3/ + HSR/sub 3/ ..-->.. R/sub 1/R/sub 2/CHCH/sub 2/SR/sub 3/ + SR/sub 3/ by comparing the tritium content of excess mercaptan with that of its addition product to the olefin R/sub 1/R/sub 2/C = CH/sub 2/. Several somewhat obscure sources of error in earlier work are uncovered; elimination of these errors results in only minor revision of the values except for the addition of 1,1-diarylethylenes to thiophenol, where two new values of k/sub H//k/sub T/ are much larger than at first thought. The isotope effect in the reaction of mesitylenethiol with trityl radical is also reported; the value of k/sub H//k/sub T/ at 25/sup 0/C is 25, almost twice the value in the thiophenol-trityl radical reaction, and a steric enhancement of tunnelling is indicated. (auth)

Militarism and psychopathology: a reply to Eckhardt and Newcombe

references given by Eckhardt and Newcombe in support of their case are in fact to papers written by Eckhardt himself-either alone or in collaboration with others. These papers are mostly to be found only in very obscure sources. Periodicals such as The Journal of Contemporary Revolutions and Peace Research Reviews do not appear to be taken by any Australian library and as a consequence I have simply not been able to sight them. Nonetheless I think that there are some useful comments that I can make here. Eckhardt and Newcombe (1972) claim that militarism is associated with psychopathology. I claim that militarists are, if anything, better adjusted than normal. This disagreement between us does include (but is not solely to be explained by) a disagreement about definition. I define militarism

Pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale and extremely rapid ventricular rate in a young, active apparently healthy adult.

Case Reports1 December 1949PULMONARY EMBOLISM WITH ACUTE COR PULMONALE AND EXTREMELY RAPID VENTRICULAR RATE IN A YOUNG, ACTIVE, APPARENTLY HEALTHY ADULTWILLIAM F. RENNER, M.D.WILLIAM F. RENNER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-31-6-1090 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe problem of venous thrombosis with associated pulmonary embolism has received much attention in the medical literature of recent years. The great bulk of the literature has dealt with venous thrombosis of the secondary or complicating type, that is, venous thrombosis complicating surgery or delivery or occurring in the course of infectious disease or non-infectious systemic disease, particularly cardiac disease with congestive failure. Despite a number of excellent reports on the subject, it is not sufficiently well recognized that venous thrombosis with pulmonary embolism does occur in individuals who have not experienced recent surgery or childbirth, who do not have...Bibliography1. ALLENBARKERHINES EVNWEA: Peripheral vascular diseases, 1946, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Google Scholar2. BARKER NW: Primary idiopathic thrombophlebitis, Arch. Int. Med., 1936, lviii, 147. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. BAUER G: Venous thrombosis, Arch. Surg., 1941, xliii, 462. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. BRIGGS JB: Recurring phlebitis of obscure origin, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 1905, xvi, 228. Google Scholar5. DETAKATSFOWLER GEF: The problem of thrombo-embolism, Surgery, 1945, xvii, 153. Google Scholar6. FLEISCHNERHAMPTONCASTLEMAN FAOB: Linear shadows in the lung, Am. Jr. Roentgenol. and Rad. Therapy, 1941, xlvi, 610. Google Scholar7. HAMPTONCASTLEMAN AOB: Correlation of postmortem chest teleoroentgenograms with autopsy findings with special reference to pulmonary embolism and infarction, Am. Jr. Roentgenol. and Rad. Therapy, 1940, xliii, 305. Google Scholar8. HAMPTONPRANDONIKING AOAGJT: Pulmonary embolism from obscure sources, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 1945, lxxvi, 245. Google Scholar9. HOMANS J: Pulmonary embolism due to quiet venous thrombosis, New England Jr. Med., 1943, ccix, 309. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10. JORPES JE: Origin and physiology of heparin, Ann. Int. Med., 1947, xxvii, 361. Google Scholar11. KATZ LN: Electrocardiography, 1946, Lea & Febiger Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Google Scholar12. KING JT: Personal communication. Google Scholar13. LYON JL: Excessively rapid heart rates, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1937, cviii, 1393. CrossrefGoogle Scholar14. MEILMANDAVISON ES: Pulmonary embolism of non-cardiac and non-postoperative origin, Jr. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944, ii, 164. Google Scholar15. MURNAGHANMCGINNWHITE DSPD: Pulmonary embolism with and without cor pulmonale, Am. Heart Jr., 1943, xxv, 573. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16. OCHSNER A: Intravenous clotting, Surgery, 1945, xvii, 240. Google Scholar17. RENNERMCSHANE WFJR: The rôle of autoagglutinins in hemolytic anemias, South. Med. Jr., 1947, xl, 973. CrossrefGoogle Scholar18. WHITE PD: Heart disease, 1946, The Macmillan Co., New York, N. Y. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Baltimore, Maryland*Received for publication March 30, 1948.Case from the House Service, Union Memorial Hospital. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe incidence of thromboembolism in Enovid usersPULMONARY EMBOLISMTHE LATE APPEARANCE OF LEG SYMPTOMS IN PULMONARY EMBOLUS 1 December 1949Volume 31, Issue 6Page: 1090-1097KeywordsBirthCardiac surgeryHeart diseasesInfectious diseasesPulmonary embolismSurgerySystemic diseasesThrombosisYoung adults ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 December 1949 PDF downloadLoading ...

AbstractPulmonary Embolism from Obscure Sources, HamptonAubreyLt.-Colonel, M.C.A.U.S., PrandaniAndrew G.Major, M.C.A.U.S., KingJohn T.Colonel, M.C.A.U.S.,Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., June 1945, lxx V.1, 245.

AbstractPulmonary Embolism from Obscure Sources, HamptonAubreyLt.-Colonel, M.C.A.U.S., PrandaniAndrew G.Major, M.C.A.U.S., KingJohn T.Colonel, M.C.A.U.S.,<i>Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp.</i>, June 1945, lxx V.1, 245.

The Machinery of Government

THE quotation from Carlyle with which the article on the above subject opens in NATURE of April 3 is singularly appropriate—“A man without a purpose is like a ship without a rudder”—and the comments of the writer are very useful. I add another quotation from a more obscure source: “A man of great knowledge and unweariable perseverance can really, by constantly pressing upon Ministers and Departments, do more than a tired and harassed official to shape public ends.” There is a substratum of truth in this. The State Department lacks initiative. The Minister's time is taken up in assisting to run the political machine, in doing what is brought to him from his Department, and in seeing through such things as may arise in Parliament in connection with his Ministry. The Department itself is engaged in administrative work, and has little time, or perhaps little inclination, for devising reforms in the interests of the industry it represents. It may be argued by the Department that such is not the work of an administrative Department; and those relying on a Department for taking the initiative in any reform should consider whether they are entitled to do so.

WAS GOLDSMITH A PHYSICIAN?

The great difficulty in tracing out the history of the medical education of Goldsmith, particularly that portion of it which he is said to have acquired at Leyden and Padua, is due to the fact that no biography of him was written by his contemporaries. It is a remarkable circumstance that the greatest genius of his age, indeed one of the greatest of any age, should not have had a biographer until fifty years after his death, when Prior, his countryman and admirer, favored the world with his most interesting life of Goldsmith, the material of which was gleaned from many obscure and imperfect sources. This is more remarkable when we remember that he was pronounced the greatest poet of his time by Sir Walter Scott; that he had written the best novel of the century, according to Goethe; the best history in the opinion of Dr. Johnson (no mean

3. Memorandum concerning different kinds of Heat being susceptible of polarization by transmission through a given bundle of Mica Plates

“A series of delicate and tedious experiments on heat have conducted me to the following results, which will be fully discussed in a paper shortly to be laid before the Society.“1. An entire confirmation of my previous statement, that different kinds of heat are differently susceptible of polarization by transmission through a given bundle of mica plates; heat from obscure sources being less polarizable than that from luminous sources. I considered my investigations incomplete until I had proved not only that my former experiments had led me to correct results, but also why the only other person who I believe has attempted to obtain them was led to the opposite conclusion, as stated by M. Melloni in the Annales de Chimie for May 1837, namely, that all kinds of heat are equally susceptible of polarization. I have at length discovered, in the description of M. Melloni's method, the cause of his failure to detect this fact.